E-Government - A public administration system based on the automation of the entire set of administrative processes throughout the country and serving the purpose of significantly increasing the efficiency of public administration and reducing the costs of social communications for each member of society. The creation of e-government involves the construction of a nationwide distributed public administration system that implements the solution of a full range of tasks related to document management

and their processing.

Tasks of e-government

1. optimization of the provision of government services to the population and business;

2. support and expansion of self-service opportunities for citizens;

3. growth of technological awareness and skills of citizens;

4. increasing the degree of participation of all voters in the processes of leadership and management of the country;

5. reducing the impact of the geographic location factor;

E-government provides efficient and less costly administration, a fundamental change in the relationship between society and government, improving democracy and increasing the responsibility of government to the people.

In the context of the development of information and communication technologies, all areas of activity of state bodies in electronic form are in demand by citizens and organizations of various forms of ownership. The relevance of this direction is emphasized by the dynamism of the development of such areas as social (FSS, Pension Fund, FMS), legal (advocacy, notaries, legal proceedings), economic (budget, finance, taxes), cultural (science, education), medical, municipal sphere ( housing and communal services), etc.

"Project management" is the development, formation, implementation, coordination and implementation of projects, strategies, informatization and communication programs to the executive bodies of state power and organizations subordinate to them in order to meet the needs of the population, state bodies, local governments and organizations in access to services communications, information resources and information interaction.

The main tasks of the project manager:

· implementation of programs for the development of informatization and communications, including the "electronic government" system;

· coordinates and promotes the work on the introduction of the latest technologies in terms of informatization and communications in the executive bodies of state power;

· optimization and regulation of the processes of planning, control, adjustment of project plans;

· Tracking the implementation of targeted programs implemented by the Ministry;

· analytics of the results and reporting on the fact of the implementation of measures in the field of development of informatization and communication;

· Preparation of project documentation for participation in federal competitions.

E-government is not a complement or analogue of traditional government, but only defines a new way of interaction based on the active use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in order to improve the efficiency of public service delivery.

Currently, there is no single concept of e-government. There is only a set of general requirements that citizens and businesses can expect from an information society government. Different categories of consumers are united by a common desire to get more efficient means of accessing information in order to reduce the cost of transactions, to make interaction with government agencies easier, faster and more comfortable.

Thus, EP has the following main goals:

· optimization of the provision of government services to the population and business;

· increasing the degree of participation of all voters in the processes of leadership and governance of the country;

support and expansion of self-service opportunities for citizens;

· growth of technological awareness and skills of citizens;

· reducing the impact of the geographic location factor.

Thus, the creation of ES should provide not only more efficient and less costly administration, but also a fundamental change in the relationship between society and the government. Ultimately, this will lead to an improvement in democracy and an increase in the responsibility of the authorities to the people.

e-government map state

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

"Novgorod State University named after Yaroslav the Wise"

Institute of economics and management

Reviewer:

Guidelines for practical exercises and independent work of students outside the classroom in the direction of training 38.03.04 "State and municipal management" / Comp.: Yaroslav the Wise NovSU. - Veliky Novgorod, 2016 - 15 p.

@ Novgorod State

university, 2016.

@ - compilation 2016.

Explanatory note

The abstracts of lectures are developed in accordance with the work program of the educational module "Electronic Government" (MU EP), the Federal State Educational Standard and are intended for students in the field of study 38.03.04 - State and municipal administration.

Abstracts of lectures are intended for students to acquire the skills of self-preparation of the theoretical material of the educational module of the ES, social adaptation of students, gaining experience in working with literary sources.

The result of mastering the educational module of EP is the preparation of bachelors who are able to use the basics of economic knowledge in various fields of activity, solve standard tasks of professional activity based on information and bibliographic culture using information and communication technologies and taking into account the basic requirements of information security, determine the priorities of professional activity, develop and effectively execute management decisions, including under conditions of uncertainty and risks, apply adequate tools and technologies of regulatory influence when implementing a management decision in accordance with the accepted methodology, as well as evaluate the efficiency of using the organization's main resources.

The purpose of the proposed lecture theses is to assist students both in the process of preparing lectures and practical classes and to fully master the basic concepts of computer science, economics, public administration, to form an understanding and ability to solve and analyze various problems, as well as the formation of a rational state way of thinking necessary to understand the essence of phenomena and processes in the development of the country and individual regions.

Abstracts of lectures to UM "Electronic government"

Topic 1. The concept of "electronic government"

Prerequisites for the emergence of the concept of "electronic government". Goals and objectives concept. "Electronic government" in the system of public administration reforms. "Electronic government": concept, essence, fundamental principles, structure, stages of construction. The sequence of development of e-democracy in the Russian Federation until 2020. The main priorities of the concept. Content and definition of e-government. The functioning of "electronic government", the main vectors of interaction G2G, G2B, G2C. Models of e-government, their specificity and connection with the political system. Development of "electronic government". Government 2.0: application of web technologies and social networks in public administration. The main ideas of "government 2.0", their potential and shortcomings. The concept of Government 2.0 as "open government". Principles of "open government".

Factors of development of mechanisms of electronic democracy (ED) in the Russian Federation: - wide distribution of information technologies; - a favorable environment for the active development of ED mechanisms; - modern information technologies; - programs of informatization of public relations. Obstacles in the path of ED. The main stages in the development of ED mechanisms. Socio-economic efficiency of ED mechanisms.

Benefits of implementing and using the e-government project. Features of the implementation of the approach in the developed countries of the world. Information protection of "electronic government". Accountability, openness and efficiency of "e-government". "Digital Divide" as the main barrier to implementation.

Wiki-government as a new culture of government. A new format for attracting professionals with unique competencies and ready to offer the state their experience and knowledge to network work.

Topic 2E-democracy: emergence and development

Internet and Democracy. The concepts of "cyberdemocracy", "teledemocracy". The concept of "electronic democracy": essence, principles, forms. Specifics of the political Internet dialogue. The Flash Mob Phenomenon. Technologies and means of "electronic democracy". "Electronic voting" and "electronic elections": conditions for implementation and prospects

Foundations of administrative reforms in the 80s - 90s. 20th century. Emergence of the electronic government (EG). Definition of the term EP. EP in UN reports. Council of Europe - which means the transition to the EP. What brings EP to Russia. The concept of "electronic state". The structure of the EP, the stages of formation (EP 1.0). Failures of EP 1.0. EP 2.0 - government without borders. Technological platform EP.

Application of mobile technologies in e-government. Mobile technologies as a kind of ICT and their impact on society. World experience in the use of mobile technologies in e-government Russian experience in the use of mobile technologies in e-government. FTP "Electronic Russia" (2002 - 2010), goals, results and contribution to the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

State Enterprise of the Russian Federation "Information Society 2011 - 2020", target indicators and indicators. Security in the information society. Electronic identity card of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Information system of housing and communal services of Russia.

Topic 3. Electronic government in Europe, America, Asia and Russia: a comparative analysis of the conceptual framework and implementation practice

The model of "electronic government" implemented by the state. The concept and structure of the state portal, the stage of building "electronic government". Functioning of the state portal, the principle of "one window". Characteristics and types of public services provided by the portal. Types of interactive services. Electronic forms. Information in foreign languages. Navigation on the site, its visibility, manufacturability, feedback. Political priorities of creation of the electronic government. The nature of the electronic interaction of power with citizens. Types and number of electronic public services provided to the population. The degree of openness, transparency, accountability, responsiveness of "electronic government". Implementation of feedback and operating interactive services.

Departmental orientation of the services of state bodies at all levels and the lack of mutual exchange of information between various departments and services. There are departmental databases, but there is no standardization of formats or exchange of information between departments. Typical is a high level of regulation of processes within departments, while at the same time a low level of regulation of interdepartmental interaction. As a rule, there are no or poorly defined responsibilities and control over the timing of execution in interdepartmental interactions.

Public dissemination of information is the creation of applications that provide access to government information over the Internet. This category suggests a relationship in which both the state and the user play a passive role.

Electronic forms or interactive interactions provide, for example, the possibility of electronic access to various forms of documents that are required by citizens or enterprises to interact with the state. At the level of interactive interaction, the user no longer acts in the former passive role, since he has the opportunity to contact government agencies via the Internet with a specific request. However, this does not necessarily imply a response.

Topic 4. Problems of organizing interdepartmental electronic interaction

Interdepartmental electronic document management as the main structural element of "electronic government". Goals and objectives of creating an interdepartmental electronic document management system (MEDO). Problems of MEDO implementation in Russia. Certification centers and their main purpose. National Certification Authority. The role of interdepartmental electronic interaction in the organization of the provision of electronic public services. "Readiness for e-government" as a measure of readiness for e-document management.

Universal electronic cards as a new means of personal identification: main goals and objectives, ways of implementation and use at the present stage. E-commerce. Information security of the state. The influence of e-government on various spheres of human life: public administration, healthcare, education, etc. Government Internet portals as a tool for public administration. Basic principles of functioning of the government Internet resource.

The system of interdepartmental electronic interaction requires the creation of similar software modules in departmental EDMS, only now for processing requests from citizens and legal entities coming through a single portal of state and municipal services. Therefore, within the framework of the Action Plan for the transition of federal executive bodies to paperless document management, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.01.2001, the task was to determine the requirements for electronic document management systems of federal executive bodies.

Topic 5. Electronic public service and technologies for its provision

The concepts of "public service", "electronic public service". Administrative regulations for the provision of public services. Electronic Administrative Regulations. The relationship of public services, regulations and "life situations". Electronic administrative regulations in the architecture of "electronic government". Normative regulation of the process of providing electronic public services to citizens. Federal Law "On the organization of the provision of state and municipal services". Stages and timing of the transition to the provision of electronic public services in Russia. The type and nature of electronic public services provided to the public and businesses. Russian portal of electronic state and municipal services: structure, organization of information, mode of access to personal data. Conditions for obtaining electronic public services on the portal. Multifunctional centers: purpose, functioning, development. The principle of "one window". Examples of the work of multifunctional centers. Electronic cards: types and scopes.

Building e-government services is not just an IT project. The technological component is certainly present here, but it is not decisive for success. Projects to create e-government services (whether they are implemented in a single region or across the country) involve significant organizational and administrative changes. They are also difficult in terms of support, since it is necessary to ensure the continuity and immutability of the service in a situation where systems of various government agencies are involved in the process of its provision and there is always a risk of making unexpected changes to their work.

Nevertheless, it is quite realistic to implement such a project. This is confirmed by a series of projects for the development of electronic government services implemented by EPAM Systems as part of a project to create an e-government system in Kazakhstan.

The entire process of creating electronic public services can be divided into three main stages: administrative reforms, the methodological part associated with the allocation and formalization of electronic services, and technological implementation.

Electronic public service (EGS) is a common public service provided to citizens with the help of modern ICT. On the one hand, this may be obtaining from the state some confirming information (for example, certificates, permits) or consulting services, on the other hand, submitting information to the state (for example, filing a tax return) or paying taxes and fees. In turn, when the flow of information is sent from the state to the citizen, it is important that documents received electronically are recognized as legitimate. In other words, other institutions should accept them on an equal basis with those issued by personal contact with a government agency.

The difficulty lies in the fact that an electronic document is just either an electronic file protected by an electronic digital signature (EDS) or paper printed from the Internet, which does not have original signatures and state seals. Of course, it must have certain protective signs. This issue is completely resolvable (for example, the system of barcodes and watermarks is quite widespread today), but this fact should be enshrined in law. Therefore, in the process of implementing a project to create public electronic services, many issues related to their eligibility have to be addressed.

Topic 6. Registration and methods of obtaining electronic state services on the Russian portal of state and municipal services

Registration procedure on the portal of state and municipal services. The algorithm for creating a "Personal Account". Types of services provided to citizens in the "Personal Account" mode. The list of federal services currently provided by public authorities on the portal. Municipal Services Portal. Choice of service and stages of obtaining.

The Unified Portal of State and Municipal Services (Functions) (hereinafter referred to as the Unified Portal) is a federal state information system that provides:

Access of individuals and legal entities to information on state and municipal services, state functions of control and supervision, on the services of state and municipal institutions, on the services of organizations participating in the provision of state and municipal services, posted in the federal state information system that maintains a register of state services in electronic form;

Provision in electronic form of state and municipal services, services of state and municipal institutions and other organizations in which a state task (order) or a municipal task (order) is placed, in accordance with the lists approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and the highest executive bodies of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation Federations;

Accounting for citizens' appeals related to the functioning of the Single Portal, including the opportunity for applicants to leave feedback on the quality of the provision of state or municipal services in electronic form.

The Government of the Russian Federation has appointed the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation as the operator of the Single Portal.

Information on the Unified Portal of State and Municipal Services (Functions) is posted within one business day from the Consolidated Register of State and Municipal Services (Functions) formed by federal and regional authorities of the Russian Federation, local governments that are responsible for the completeness and accuracy of information about services ( functions).

The single portal is available to any user of the Internet information and telecommunications network and is organized in such a way as to provide a simple and efficient search for information on state or municipal services.

All services posted on the Unified Portal are correlated with a specific region of the Russian Federation: the place of receipt of the service determines both the availability of the service itself and the conditions for its provision.

The first step to gain access to the capabilities of the Single Portal is to select the region of interest, after which the services provided by both the territorial bodies of the federal executive authorities, the executive authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation, and the local governments of the selected subject will be available.

State and municipal services are classified according to a number of characteristics (by departments, by life situations, by user categories, by popularity - the frequency of ordering a service) and are presented in the form of a catalog.

Topic 7. Electronic government in the regions. Electronic municipality

Basic provisions The concept of regional informatization. The current state of informatization of regions and municipalities in the Russian Federation. The strategy for the formation of the electronic government of the subject of the Federation (municipal formation). Architecture of the electronic government of the region and the electronic municipality. Interaction with the population on the websites of the regional e-government and e-municipalities. Provision of regional state and municipal services in electronic form. Creation of conditions for the implementation of openness, accountability and transparency of power for citizens. Technologies and means of "electronic government" in the implementation of effective interaction between power structures and the population. Feedback tools and dialogue tools on official websites. Internet reception: tasks, regulatory framework, work with citizens' appeals. The status of the Internet reception, the legal force of an electronic application through the Internet reception, the responsibility of the applicant.

Electronic municipality as a new form of relationship
This activity acquires particular relevance in connection with the emergence of electronic municipalities in the world practice.
The term "electronic municipality" implies the creation of socially oriented projects based on infocommunication technologies on the territory of the municipality in order to provide various services to the population. The period of formation and development of subjects of municipal government is accompanied by a significant increase in information flows associated with the need to obtain and exchange reliable information in real time. In essence, the task of increasing efficiency is determined primarily by the possibilities of qualitative analysis of the information received, subsequent preparation and decision-making, as well as control over its execution. The use of modern information and Internet technologies makes it possible to dramatically improve the quality, reliability, confidentiality and speed of information processing, provide online access to various databases, and makes it possible to convert information into any documentary form for subsequent use or storage.
In some studies, the role of the local government is associated only with the processing of information (information approach) to reduce errors from information aggregation at the next levels of government.
However, information and technology for its processing are an important resource for the local administration. Moreover, in the period of reforming the regional economy, it becomes fundamentally important to achieve faster rates of development of informatization at the regional level compared to the branches of material production. And here in no case can one be satisfied with the "tuning" of new informatization tools to solve purely traditional problems. So, for example, it is important to make the transition from predominantly computational and statistical tasks to informational and forecasting ones; organize integrated regional systems and new forms of relationships with regional and non-regional information owners. It is possible to fully use the reserves for improving the efficiency of the territorial administration system as a result of its informatization if it is involved in the implementation of all the functions of territory management: analysis and forecasting, decision-making, organization of their implementation and monitoring of results.

Theme 8 . Network technologies of e-democracy

The specifics of the Internet audience. Characteristics of target audiences in the network. Techniques of communicative work with target audiences in the network. Internet project as a means of group communication. Means of building effective communications with target audiences in the network. Russian network projects of e-democracy. Portal Russian Public Initiative. Moscow network project "Active Citizen". Social networks in the formation and activities of opposition and protest movements. Democratic potential of social networks. The role and place of network technologies in the "color revolutions". Conditions for the effectiveness of network movements. Network technologies in the formation of protest movements in Russia. Before attempting to answer these questions, we must agree on what we mean by e-democracy. The various vague "umbrella" formulations offered here, and especially in the West, make it possible to put every creature under this umbrella in pairs, as in Noah's ark during the flood. Attempts to classify all this living creatures, that is, types of electronic democracy, are also diverse and contradictory. Below I will try, as far as possible within the framework of a newspaper article, to lay out several conceptual aspects and the current state of affairs in this area and show that truly significant projects for the transformation of today's imperfect democracy cannot be born from good wishes alone plus access to the Internet; serious developments are needed, including programming, algorithmic and even mathematical ones.

Parenthetically, it should be noted that “electronic democracy” and “electronic government” are two completely different concepts. Whether to consider "government" as an agency for enforcing its citizens to comply with laws (regulator state) or as an agency for providing services to them (provider state) - in both cases we have a hierarchical structure of state institutions ("government"), somehow interacting with objects of regulation or subjects of service provision. Each such elementary interaction (for example, filing a tax return or obtaining a copy of a birth certificate), of course, can be greatly simplified by the use of ICT; the same applies to the interactions of state institutions with each other.

Topic 9. Electronic government from the perspective of the implementation of the State Program "Information Society (2011-2020)".

State Program (GP) "Information Society (2011-2020)". Terms of acceptance and connection with the Federal target program "Electronic Russia 2002-2010". The main goals of the GP, tasks, directions of implementation. Financing and planned results of the program, evaluation of effectiveness. E-government and e-democracy in the context of the State Enterprise "Information Society". The new version of the State Enterprise "Information Society" and the progress of its implementation.

Public procurement and the possibility of holding tenders for the purchase of goods for public needs through the Internet. Features of the state, as an economic entity, determine the caution with which officials treat the use of electronic technologies in the trade and procurement activities of the state. If the Internet as an information resource has long been accepted by official bodies, then the use of its means to obtain commercial benefits for the state is only developing. E-commerce helps to overcome the traditional barriers of geographic remoteness and lack of information about market opportunities. The state is no longer required to support excessive personnel or make large investments in the development of the specialists.

Transparency in spending budget funds. Of course, this argument "for" is at the same time an argument "against" the use of electronic technologies by unreliable socialists (officials). But for the state, such an aspect as the transparency of spending budget funds brings enormous profits. The benefits of e-commerce are clear; the Russian government, Russian businesses and consumers will greatly benefit from the development of e-commerce. It can be mentioned that e-commerce helps small and medium-sized enterprises compete with larger enterprises, enabling them to reach a wider consumer market and helping them find cost-effective ways.

New technologies are forcing governments to be especially attentive to such a category as time. Unlike other areas in the government's field of vision, technology evolves very quickly and equipment wears out and does not meet modern requirements. The decisions taken by the administrative bodies today are designed for the future, which is rapidly changing and not always clearly visible. Mistakes are very expensive financially, but they are especially alarming because of the possible undermining of the trust of citizens and the business sector, namely, these two categories have a high level of expectations. For all OECD member countries, the transition to e-government provides an opportunity for governments to demonstrate their ability to adapt to new conditions. Lagging behind in the implementation of e-government reforms in our competitive, rapidly changing world will be the cost of economic advancement.

At the same time, traditional public administration is slowly adapting to the information revolution, seeing it as one of the many challenges it has to face.

…and must act, but wisely and with the right tools

In order to make the right decisions and avoid damaging consequences, governments must articulate and address the pressing challenges of a transitional period where traditional and e-government coexist. Rather than focus solely on ICT adoption, governments also need to make choices, guide and control the transformation of conventional government into e-government. This radical change in the forms and traditional methods of public administration is taking place on the basis of establishing real cooperation, both between state bodies and government structures at various levels. Monitoring and evaluating results will be important tools for policy makers to avoid mistakes as much as possible when implementing new strategies. Finally, the provision of services - the subject of close attention - is only part of the functions of a potential e-government. At the same time, significant advances in the use of ICT are also needed in order to increase the involvement of citizens and business circles in the process of making government decisions.

Until the above measures are successfully put into practice, e-government will remain a deceptive, "cosmetic" entity.

Sample questions for the exam

1. Purpose of Russian e-government. Directions of the electronic government.

2. Types of interaction in the structure of the electronic government of the Russian Federation: G2C (Government-to-Citizen); G2B (Government-to-Business); G2G (Government-to-Government); G2E (Government-to-Employees).

3. Legislative and regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation regulating the activities of the e-government system.

4. State Program of the Russian Federation "Information Society (2011 - 2020)": goals and main provisions.

5. Local regulations regarding the functioning of the e-government system in public institutions.

6. Stages of creation of "electronic government".

7. Electronic government as part of the electronic economy.

8. Regulatory, legal and methodological basis for the functioning of the e-government system in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

9. Creation of an e-government system in the regions: problems and prospects.

10. Electronic government in the Novgorod region.

11. Managing the formation and development of e-government.

12. Legal basis for electronic document management and documentation of activities.

13. Electronic document management as an important task of e-government. Legal force of the electronic document. Details of electronic documents.

14. Electronic document systems. Access to electronic documents.

15. Storage of electronic documents.

16. Federal Law -FZ "On Electronic Signature": goals, basic concepts and its significance in the field of functioning of the e-government system.

17. The concept and structural elements of e-democracy.

18. The essence of the "information and communication method".

19. Information and communication technologies as a tool for the formation of managerial decisions in government and administration.

20. Electronic public services as the main task of electronic

government.

21. The system of electronic public services in various fields of activity.

22. Universal electronic card of a citizen.

Topic 10. Electronic government in the system of public administration

1. Information technology and the new mission of administrative power

Modern computer technologies are increasingly intruding into the work of power structures, into the relationship between citizens and the state, they determine the ways of transformation and modernization of the state apparatus. July 22, 2000. was accepted Okinawa Charter for the Global Information Society, in which it is emphasized that " information and communication technologies (IT) are one of the most important factors influencing the formation of the society of the twenty-first century . Their revolutionary impact concerns the way people live, their education and work, as well as the interaction between government and civil society. ».

Advances in information technology are changing the nature of the activities of the state and its structures. New information technologies are becoming new political and administrative technologies. Introduction of information and communication technologies makes the work of executive authorities more dynamic and flexible, interactive . Improving the quality of government-provided services, informing citizens is becoming more complete .

ICT, On the one side, deliver the information necessary for the normal functioning of state institutions, on the other side enable citizens to respond to the practical implementation of public policy.

Structurally, the use of ICT in the activities of public institutions means the end of the internal and external "closeness" of the executive power.

liquidation internal closeness means a change not only in the organizational structures of the authorities, but also in the nature of relations between them.

Liquidation external closeness leads to the establishment of a different type of relationship between administrations and citizens . The introduction of information and communication technologies into the activities of executive authorities is gradually taking away the traditions of secrecy in the activities of the administration and lays the foundation of the "glass house"(administrative transparency).

Information and communication technologies change the mission of administrative power in two directions :

1) the political category "interest" acquires a new meaning : technologically facilitating communications between the state and citizens (which also has legal consequences), information technologies return to the state its fundamental functions, which become more conscious and contribute to focusing attention on the primary problems of citizens ;

2) new technologies allow a more balanced transition from regulation to regulation , create a new regulatory mechanism.

Thus, the state begins to perform its functions more effectively and at the same time democratically.

Work in these areas takes place at several levels:

• at the theoretical level it's about understanding information as a management resource , considered along with human and material and put on a par with labor and capital;
• at the technical level unified data banks are being created, document circulation is being computerized, administrative activities are being technologized , which allows you to unify the individual nodes of the regulatory mechanism;
• at the organizational level increased desire to consider information management as one of the priority multidisciplinary tasks relating to the organization as a whole, and not to its individual parts;
• at the state level the range of information processed by public authorities is expanding , the potential and decentralization of computer systems are growing, information support is improving qualitatively, based on the tasks of the executive authorities.

The development of computer technology, software, communication tools has allowed government agencies to make greater use of computer technology in their activities. Modern computer programs make it possible to combine previously isolated functions:

• business-production,
• information,
• advice to citizens.

Modern possibilities of computer technology :

• open access to a much larger volume of information than ever;
• provide the ability to quickly transmit and receive information;
• allow remote use of sources of operational information, services of the largest libraries, databases and data banks.

At the same time, the tasks, conditions of functioning and organizational structures of the executive power differ in specific features that do not allow schematically and without changes to transfer the understanding of rationalization, typical for the technical sphere, to political and administrative management. Executive authorities differ significantly from each other, managerial work is much less amenable to formalization than it might seem at first glance. Experiencing a great need for information, the executive structures do not use all the reserves of information support at their disposal. This indicates the need to improve information management, in particular, the adoption of decentralized solutions proposed by the users themselves.

Countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada have accumulated to date a wealth of experience in the use of these technologies in public administration, which has made it possible to form the concept of "electronic government". The pace with which these countries are entering the modern stage of the information society is enormous.

UK government moved the end date of the program for the development of electronic technologies in society from 2008 to 2005. In accordance with this program, since 2005, every resident of the country who wants to have access to the Internet has received this opportunity; all government services posted information online; the country has become one of the world's leaders in the use of these funds in the economy.

In Canadaa number of programs have been developed to intensify the use of information technology under the general name "Communicating Canadians" (" Connecting Canadians "). Already in 2000, 57% of Canadians had access to the Internet.

IN THE USA, where electronic technologies in government activities are associated with the administrative reforms of the early 1990s, the movement for "electronic government" intensified with the advent of the new administration of George W. Bush. This movement is the basis of the administrative reform of the new century.

The process of electronization of government activity is also unfolding in other countries. So, in Germany in 1999, a special program was adopted "Modern state - modern management" (" Modern State—Modern Administration ”), based on the principles of the new public management: work better and cost less; perform tasks in a competitive environment; be permeable and open. For this purpose, in 2000, in order to intensify the development of e-government, Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder opened the program “ BundOnline 2005 Egovernment initiative ”, according to which all services of the federal administration that can be carried out via the Internet were transferred to an online form in 2005. Back in 2002, about 69% of the population were inclined to solve their problems with public authorities via the Internet .

2. Sources of information transparency and openness of the state to civil society .

Information plays an important role in organizing the interaction between the state and the citizen. Sufficient, complete and understandable information helps to ensure transparency in the work of executive authorities, provides citizens with the opportunity to participate in the preparation of political and managerial decisions.

Information that a citizen can receive from an executive authority is divided into several types:

— information about the services provided to citizens by the executive structure;

— information about opportunities to participate in decision-making;

— information about office work and methods of work of state institutions;

— reference Information.

Main problem is that how accessible these information services are to citizens and what is their quality . As a rule, executive authorities do not monitor whether their information is taken into account by citizens and how much they understand it.

The executive branch, governmental bodies throughout the civilized world are aware that their successful work becomes impossible without the creation information and communication services, whose work is based on the following principles:

• general availability;
• protection of confidentiality, personal secrecy and security;
• observance of intellectual property rights;
• education and continuous (throughout all life and at any age) training;
• use of the latest advances in computer technology and information technology.

However, in certain circles a point of view is formed, What the centralization of information resources will lead to the centralization of the power of the government, will allow the undivided control of information and the monopoly exercise of power.

It is also very important how the information received is used. Decision makers rely more on their own knowledge and experience than on information from other sources. For example, in order for a public servant to use information from the Internet in his work, a computer network must become a widely available channel, the same as other communication channels. According to a Gallup poll, more than half of US government employees are wary of the Internet. They are afraid of violating the secrets of private life, an excessive amount of information, they are afraid of losing personal contacts, they are afraid of retraining and stopping in career growth.

History reminds that all major changes in society caused its split, That's why there is the potential that the technological revolution of the second half of the twentieth century will create new "haves" and "have-nots" i.e. those who have access to information and those who do not. What texts, sounds and images will appear on the Internet, who will have access to them - these are largely political decisions that are made by the institutions that provide information.

In the information society, the issues of combining the freedom of public access to information of the executive branch and the protection of its confidentiality, privacy and human rights become especially relevant.

According to French scientist G. Mel, the state and its executive structures become an "information machine" , which collects, produces and processes information . For citizens, this machine - a system of public institutions - should give access to government information, solve their pressing problems, protect their rights and provide an opportunity to influence decisions regarding their lives. By opening access to their archival information, administrative bodies become transparent to citizens, but citizens, in turn, are revealed from various angles. That's why it is necessary to develop legal norms that regulate and protect information from both sides .

The true power and advantages of computer technology are clearly shown on the Internet. With the advent web -technologies, state institutions got the opportunity to post information about their activities and make it publicly available. The simplicity of their use led to the fact that ordinary citizens began to connect to the Internet.

3. Electronic government and management theory

The formation of electronic technologies for the implementation of government activities changes the very nature of management. In the information society, in comparison with the traditional exercise of power, a new structure and principles of management are emerging, which, in a conceptual sense, is more and more concentrated in the concept of "governance". Can be held differences in a number of criteria between the traditional exercise of power and the new administration .

So, decision-making processes traditionally were built on control and execution of commands , now the main parameters are consent and contract . Traditional Management paid great attention law and regulations , contemporary - non-coercive norms, collective recommendations, moral agreements . Traditional power carried out governments, bureaucracies and parliaments , new management in a networked society, more and more includes in public power such forms as commissions, forums, large democratically organized groups . If earlier management information was centralized and classified , now the information becomes distributed, open , A information processes associated with interfaces and protocols, become networked , include online forums, education, etc.

The concept of governance » reflects changes, which characterize and relations between civil society and public authorities , And relations within the organizational structure of the state . It is believed that the formed inter-organizational networks in the system of new public administration differ from intra-organizational networks in the system of bureaucratic management.

Networks within hierarchies, or intra-organizational networks, place relationships between actors under a governance structure that governs conflict resolution and guides behavior . Intraorganizational network forms includes joint ventures, strategic alliances, business groups, enterprises with special rights, research consortiums, contractual relationships, and interministerial, interagency, and intersectoral entities . Although there are conflicts in the latter networks, if the level of trust and cooperative cooperation in them is high, then there are significant reductions in transaction costs, better use of joint resources, a greater level of innovation, i.e. more conditions that ensure the effectiveness of managerial and general activities. In this regard, the Internet and new information technologies provide an additional basis for increased efficiency, although there is resistance to change in government organizations . As writes Jean Fontaine, “intraorganizational networks, partnerships and consortiums could not function at the present level without electronic means. However, the potential of information technology for rapid change in structure, systems, and management has not yet been realized—and may not be. Researchers consistently note that systems and structures resist change even when new information technologies offer efficiency gains. In order to take advantage of the networked computing space, organizations must be able to collaborate both internally and with network partners. ».

There is no unity among researchers as to how the administrative reforms of the recent past (new state management) and the formation of e-government are connected. Some believe that today there is a serious departure from the previous installations. At least, we can talk about the formation of a completely different model of public administration, changing all its parameters. Others are more careful. Often, e-government is seen rather as a new tool for solving largely the same tasks that were set by reforms based on the model of new public management (cost reduction, efficiency, competitiveness, etc.). In this regard, not all elements of e-government and directions in their development continue the previous reforms.

In general, there are three main elements of e-government:

1. Electronic democracy and participation (e-democracy and participation ) are intended to form public opinion and make decisions through electronic means (voting, civic networks, etc.);
2. Electronic production networks (electronic production net - work ) are forms of cooperation between public as well as public and private institutions through electronic means;
3. Electronic public services (electronic public services ) are intended to provide services for the benefit of recipients, individuals or companies through local, regional or national portals.

If the first component is related as a whole to the political system, then the other two, to one degree or another, continue what has been started. “I don’t see that New Public Management reforms or related movements have stopped, although many elements have been adapted to national needs and structures,” writes Kuno Shedler, one of the famous researchers of the new public management. — The concept of "e-government" is another opportunity to study changes in the political-administrative system. We should, however, not interpret e-government as the successor to the new public management, but consider this concept as an additional interesting approach to its argument.

4. The concept of "electronic government"

The development of information and electronic technical means has had a serious impact on the structures and processes of public administration. If at first this influence was expressed in increasing the efficiency of collecting, processing and using information in the decision-making process, then later noticeable transformations began to occur in the institutions and methods of organizing the entire public administration system. Information technologies in public administration are gaining special intensity in the mid-1990s, which is expressed in the emergence of a new concept of "electronic government" (« e - government "). Concepts related to it are formed. "electronic democracy" (« e-democracy »), "electronic control" (« e - governance").

In general, the development of e-government follows the development of e-business and e-commerce. stands out "narrow" and "broad" understanding of e-government.

In a broad sense, e-government includes the use of all information and communication technologies from faxes to satellite communications to improve the daily activities of the government .

In a narrow sensepopular interpretation of e-government is in its definition as the exclusively Internet activity of the government , “which allows improving citizens' access to management information, services and expertise for the development of civic participation. It is linked to the ongoing duty of the state to improve relations between private individuals and the public sector through intensive, cost-effective and efficient provision of services, information and knowledge. It is the practical implementation of the best that government has to offer.”

There are also "moderate" and "radical" schools in the interpretation of e-government.

In the first sensethis concept reflects improving the activities of public administration through the use of new information technologies, which ultimately makes it possible to increase its effectiveness in providing services to the population .

In the second sense e-government expresses not only the new nature of intra-organizational relations, but also transformation of the whole complex of relations between public administration and society .

All these approaches and schools are to some extent related to the understanding of e-government at various stages of its development. The most developed stage allows to form an idea of ​​a "virtual state". As writes Jane Fountain, « web portals that allow the business concept of "7 x 24 x 365" to be applied to government (available seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year) restructure the relationship between the state and citizens to make it simpler, more interactive and efficient. The virtual state means a government increasingly organized through virtual agencies, cross-agencies and public-private networks whose structures and capabilities depend on the Internet and the web.

Magazine "The Economist" » highlights the following aspects of e-government:

1) establishing a secure government intranet and central database for more efficient and cooperative interaction between government agencies;

2) provision of services on a network basis;

3) application of electronic commerce ( e-commerce ) for more efficient government transactional activities such as supply and contract;

4) digital democracy ( digital democracy ) for more transparent government accountability.

The state, through electronic means, makes it possible to effectively provide services to the population, business organizations, and improve the interaction between the government structures themselves. Wherein the general goals of the state activity are achieved:

• strengthening and expanding forms of cooperation between society and the state;
• assistance to the economic and social development of society and citizens;
• quick and effective response to changing business conditions;
• optimization of the provision of services to the population and business structures; reducing the cost of services;
• increasing the efficiency of intra-organizational relations in public administration;
• development of personnel potential of public administration;
• increasing the responsibility of civil servants, encouraging their initiative and increasing the level of transparency of public administration in general.

5. Main stages of e-government development

The use of electronic and information technologies in public administration goes through a number of stages . Allocate five main stages in this process (according to the United Nations Division of Public Economics and Management and the American Society for Public Administration).

First stage — emerging web presence - associated with the release of government agencies in electronic network structures. At this stage, governments have one or more sites that play an informational role. These sites inform citizens about the composition of the government, its ministers, agencies, officials, and so on. Information about phones, addresses, reception hours, etc. is also posted. On the sites you can also find "feedback" in the form of informing about the most frequently asked questions.

Second phase — advanced web presence - allows users to receive specialized and constantly updated information through a variety of government sites. Here you can receive government publications, legal documents, news information. The number of government agencies in the network is increasing, and communication with each of them is possible. There is information about e-mail addresses, search engines, the ability to send a comment or advice.

Third stage — interactive web presence - is characterized by an intensification of the possibility of interaction between citizens and government agencies that provide services to the population. A national government website often acts as a portal linking the user directly to ministers, departments and agencies. Interaction between citizens and service providers allows network users to have direct access to information tailored to their specific needs and interests. The user can receive specialized data, download various forms and forms or sign them through the network, make appointments with officials, participate in electronic meetings. This is where security sites and passwords for users appear.

Fourth stage — transactional web presence - includes the ability for the user to receive documents via the network and carry out transactions. Citizens can obtain visas, passports, birth and death certificates, licenses, permits and other transactional services. The government website is a portal that gives citizens direct access to government departments and services. Such portals are more focused on the needs and priorities of citizens than on government functions and structures. Citizens can also pay taxes and make other payments through the network (for parking, car registration, etc.). At that time the electronic signature is recognized .

Fifth stage — fully integrated web presence - distinguished by the fact that it allows the government to carry out all services and communications through the government portal, and allows the user of the network to immediately receive any service. It is noted that here the boundaries between government departments are very flexible, which allows us to talk about the new quality of the government and the organization of its activities and the functioning of bureaucracy, like a “virtual state” and the corresponding “virtual bureaucracy”, “system-level bureaucracy”.

Some researchers talk about the highest stage of development of e-government, when it is included in the system of e-democracy, which allows e-voting, network public forums, network sociological surveys etc. As Jay Moon writes, "if the previous ... stages refer to networked public services in the administrative sphere, the [last] stage emphasizes the networked political activity of citizens."

6. E-government portals in the world

The level of development of e-government by country, of course, is different. Ongoing comparative studies (some conducted, for example, since 1996 based on Website Attribute Evaluation System (http : // www . cyprg . arizona . edu ) Cyberspace Policy Study Group ( the Cyberspace Policy Research Group ) at the University of Arizona and George Mason University (USA)) show that most developed in this respect are the United Kingdom and the United States, then go India, Australia, Canada and Japan. Countries differ in the level of transparency and interactivity of the government. Thus, the Canadian government is more interactive than transparent, while Australia has a more transparent government, but less interacting with the population. The US government is characterized by the highest degree of transparency and openness.

In Franceaccording to the prime minister's circular, all the ministries of the country had to open their own page on the Internet until December 31, 1997 At the same time, the obligatory observance of the following requirements was required: the information provided must be exhaustive and objective, strictly updated, clear, providing equal access for everyone, and provide answers to the most frequently asked questions.

IN THE USAa similar project began to develop since July 1, 1997., although his idea arose much earlier. The creation of the National Information Infrastructure (doctrine N11) was one of A. Gore's election promises back in 1991 and was successfully fulfilled by him. Today, all US government agencies not only have a presence on the Internet, but also actively interact with citizens via e-mail. . Determining the importance of modern ICT for the development of the state and society, A. Gore noted: “These highways, more precisely, networks of distributed intelligence, ... will make it possible to make information publicly available, to establish communication and communication at the level of the world community. This will be a source of constant and sustainable economic growth, will strengthen democracy, find the best solutions to environmental problems on a global and local scale, improve health care and, finally, fully feel like the real owners of our small planet.

At present, the functioning of e-government is organized in Internet portals, i.e. complex electronic means that ensure the implementation of a number of government functions.

Internet portals perform the following functions:

• searching and obtaining information;
• interaction of citizens and organizations with public authorities;
• holding events for citizens and organizations by public authorities;
• provision of public services.

In Great Britain the main government portal that ensures the work of e-government is "British network portal for citizens" [« UK online Citizen Portal": http: // www. ukonline. gov. UK ], which provides access to government information and services. It appeared in 2001. Every day it is visited by 123 thousand visitors. Before since 1994 information services were provided by the website of the British government www. open. gov. UK , which hosted the websites of individual government departments in alphabetical order. The new portal has access to the site "Entrance to the government" (" Government Gateway ”), which provides registration services and provides forms of documents (for example, tax forms). The main portal provides access to the websites of commercial enterprises, feedback, consultations, etc.

Canadian government has been aimed at providing complete information and services to the government through the network since 2004. Three government portals are already operating here, providing communication and interaction between citizens and the government. This " Canadian site» (« Canada Site": http:// canada. gs. ca ), « Government on-line» (« Government On-Line”: http :// www. gol-ged. gs. ca ) And " Service to Canada» (« Service Canada": http://www. servicecanada . gs. ca ). "Canadian site" appeared in 1995 and is the main one for providing services through the network.

In the United States of America main government portal « First Gov " put into effect in 2000, ( http: //www. firstgov. gov ) serves to implement the main goals of the fifth stage of the application of information technology to public administration. It is built in accordance with the basic concept of e-government as a system of relations: government - citizens, government - business, inter-agency relations. This portal has brought together over 27 million federal government pages to more effectively search for information and provide services to meet user needs. In 2000, just about every federal agency, most states, and countless local governments provided information and services over the Web. The median number of services provided through the network by state governments was four. Of course, there are differences between different government bodies in the implementation of e-government. Some believe that the federal government is significantly behind the states. In the state of Maryland, for example, by 2002 it was planned to carry out 50% of services through the network, and by 2004 - already 80%. The current US administration is making significant efforts to electronicize its activities.

There are various opinions regarding e-government efficiency level. Its creation did not radically change the institutional structure of public administration. At the same time, new electronic and information technologies are gradually becoming a necessary element of government activities in various countries, modifying and sometimes radically changing approaches and attitudes in the administrative environment. The “fashion” for e-government reflects the current state of the information society, which makes it possible to make administrative and state activities and structures more open, transparent and efficient .

Comparison e-government formation strategies, for example, in Russia and Germany, allows us to conclude that, firstly, in Western countries, its goals and objectives are more specific and related to administrative reform, second, they most closely connected with the development of e-democracy although it has its own difficulties. For example, in Germany, out of 90 surveyed cities, 89% do not have an e-government development strategy and do not have information about the expectations of their citizens regarding e-government. The main disadvantages of implementation are considered (according to Prof. Michael Breitner):

- low activity in the use of electronic signatures;

- insufficient standardization of services and activities;

- lack of necessary legal norms;

- insufficient technological support;

- information overload;

- weak management and organization (organizational resistance);

- problems of consciousness and culture;

- lack of strategy and policy.

The task of transition to e-government (or, in other words, e-government, informational state) has been set before the authorities of Russia for more than 15 years. During this time, a number of conceptual and program documents were adopted, among which the following should be noted:

The State Program of the Russian Federation "Information Society (2011 - 2020)", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2014 N 313, subprogram 4 "Information State"

The plan for the transition to the provision of public services and the performance of public functions in electronic form by federal executive bodies, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 17, 2009 N 1555-r.

Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the President of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2008 N Pr-212.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the concept of the formation of electronic government in the Russian Federation until 2010" dated May 6, 2008 N 632-r.

The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 N 1662-r.

Federal target program "Electronic Russia (2002 - 2010)", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2002 N 65.

The current (until 2020) tasks of the development of the information state and the indicators to be achieved are formulated as follows (SE "Information Society"):

• improving the quality of the provision of public services by converting them into electronic form;
• development of services based on information technology to simplify the procedures for interaction and communication between society and the state;
• development of special information and information technology systems for ensuring the activities of public authorities;
• creation and development of electronic services in the field of healthcare, education, science and culture, in other areas;
• dissemination of the best practices of the information society at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Target indicators and indicators:

• the share of electronic document circulation between public authorities in the total volume of interdepartmental document circulation;
• the share of public authorities and local self-government bodies that have a data transfer rate through the information and telecommunication network "Internet" of at least 2 Mbps, in the total number of surveyed organizations of state authorities and local self-government bodies;
• the share of public authorities and local self-government bodies that used electronic signature means in the reporting year;
• share of new generation passports in the total number of issued passports proving the identity of a citizen of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation

The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 also calls the improvement of the quality and accessibility of public services provided by executive authorities among its main tasks. Appropriate measures to achieve this task include clear regulation of the procedure for the provision of public services, taking measures aimed at simplifying procedures, reducing transaction and time costs spent by consumers to receive them, as well as introducing procedures for assessing the quality of services provided by consumers - citizens and entrepreneurs. , forming a network of multifunctional public service centers and providing consumers with access to public services online on the Internet (“electronic government”).

In Russia, there is no single body responsible for the transition to an electronic state. Powers in this area are distributed among several departments, the main of which are the Ministry of Economic Development, which is implementing the transition to e-government as an element of administrative reform, and the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications, which is responsible for the technical and technological components, including the informatization of state bodies. Coordination of the actions of ministries and departments, as well as federal and regional authorities, is carried out within the framework of a number of interdepartmental commissions, the main of which is

Introduction
1. Electronic government as an element of the formation of the information society
1.1. E-government as a concept for the implementation of public administration inherent in the information society
1.2. Legal framework of the electronic government of the Russian Federation
2. International experience in implementing e-government
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

The development of the e-government system as part of public administration, through the introduction of information computer technologies, taking into account the administrative changes taking place in Russia, is an indispensable requirement for entering the global information society.

The relevance of the topic is caused, first of all, by the rapid development of modern information and communication technologies and the general growth of information interaction based on electronic information exchange. FTP "Electronic Russia" - a program for the development and financing of public administration reform measures. It carries out administrative reform projects to address the problems of interagency cooperation in the provision of public services and the performance of other functions of the state, as well as the creation of a "single entry point" for obtaining information on the structure and functions of governments and public institutions. Contributes to increasing the information openness of public authorities and local self-government to society, increasing the efficiency of their interaction with citizens and improving the quality of services they provide to citizens and organizations.

1. Electronic government as an element of the formation of the information society

1.1. E-government as a concept of public administration inherent in the information society.

By historical standards, the existence of information computer technologies (hereinafter referred to as ICT) on the planet is a moment. But humanity has already managed to determine the path of development of civilization - the information society. According to modern views, the information society is a society in which the production and consumption of information is the most important activity, and information is recognized as the most significant resource, new information and telecommunication technologies and equipment become basic technologies and equipment, and the information environment, along with social and environmental - new human environment.

Today, all developed countries of the world are moving to the information society, the formation of which is recognized as an inevitable stage in the development of mankind. For more than twenty years, the formation of the information society has been the subject of policy developments at the national, international and regional levels. These developments are aimed at identifying and implementing effective ways for countries to move towards the information society, as well as for the full use of the opportunities and advantages that these countries have as they move along the chosen path.

The process of formation of the information society takes place in different countries with different intensity and characteristics. In the most general form, two models of such formation can be distinguished: “Western” and “Eastern”.[i] In the “Western” model, the main role is assigned to the liberalization of the market of information superhighways and their universal service. In the "Eastern" more attention is paid to the cooperation between the state and the market, there is a desire to establish a connection between traditional cultural values ​​and, inevitable with the formation of a global information society, social changes. At the same time, within each of these models there are differences, which are largely determined by the level of economic and socio-political development of a particular society. Today it becomes clear that far from all countries are yet ready to cross a new stage in the evolution of human society or even approach it, however, if we evaluate world development as a whole, the process of forming a global information society seems irreversible.

The implementation of the information society is impossible without the introduction of e-government. e-government – it is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. The components of good public administration are: accountability (responsibility), transparency (openness) of authorities, prompt decision-making.

At present, one can distinguish 4 main models of "e-government" which have received practical implementation in the USA, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region and Russia. Conventionally, they can be called

continental European model;

Anglo-American model;

Asian model;

Russian model, which is presented in the target federal program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)"

The connection of e-government with administrative reforms, in its most general form, is expressed in the fact that, firstly, it serves as a tool for reform, secondly, it renews interest in administrative reform, thirdly, it highlights internal inconsistencies in public administration, and thirdly, fourth, it forces governments to commit to better governance; fifth, it increases the legitimacy of government activity;

E-government in foreign countries is a part of administrative reforms, while in Russia the principles of e-government and administrative reform are being introduced in parallel. Only on paper, the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia" carries out projects of administrative reform to ensure the rights of citizens and organizations in the informatization of the processes of providing public services and performing other functions of the state, including to obtain information about the structure and functions of government bodies and state institutions, as well as the creation of " one point of entry" in the electronic interaction of citizens and the state. At the moment, the parallel running of programs slows them down, coordination takes too long.

Often, ICT is already working in the state, but there is no administrative regulation. It turns out that computers have been introduced, but for citizens, as everything was, it remains so. You have to bring documents in their paper counterpart, find out all the necessary information directly on the spot and run, as before, to different authorities. Ideally, administrative reform should outpace ICT adoption. That is, first it would be necessary to regulate what and how should work, and then carry out technical work through ICT. We have the opposite so far. First they do it, and then they regulate it, it turns out double work.

The improvement of public administration is a serious problem that stands in the way of the state. E-governance will allow Russia to keep up with other countries that have been dealing with this problem for a long time with varying degrees of success.

The concept of e-government covers a wide range of activities and actors, yet three distinct sectors can be identified so far. These are: government-to-government (G2G), government-to-business (G2B), and government-to-citizens (G2C). Each of these sectors represents a different combination of motivational forces and initiatives. The intervention of the state in the field of business relations of the Internet at first manifested itself in the emergence of new terms and conditionally structural directions of online operations. The pioneers in the development of e-government concepts (which, as in the case of many other web initiatives, turned out to be the Americans) first of all introduced into the system of Internet designations, in addition to the symbols B (business) and C (customers), already well-established by that time, also the concept of G (government), reducing the formalization (or rather, the formulation) of the task of building e-government in a simplified form to the expression G2G + G2B + G2C, where the first term means the line of communication between different functions, bodies and levels of government along its entire vertical, the second - a set of contacts between the government and business, and the third - the relationship of the state with the population (C = not only customers, but also citizens).

General government-government (G2G) sector.

In many ways, the G2G sector is the backbone of e-government. Speaking about e-government and, in particular, about the introduction of the G2G sector, it should be understood that, first of all, we are talking about the informatization of all management processes in public authorities at all levels, the informatization of interdepartmental relationships, the creation of computer systems capable of supporting all the functions of interaction between these bodies and population and businesses. It is impossible to talk about the fact that an intragovernmental transaction is implemented in an electronic, paperless mode, if the relevant process is not automated in the departments or there is no electronic document management. Separate operations, say, sending by e-mail a document that is printed out again by the addressee for submission to another official for signature, in no way characterize the government as electronic.

It would seem that in this case we are dealing with a purely technical issue: there are certain Internet technologies (information sites, e-mail, electronic payment systems, etc.) and the use of these technologies by the government can significantly expand the ability of the state to perform its functions. However, the essence of the problem lies in the fact that often the simple implantation of e-government elements into the existing public administration systems does not increase their functionality, but only gives the appearance of "modernization", in fact, representing a source of useless and outdated information, automation of unnecessary procedures, simulation of the interaction of power and society, etc. A lot of information has been accumulated, but it often lies "dead weight" and is not used in the decision-making process. The passive nature of information accumulation is a characteristic feature of the traditional e-government implementation strategy.

When implementing tasks to bring functions and processes in line with the goals declared by the administrative reform, the relevant open standards can be used:

1. Improving goal-setting processes - IT Governance Implementation Guide, COBIT, COSO Internal Control, Australian standard AS 8015;

2. Project management of creation / acquisition / outsourcing and implementation - ISO 12207, ISO 15504, TickIT, CMMI, Bootstrap, GOST 34.601, GOST 34.602, PMBOK, PRINCE2, APMs;

3. Effective organization of operation - BS 15000, ISO 20000, COBIT, MOF, ITIL;

4. Information security management, - ISO 13335, ISO 13569, ISO 17799, BS 7799-2, NIST standards, GOST R 51275-99, ACSI-33, COBIT Security Baseline, ENV12924, ISF Standard of Good Practice;

5. Risk and Business Continuity Management AS/NZS 4360, COSO Enterprise Risk Management, PAS-56, AS/NZS 4360, HB 221-2004

6. Independent audit and monitoring - ISO 19011, COBIT Audit Gudelines

7. Quality management of public services - ISO 9001, EFQM, Baldrige National Quality Plan, ISO/TO 10006:1997

The efficiency of using standards lies in saving significant material and time resources due to the absence of the need to re-invent what has already been invented and repeatedly tested, and in the possibility of using someone else's experience and best practices to solve the tasks.

Also, among those measures that need to be implemented in order to improve the quality of public administration, the disclosure of state information to organizations and citizens should be highlighted.

Disclosure of government information automatically ensures the growth of government transparency. A functioning disclosure system reduces opportunities for corruption and abuse by making it impossible for agencies responsible for collecting and holding "commercially valuable" information to be traded. In addition, disclosed information means the ability to reduce the time spent on obtaining information on request and searching for it in official publications.

Sector government-business (G2B).

The term G2B (Government-to-Business, or “Government for Business”) outlines the area of ​​interaction between the state and business, with an emphasis on the active side of government structures. The purpose of G2B services is to increase the efficiency of interaction between the state and business through the active use of ICT, as well as to increase the openness of the state for business. The use of G2B services enables administrations to provide services and information to citizens around the clock, regardless of their location.

The use of the Internet by government bodies as one of the opportunities to increase the efficiency of state power causes special attention to initiatives in the field of building electronic relationships between the state and business on the part of business circles. The G2B sector includes both the sale of surplus government goods to the public and the purchase of goods and services. While not all are directly dependent on the use of information technology, a number of different procurement methods are used in relation to the G2B sector. Performance-based contracting is a method in which the payment made to the contractor is based on the actual objectives and results of the work. Savings sharing contracts are contracts where the contractor pays for project costs incurred, such as the installation of a new computer system, and is paid from the savings resulting from the transition from the previous system to the new one. Reverse auctions, on the other hand, are based on the use of information technology and could become a frequently used method for acquiring items that are standardized and easily assessed for quality, such as obsolete technology components and office equipment purchases. Internet-based reverse auctions involve companies openly bidding against each other in real time to secure a government contract. The purpose of reverse auctions is to bring prices down to market levels. Due to the emphasis on price, reverse auctions are the most appropriate solution when the quality and expected performance of the item is clear and easily assessed.

Sector government-citizens (G2C).

The third sector of e-government is government-to-the-population (G2C). G2C initiatives are designed to facilitate the interaction of the population with government agencies. The goal of these initiatives is to try to make things like renewing licenses and IDs, paying taxes, and applying for benefits less time-consuming and easier. G2C initiatives also often aim to increase access to government information through the use of information dissemination tools such as websites and/or “kiosks”.

The simplification of public services, which all citizens of the country are looking forward to, was supposed to be obtained through the implementation of the “one stop shop” concept. The “one stop shop” principle is part of the administrative reform, the essence of which is to simplify the procedure for issuing various documents to citizens and organizations. The implementation of this project implies saving time and effort for the applicant, as well as reducing the risk of corruption. "One window" is certainly a step forward for both the authorities and entrepreneurs. Business supports the idea of ​​administrative reform aimed at saving time and effort, as well as reducing the risk of corruption. But in the form in which this system operates today, it does not quite correspond to the meaning laid down by the creators and developers.

The essence of the "single window" regime is as follows: in order to obtain the necessary document (certificate, permit, documentation, extract, copy, etc.), the applicant - a citizen or organization - must submit to the appropriate executive authority or city organization only documents that are directly related to the applicant (application, copy of the passport, certificate, etc., copies of constituent documents, registration certificates) or the provision (issuance) of which are within the jurisdiction of the federal authorities. All other documents that are not directly related to the applicant, but necessary for the preparation of the requested certificate (permit, etc.), will be collected by the executive authority or city organization responsible for issuing this document independently. The applicant must apply to the executive authority issuing the final document. Preparation, approval and issuance of the document is carried out by the executive authorities of the city free of charge. Only if the preparation of the requested document requires any work (for example, project expertise, measurements, etc.), or the law provides for the collection of fees (for example, state fees), the document will be issued on a reimbursable basis.

The depersonalization of the interaction of civil servants with citizens and organizations through the introduction of a “single window” system and electronic information exchange is, first of all, a regime of regulated information processes, of course, based on formalized administrative technologies. For the implementation in this case, ICT alone is not enough, it is necessary to change the regulatory framework in order to remove contradictions and prevent duplication in existing systems of various accounting. The technology of solving the problem of public services with the help of “one window” is unnecessarily compromise. This is both an attempt to get rid of manifestations of corruption and, at the same time, a hidden opportunity to preserve the traditional bureaucratic structure. The problem is the reluctance of departments to work with other public authorities that may be interested in information processed by one structure in the interests of another.

1.2. Legal framework of the electronic government of the Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation, the legal basis for ensuring transparency of government, effective information interaction between citizens and authorities, expanding citizens' access to world information resources is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other legal acts regulating the development of informatization and the use of information technologies.

The most significant legal acts at the federal level include:

Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection”;

Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on September 9, 2000
No. Pr-1895.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2002 No. 65 “On the federal target program “Electronic Russia
(2002 - 2010)"; (Further - FTP "Electronic Russia")

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2004 No. 1244-r "On the concept of using information technologies in the activities of federal government bodies until 2010";

Federal target program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)".

FTP "Electronic Russia" has been implemented since 2002 and is valid until 2010. The program is implemented in accordance with the procedure for the development and implementation of federal target programs and interstate target programs in which the Russian Federation participates, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 26, 1995 No. 594 “On the implementation of the Federal Law “On the supply of products for federal state needs ".

The state customer - coordinator of the Program is the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation.

State customers for certain activities of the Program are the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Information Technologies, the Federal Agency for Education, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.

The first edition of the FTP "Electronic Russia" was approved by the government in 2002. The main goals of the project were the development of information and communication technologies in the field of public administration, as well as the improvement of legislation in the field of ICT, the development of a system for training ICT specialists, the creation of electronic commerce and much more. In the next 9 years, it was planned to allocate 39 billion rubles from the federal budget for its implementation. However, the program stalled. Representatives of various ministries and departments have repeatedly expressed the opinion in the media that the task of the program is too global: building an information society in Russia requires no less than global informatization, increasing the computer literacy of the population, and budget-intensive scientific research.

In 2006, the FTP "Electronic Russia" has undergone significant changes. There has been a change of course: from carrying out "informatization for the sake of informatization" to the unification and effective use of information systems. The federal program has become directly linked to the administrative reform and has become one of the main instruments for its implementation. The program is aimed at improving public administration through the introduction of e-government.

The Program provides for the implementation of activities in 6 main areas:

The purpose of the direction is to increase the efficiency of the use and implementation of information and communication technologies in the activities of public authorities on the basis of the formation of a unified system of organizational and technical standards, requirements, principles, regulations and methodological materials that ensure the effective creation and coordinated development of state information systems and information technology infrastructure in accordance with the priorities of modernization of the public administration system.

2. Ensuring effective interdepartmental information interaction based on information and communication technologies and the integration of state information systems.

The purpose of the implementation of measures in this direction is to increase the efficiency of public administration by ensuring operational interdepartmental information interaction of public authorities in electronic form as part of the performance of their functions.

3. Ensuring the effectiveness of interaction between public authorities and the population and organizations based on information and communication technologies.

In order to increase the efficiency of interaction between public authorities and citizens and organizations through the creation of information systems that support the provision of legally relevant and reference information and directly the public services themselves, including using the capabilities of the Internet.

4. Implementation of information systems for managing the activities of public authorities.

In order to create conditions for the prompt improvement of the quality of preparation of management decisions by public authorities through the introduction of modern information and communication technologies, as well as the effective performance of their functions, it is necessary to ensure the introduction of appropriate information and analytical systems.

5. Creation of standard software and hardware solutions to support the activities of public authorities.

The purpose of the measures in this direction is to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures for the introduction of information technologies in the activities of public authorities through the centralized creation, development and subsequent replication of software and hardware solutions to support the implementation of typical functions and tasks for public authorities.

6. Management of the implementation of the Program activities.

The purpose of the activities of this direction is to ensure the necessary quality of management of the implementation of the Program activities, achieve the planned results of its implementation, determine the mechanism for the implementation of the Program, including the procedure for interaction of state authorities responsible for its implementation.

In order to effectively manage and control the implementation of the Program, the state customer - coordinator of the Program and its state customers determine the officials and relevant departments responsible for the implementation of the Program. The heads of the state customer - coordinator of the Program and its state customers appoint a person responsible for the implementation of the Program, as a rule, at the level of a deputy federal minister (deputy head (director) of a federal service or federal agency), approve the internal regulations for managing the implementation of the directions assigned to this state customer and activities of the Program.

It is planned that as a result of the implementation of the program, there will be an increase in the efficiency of budget expenditures for the introduction of information technologies in the activities of public authorities by 10%, a reduction in the costs of public authorities for organizing the exchange of information at the interdepartmental level by 25%, a decrease in the number of forced appeals of citizens to public authorities to receive public services and the required waiting time by 10%.

So the big problem is the question "How to store electronic documents?" So far, no law has been created that would fully regulate the procedure for storing electronic documents. Not only documents of state organizations, but also private ones can be accepted for archival storage. For example, during the liquidation of the latter, organizational and administrative documentation and documents on personnel should be sent to the state archives. There have been cases when, during the liquidation of some organizations, the noted types of documents were found exclusively in electronic form. In accordance with the "List of standard management documents generated in the activities of organizations, indicating the periods of storage", in the absence of originals, certified copies of documents are accepted for storage. Typically, archival authorities force liquidation commissions to print out and certify orders, orders, personal accounts, personal cards of employees, etc. However, from the point of view of the authenticity of documents, there is no difference between transferring such information to paper and recording it on an electronic medium that does not allow data to be changed. The whole problem lies in the unpreparedness of state and municipal archives to receive and ensure the safety of documents on electronic media. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 22, 2004 N 125-FZ “On Archiving in the Russian Federation” only prescribes that electronic documents can be deposited. Unfortunately, their further fate is unknown.

It is also unclear how the authorities will protect information from unauthorized access from the outside, no even the best security system can give one hundred percent protection. And since at the moment state bodies have accumulated a large amount of personal data in their databases, with unauthorized access it is possible to change them and use them for purposes contrary to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Personal Data", in the event of unlawful actions with personal data, the operator, within a period not exceeding three working days from the date of such discovery, is obliged to eliminate the violations committed. If it is impossible to eliminate the committed violations, the operator, within a period not exceeding three working days from the date of detection of illegal actions with personal data, is obliged to destroy personal data. The operator is obliged to notify the subject of personal data or his legal representative about the elimination of the violations committed or the destruction of personal data, and if the appeal or request was sent by the authorized body for the protection of the rights of subjects of personal data, also the specified body.

The subject of personal data has the right to protect his rights and legitimate interests, including compensation for losses and (or) compensation for moral damage in court.

Persons guilty of violating the requirements of this Federal Law shall bear civil, criminal, administrative, disciplinary and other liability provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The Law on Personal Data, prescribing the existence of liability for violation of the requirements of the law, does not determine the type of liability for violation of the articles of the law. An additional regulation should be created that would clearly establish for what type of violation of the articles of the law this or that punishment is determined, ranging from administrative responsibility to criminal.

It can be said that laws and other regulatory legal acts are being actively developed, but they are often imperfect, since they do not cover all the problems that stand in their way, on the one hand, and on the other hand, they often duplicate each other.

2. International experience in implementing e-government

The introduction of "electronic government" begins with the public administration reforms of the 1990s. Today, in the practice of implementing e-government projects in different countries, priority is given to the development of the so-called "one-stop, non-stop" concept (that is, a single system operating in non-stop mode) - the gradual construction of government information portals that provide wide access to information and services related to the competence of authorities and public administration. Through these portals and intranet communications, information links are created between the subjects of state power at the federal and regional levels, that is, the exchange of economic, legal, statistical and other information “vertically” is organized. In addition, an electronic market for goods and services is being created within the framework of state information portals in order to provide state structures with additional opportunities for the implementation of their functions: interested businesses are attracted to participate in tenders for the implementation of government orders and various social programs. The next stage in the development of government portals is their advancement towards "electronic democracy", the creation of new forms of relationships, information exchange and feedback between citizens and the state, the population and all branches of government, the electorate and deputies, up to the introduction of a system of electronic elections.

The most feasible and in-demand functions of government portals now include, of course, the organization of a single entry to the very numerous and “dispersed” information resources of various authorities and state administration, aimed at a wide audience. The simplification of public access to these resources, which provide the population with information about the activities of state institutions, and the creation of the most user-friendly interface for providing computer communication between society and the state, may in itself indicate the seriousness of the government's intentions to build an e-government system and help increase the public authority of the authorities.

Behind the multifunctional e-government portals, there are systems for automating the management of state bodies, which make it possible to realize the openness of structures for citizens and quick access to solutions, as well as saving taxpayers' money. To date, there is no single template that could meet all the conditions and solutions to the problem of e-government formation. Each country has a unique combination of circumstances, priorities and available resources.

Consider examples from a number of countries:

Great Britain.

The UK Central Government Portal (http://www.ukonline.gov.uk) provides general government information. It brings together information and consulting services from various sources.

Very often, information and services related to one “life episode” are provided by various government agencies and are not available anywhere else from a single source. The grouping of online services around specific life episodes is intended to make it easier for citizens to communicate with the state. The portal also features an advanced search service called "Quick find" that makes it easier to navigate through a sea of ​​government information. The central government portal ukonlinegov.uk also provides descriptions and links to the range of government services currently available to citizens and businesses.

As the portal evolves, it will include new links to other government Web sites, descriptions, and links to services and information. Ukonline.gov.uk also provides an opportunity for citizens to discuss various issues through a section called Citizen Space. The section informs about plans for changes in the field of public life and gives citizens the opportunity to express their point of view.

The central government portal ukonline.gov.uk is very clearly positioned as a natural starting point for all other government information and services, where citizens can also interact with the government.

The UK has embarked on a path of cautious and gradual building of the foundation of e-Government. The essence of this approach is to build the main infrastructure building blocks first before launching new services. The infrastructure is provided through the so-called Government Gateway (http://www.gateway.gov.uk), which provides opportunities for further scaling up of services. This site provides centralized registration services to carry out secure transactions with the government.

The Ukonline.gov.uk central government portal project and the Government Gateway are two key initiatives in the UK e-government concept. At the same time, the central government portal Ukonline.gov.uk is seen as a key element in transforming the way services are organized and delivered to citizens, a means to ensure better integration of government services and a means of bringing together all government information for online presentation.

To achieve this, Ukonline.gov.uk is expected to provide: a central entry point for citizens in terms of obtaining government information and government services, access to interactive interaction with government through various channels, partnership opportunities for public and private organizations to provide in terms of service delivery, a secure execution environment where citizens can transact with the government.

The role of the Government Gateway is to ensure that the various government departments can be brought together so that integrated and transparent services are provided to the citizen. The gateway provides the necessary routing and service integration, as well as the necessary security and authentication. The UK places great emphasis on standards and protocols to ensure interoperability between government systems and technologies.

In the United States, e-government is implemented on the basis of individual state governments. Projects of informatization of federal functions, for example, the presidential one, work independently: http://www.whitehouse.gov. From here, an ordinary American can get to the websites of individual federal departments. The experience of the state of Florida (http://www.myflorida.com) can be cited as an exemplary variant of the implementation of the idea of ​​e-government. There is not only information about the state itself (history, culture), information necessary for life (catastrophe forecast, instructions for actions during hurricanes that are so frequent in this state), but also many other important data and functions. For example, online verification of the validity of a driver's license (enter the number in the form - you get a response), a certificate for licensing the activity of architects in the state of Florida and the corresponding forms to fill out in PDF format (you cannot obtain a license online or at least pay a fee via the Internet).

If for some reason a person needs to come to the authorities on his own - he easily finds the right address, indicates his status (US citizen, immigrant, guest), the purpose of the visit (from changing his name or address to passing a written motorcycle driving test) - and find out the time of the audience. However, such a high level of service is by no means a panacea: suffice it to recall that the counting of votes in Florida caused a scandal during the elections that brought George W. Bush to the White House.

The authorities of the United States (which, in contrast to the British, consider themselves to be the initiators and pioneers in the development and implementation of e-government ideas) have begun the last of the planned stages of development of the federal government portal http://www.firstgov.gov, around which 27 million government units related to the provision of public services. Among their main achievements, the organizers of the American e-government include the fact that, according to their data, in 2006, 15% of all taxes levied in the country (more than 600 billion dollars) were carried out via the Internet. However, even despite such impressive figures, Accenture experts today rank the United States only in third place in the world in terms of network communication between the state and the population: according to analysts, in this aspect, the United States is now inferior to Canada and Singapore.

A significant step towards the creation of the electronic government of France was the construction in 2000 of a centralized administrative and state Internet portal, which opened to users through a single network window access to 2.6 thousand websites of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities of the country at all levels, as well as more than 2,000 web resources of the European Union and individual member states. Interestingly, in the first year of the portal's operation, over 600 thousand French citizens used its services, despite the fact that the total number of Internet users in the country had reached 6 million by that time.

The e-government portal of France (http://www.service-public.fr) offers the user three options for interaction - depending on the role in which he enters the site: just a resident, a specialist (the section is devoted to professional issues), a citizen. Basically, the site is informational in nature and contains information about the necessary documents and procedures (for example, registration of marriage with a marriage contract), tariffs and taxes. Links from any thematic section lead to the websites of the relevant ministries, where the set of functions may differ depending on the area of ​​activity.

There is a lot of work behind these opportunities. At the moment, most of the French public authorities operate on the basis of internal networks, and work is underway to create a network connecting all departments. The filing of tax returns by businesses and individuals can now be done online.

There are a number of obstacles to expanding the French e-Government user base. According to Capgemini's research, the main barriers remain the traditional preference for "human" over "electronic" contact by many in certain segments of the civilian population, as well as serious concerns about the Internet's privacy and privacy rights. At the same time, the potential for the development and improvement of French e-government structures remains unusually high: 71% of the country's citizens consider electronic services to be the main tool for drawing the attention of the state administration to the needs of the population, and 65% call these services the determining factor in saving public funds, i.e. taxpayers' money.

Germany.

The state program for building "Electronic Government" in Germany is one of the largest in Europe: the cost of its implementation at the federal level alone has exceeded 1.5 billion euros by today. The strategic goal of this program was formulated in 2000 to the fullest and most figuratively by Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder: “Data should run, not people.” The result of the process of electronization of the public administration system was, in particular, significant savings in budgetary funds: in 2006 alone, the costs of maintaining the administrative apparatus in the country decreased by almost 400 million euros.

The portal (http://www.bund.de), which is currently connected with 900 federal departments, institutions and organizations and concentrates information on 3 thousand topics from economic, industrial, legal, medical, educational and many other spheres of society. The number of daily hits to this portal reaches 60 thousand. According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, during 2006, 35% of German companies used government websites and the services they provide, of which 84% received official forms of state registration and financial reporting in this way, 74% applied for background information and organizational and administrative documentation, 71% maintained feedback on economic and legal issues with the relevant authorities, and 17% participated in various online competitions for government orders.

The BundOnline 2005 program became a key element of the master plan for reforming the German state on the basis of modern information technologies. This program outlined the intentions of the German government by 2005 to implement on the Internet the maximum possible number of functions and services of national authorities, as well as together with the administrations of all 16 federal states to look for ways to implement electronic services at the regional and local levels. As part of the BundOnline program, a number of projects have been developed aimed at improving the relationship of administrative structures with each other (Administration-mit-Administration, A-A), with private business companies (Administration-mit-Business, A-B) and with ordinary citizens of the country (Administration- mit-Staatsburger, A-S). At the first stage of the program implementation, services were implemented that can be classified as purely informational. Among them are the services of the website of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor (Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Arbeit), which provided information on the conditions for opening private enterprises, or the website of the Federal Antimonopoly Office (Bundeskartellamts), which provided access to information about mergers and acquisitions of companies.

However, the number and variety of web resources of the German federal government increased quite rapidly, and very soon they included those that offered both corporate and individual users extremely valuable and very relevant services, related, for example, to issuing identity cards in electronic form, completing tax returns via the Internet or online business financial reporting.

If the traditional procedure for issuing personal documents by German citizens involved the need for repeated visits to government departments and, as a rule, required a three- or four-week wait, then in the online mode, the registration procedure is much simpler and faster. Now the service of the Federal Printing House (Bundesdruckerei) provides citizens with the opportunity to order the desired document on the Internet: immediately after registration of the application, this document is created in electronic form, and in the event of official confirmation of its eligibility, in a few days a fully completed "hard copy" of the document will be waiting for its owner in relevant administrative office. The Federal Printing House provides this service to residents of all regions and regions of the country, whose local authorities have expressed their readiness to use this service.

South Korea.

The government of South Korea, when forming the model of "electronic democracy", made the main emphasis on meeting the information needs of the population and introducing information and communication technologies into the system of culture and education. The successful development of "electronic democracy" allowed the citizens of South Korea to learn the idea of ​​their own importance and the possibility of a real influence on the affairs of the state and society. Important and useful in the Korean experience is a meaningful and far-sighted policy of the state in the development of electronic communication. The creation of a single information space throughout the country not only strengthens the position of the state, but also puts into practice the basic principle of democracy: the people are the source and bearer of power.

Today, unlimited traffic access to the Internet via a telephone modem costs a South Korean user only 5-7 dollars per month, a dedicated high-speed line - about 20 dollars (for reference: the average salary in the country is about 1600 dollars, and in large cities up to 2000 dollars). ). And therefore, it is not surprising that the highest percentage of consumers of network information and services falls on the student community (96.2%). Among employees and ordinary engineering and technical personnel, there are noticeably fewer regular Internet users (69%), and their smallest share is in the composition of peasants and fishermen (4.1%). The social composition of the audience of the South Korean Network initially determined both its thematic focus and the main functions of the country's e-government. Recently, however, in the development of these functions, a course has been manifested towards the maximum satisfaction of the needs of elderly citizens - that is, that part of the population that is most in need of facilitating and simplifying the receipt of public services.

Brown University experts, led by Professor Darrell West, believe that the current success of South Korea's e-government is a natural result of the vigorous actions of state authorities aimed at stimulating the development of telecommunications. To some extent, however, this is also the merit of South Korean propaganda, whose efforts are concentrated on proving to the world that their country has entered the top ten industrial powers, and drawing the attention of fellow citizens to those areas of economic development that are currently considered a priority. At the same time, unlike other industrial topics, telecommunications and informatics are interpreted in a much broader context - not just and not even so much as one of the directions of industrial and technological development, but as one of the fundamental foundations of the future society, the main criterion for its civilization, the most important factor in the country's economic competitiveness.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that among the countries that have reached the highest level of development of e-government structures to date, states with a federal structure predominate. Another characteristic feature is that, due to the specifics of the structure of information technologies, the problem of centralization of state power can be solved anywhere in the world under the condition of a large territorial extent of the state and disunity of regions. The third feature is the steady desire of the countries participating in the process to ensure the efficiency and accessibility of the work of central and local authorities. At the same time, the use of information technology for general cultural purposes is mainly limited to educational and developmental programs. And, finally, another characteristic feature is the focus of states that are seriously developing electronic technologies for administrative management to create a compatible system that will allow them to participate on an equal footing in the process of information globalization.

Conclusion

The federal target program "Electronic Russia" (2002-2010) has undergone significant changes in the process of implementation. From the implementation of tasks in the field of improving the efficiency of the functioning of the economy, public administration and local self-government through the introduction and mass distribution of ICT, creating technological prerequisites for the development of civil society by ensuring the rights to free access to information, expanding the training of information technology specialists and qualified users to the implementation of tasks in the field of improving the quality and efficiency of public administration based on the organization of interdepartmental information exchange and ensuring the effective use of information and communication technologies by public authorities, expanding the ability of citizens to access information to exercise their constitutional rights. The main direction of the program was the construction of e-government.

In the process of the study, the following problems were identified:

-imperfection of legislation, which is manifested in the lack of its complexity;

digital divide;

Large geographic area;

Parallel course of the administrative reform and the program "Electronic Russia", which slows down the process of their implementation, since the coordination takes too much time and they often duplicate each other;

The use of electronic document management in public authorities, ranging from employee training and the introduction of software products and ending with the preservation of electronic information;

Departmental inconsistency;

The problem of disclosing state information does not allow the principle of openness of state administration to be realized;

Insufficient funding for the program;

Information security and information protection;

The lack of a unified approach in the development of software and hardware systems.

Recently, a technological breakthrough has been made, but there is still inequality in access to information and information and communication technologies for various groups of the population and regions. Or the so-called "digital divide", which is increasingly turning into a factor hindering the socio-economic development of society.

At the moment, it can be said that the Electronic Russia program is being implemented taking into account the realities of each region and its own regional programs are being created on its basis. It is necessary to apply an integrated approach, otherwise it turns out that each region implements ICT, but they are often incompatible with each other.

List of used literature

1. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1997.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part 1 of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004) and Part 2 of January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004.
3. About Information , Information Technologies and Information Protection: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ.
4. On personal data: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ.
5. About electronic digital signature: Federal Law of 10.01.2002. No. 1-FZ.
6. On communication: Federal Law of July 7, 2003 No. No. 126-FZ (as amended on July 27, 2006).
7. About languages Peoples of the Russian Federation: Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1991 No. No. 1807-1 (as amended and supplemented on July 24, 1998, December 11, 2002).
8. On State Secrets: Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993 No. No. 5485-1 (as amended and supplemented on August 22, 2004).
9. On trade secrets: Federal Law of July 29, 2004 No. 98-FZ.
10. On the procedure for considering citizens' appeals: Federal Law of May 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ.
11. On archiving in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of October 22, 2004 No. No. 125-FZ.
12. On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2003. No. 131-FZ.
13. About the state language of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of June 1, 2005 No. No. 53-FZ.