CARRIAGES

Publications in the Literature section

Encyclopedia of car-free life in Russian literature

Before the invention of automobiles and widespread rail travel, long (and not so long) distance travel in Russia was most often done in horse-drawn carriages. The encyclopedia of Russian non-motorized transport in literature was compiled by Sofya Bagdasarova.

Vladimir Sollogub wrote in his story “Seryozha”: “Here is a cart rushing - the exuberant youth of Russian roads; here the chaise waddles, like a Saratov landowner after dinner; here a wide carriage proudly stands out, like some rich tax farmer; here is the dormez, here is the carriage, and behind them a fat merchant-stagecoach, having drunk fourteen cups of tea in the post yard.”. In Russia, in fact, there were many types of horse-drawn carriages, which were also made differently in different regions. They also differed in purpose, design and status of the owner.

B - Brichka

This word is of Polish origin and denotes a light four-wheeled road vehicle, sometimes without springs. The body of the chaise could be either open or closed: leather, wicker or wood.

It was in the britzka that the main character of Nikolai Gogol’s “Dead Souls”, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, traveled. His chaise was “quite beautiful, springy”, and even with amenities: the top of the body was “They are covered from the rain with leather curtains with two round windows designated for viewing road views”. It was a quite decent road carriage for such an official as Chichikov, befitting his rank, even if, as they would say today, “not a representative class.”

Perhaps this is why many Russian classics described the britzka as an extremely noisy transport. Leo Tolstoy's chaise bounced, Sholokhov's chaise rattled or rattled, and Alexander Serafimovich wrote that “an intolerably sultry ringing rattle rolled behind her”. David Burliuk, dedicating poems to a certain bird with an unbearable voice, compared it to an old broken chaise.

B - Cart

Sergey Ivanov. Boyar slaves. 1909. Collection of Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya

The term was used for a winter type of transport - a covered wagon on runners. The cart is praised for its warmth, it is comfortable, you can ride lying down - “rolling in a cart under fur blankets”(Amphitheaters). He “filled with feather beds, pillows, etc.”(Victor Shompulev). The windows could be lined with bear fur to prevent drafts, and the inside could be lined with red cloth or even velvet.

Fyodor Koni had a vaudeville show “The Carriage, or They Meet You by Your Dress, You See You Off by Your Mind” about the importance of transport for prestige.

K - Kibitka

Nikolay Sverchkov. Caught in the storm. timing belt

In Russia, a word borrowed from nomads was used to call a covered wagon. Often the top was on arches and could be folded back - reminiscent of a “grandmother’s cap” (Nikolai Teleshov). A good caravan means “with a spacious top and double matting canopy”(Ivan Lazhechnikov) or “with a leather top and a tightly buttoned apron”(Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky).

It was in the shaking wagon that Radishchev rode: “Lying in the wagon, my thoughts were turned to the immeasurability of the world. I separated mentally from the earth, it seemed to me that the kibit blows were easier for me.”

Vyazemsky dedicated a whole poem to her, very angry: “And this casemate is mobile, / And this torture is mobile, / Which is called: wagon”. Pushkin is more cheerful: “Exploding the fluffy reins, the daring carriage flies”. On the other hand, in his “Road Complaints” he laments: “How long will I walk in the world / Now in a carriage, now on horseback, / Now in a wagon, now in a carriage, / Now in a cart, now on foot?”

K - Stroller

Nikolay Sverchkov. Riding in a stroller (Alexander II with children). Yaroslavl Art Museum

In Russia, “carriages” meant many types of open spring carriages. For example, the types of urban strollers were the landau and the phaeton. In Europe, on the contrary, a specific type of fashionable carriage was called a “stroller”.

The stroller became the heroine of Gogol’s story of the same name: the owner boasts that it is light as a feather, and the springs are as if “a nanny rocked you in a cradle.” In the end, it turns out that the boast is empty. Vyazemsky dedicated a poem of the same name to her: “A light carriage rushes along, / And the mind easily carries with it”. A beautiful carriage is a matter of prestige: Dolly Oblonskaya and her coachman are embarrassed by their old, patched carriage during a visit to Vronsky’s village.

Lydia (looking out the window). Wait! What kind of stroller is this? Lace! Did maman really take this for me? What a beauty, what a luxury! Ay! I'll faint. This is not a stroller, this is a dream. You can choke with happiness sitting in this stroller. What's wrong with me?

Alexander Ostrovsky. "Mad Money"

It all ends with technological progress: “An elegant stroller, in an electric beater, / Elastically rustled along the highway sand”(Igor Severyanin).

L - Lando

The carriage, named after the German city, was a four-seater with a lift-up top that turned it into a carriage at will. Zhukovsky in “A Trip to Maneuvers” tells how the roof somehow refused to open: “Here, here, landau is stubborn; / He overruled all the ladies, / Forced them to move / Without ceremony to another, / And he himself went empty.”.

A beautiful foreign word denoted a fashionable form of transport, a must for a person from society. The hero of Mamin-Sibiryak needs a landau in order to “show them all that I can drive like the rest of them.”

From Grigorovich we read: “How many expenses, my God, how many expenses! We had to hire new horses and exchange our carriage for a landau; people of a certain position are embarrassed to show themselves to music in the evenings; that’s how it is in Peterhof” (“City and Village”).

S - Sani

Ivan Pelevin. Children in a sleigh. 1870. Nizhny Tagil Museum of Fine Arts, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region

Another means of transportation that has been written into poetry for a long time. “And the shafts having spread, the sleigh is waiting / When they will be harnessed”(Zhukovsky); “Towards the city of Ryazan / Three sleighs are rolling, / Sleighs are loose / Painted arcs”(May). Unlike the sledges, you can see not only peasants in the sleighs. The nobles own their own sleighs and ride in them, lying down comfortably and wrapped in warm blankets and blankets.

Those who often visit the village probably know what an ordinary cart or sleigh for a horse looks like. Despite its primitiveness, this type of horse-drawn carriage is still widely used in private households in our 21st century. Do you know how to harness a horse to a cart or sleigh? If not, then we are ready to tell you complete detailed instructions.

A cart or cart (cart) is a simplified version of a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage used as a cargo or transport vehicle. In the form in which we see the cart today, it presumably originated back in the 12th century, as a type of freight cart. Initially they were made of wood, including large wheels. Today, carts are also made of wood, but with a metal frame structure. Rubber spring tires.

Although today the word “cart” is often used as a general name for any work or transport horse-drawn cart, there are differences. A horse cart is a one-horse, springless cart with a carrying capacity of about 500-700 kg. To harness a horse, a shaft harness is most often used, but a drawbar harness can also be used. For all carts, the distance between the wheels is about 100 cm, with the diameter of the front wheels being slightly smaller than the rear ones. The average weight of a cart is about 200 kg.

If we consider the design of a regular cart, it includes:

• chassis – frame with two axles, four wheels, support plates;
• body – wooden platform with or without sides;
• shafts.

Depending on the purpose of use, carts are divided into flatbed and platform. The latter are used as freight transport, in which it is easy to transport large loads. The flatbed has a wider range of uses and, in addition to transporting goods and hay, can also be used as a vehicle. It is very convenient if the sides are folding and the back wall is removable. Then an ordinary cart can be turned into a loading platform.

It is important to remember that in order for the cart to serve for a long time and be in good working order, it should not be kept outside in the open air. Moisture, cold and dampness deteriorate the rubber of wheels, as well as metal and wooden structures. Of course, the ideal place to store a cart would be a horse stable. If there is no space, then a regular canopy with walls will do. In extreme cases, the cart can be placed in a horse pen, but then it must be completely hidden under a protective film or tarpaulin, and the rubber wheels must also be well wrapped for the winter.

Harnessing a horse to a cart

Harnessing a horse to a carriage may seem like a complicated process to many. However, this is only at first glance. Of course, before you harness a horse to a cart, you need to thoroughly study the structure of the horse harness and know its components. You can find out about this in our previous article - link.

Only after the design of the harness has been studied and its integrity has been checked, you can begin harnessing.

1. The first step is to put a bridle on the horse. To do this, stand on the left side at the level of the horse’s neck, take the bridle in your right hand, and hold the horse’s head with your left. First, put on the snaffle strap, then the noseband, inserting the bit onto the toothless edge of the animal’s mouth with your left hand. After this, put your ears through the back of the head strap, straighten your mane and bangs, and fasten the chin strap.
2. Now we move on to putting on the saddle. Check the integrity and cleanliness of the pad under the saddle, inspect all the places that will be adjacent to the horse’s body. First, put it on the level of the withers, then move it to the desired place, thereby smoothing out the raised hair. Take the girth and fasten it on the left side so that the saddle fits snugly to the animal’s back, but does not pinch the stomach.
3. Take the collar and harness. Also carefully inspect the integrity of the felt under the clamp, the clamp itself, and whether the tugs are the same in length. Turn the collar over with the pliers up, put it on the horse's head, straighten the harness and then, turning the collar with the pliers down along the direction of the mane, put it on the horse's shoulders. Be sure to check that no mane gets caught under the collar.
4. Straighten the harness along the horse's body.
5. Now you can lead the horse into the shafts and make an arc. To do this, take an arc, and wrapping the left tug around the shaft from bottom to top, we insert the lower edge of the arc into the resulting loop and tighten it. We throw the arc over and in the same way fasten the right shaft to the right tug.
6. Now you need to tighten the clamp so that the arc stands evenly and firmly, without wobbling. To do this, we tie the end of the soup into a loop so that it can be easily untied at any time.
7. Then we put on the necklace and tie the shafts.
8. We fasten the reins last. For more details on the entire harnessing process, see the video below (Tatyana Tusheva).

Horse-drawn sleigh - return to ancient Rus'

Many people know that horse-drawn sleighs are an ancient traditional way of Russian riding. But few people know that sleighs are also the oldest form of transport. Archaeologists find the first images of sled-like devices for dragging loads in ancient Rome. Building blocks, heavy loads, etc. were placed on primitive skids. In Rus', due to the peculiarities of Russian winters (lots of snow), sleds were the main form of transport. Legends are made about the famous troika with bells all over the world.

A whole layer of our culture is associated with sleighs; it is not surprising that different regions of Rus' had their own traditions of craftsmanship and design of sleighs. Today they can be divided into Russian cross-country, city, hunting, sledge and sports for riding in troikas. The simplest type is the sledge, which was used everywhere by peasants in the form of freight transport. More compact and allowing higher speeds - urban ones - were used as a private mode of transport with or without a cab driver. The troika in a sleigh deserves a special mention, about which you can learn more in the video from the GalileoRU channel.

Harnessing a horse to a sleigh

As a rule, Russian horse-drawn sleighs have a bow and shafts, just like a cart. Therefore, the method of harnessing a horse is no different from the previous one. If you need to harness a troika to a sleigh, then a troika harness is used, where the root horse is harnessed to the shafts, and two harness horses are fastened to the harnesses.

However, it is worth noting that in some regions, in particular in Ukraine, sleds were used by workers with a drawbar harness. This harness is distinguished by a more simplified design, where instead of a shaft, only one drawbar is used in the middle of the sleigh, and the horse is fastened by the lines.

1. As with the cart, the bridle is always put on the horse first. However, in winter it is imperative to warm the iron snaffle in your hand so that in the cold it does not damage the soft tissues of the horse’s mouth.
2. After this, a harness with lines is put on the horse’s body. The horse is started in front of the sleigh on the right side of the drawbar and the lines are fastened to special rings.
3. A belt or chain from the drawbar is placed on the horse's head and distributed in the narrowest part of the neck - just behind the poll.
4. The reins are fastened and the sled is ready for use.

HORSE CREWS - carts that are usually harnessed to horses. There are passenger cars and trucks; wheeled (harnessed by horses, oxen, mules, camels, etc.) and sleigh (harnessed by horses, deer, dogs); single-axle (two-wheel) and two-axle (four-wheel); springless, half-spring and spring; shaft and drawbar. In Central Asia and the countries of the Middle East, two-wheeled carts with a wheel diameter of up to 2 m are used to transport goods across fields crossed by ditches (ditches). The most modern are improved springless cargo carts on wheels with ball bearings and pneumatic tires. In the USSR, such trucks were produced in three types: dump trucks - single-axle with a load capacity of 0.75 tons, two-axle - 1.5 tons, non-self-unloading - with a capacity of 2 tons. These vehicles are equipped with capacious bodies, are silent, are distinguished by high cross-country ability on dirt roads and off-road, and provide during transportation, better safety of goods (milk, eggs, fruits, vegetables, etc.).
TSB

A
auto pumping - shelves on pneumatic tires
automatic drinker - a drinking bowl, into which water flows when the animal’s muzzle presses on a special valve
adaptation - adaptation of the animal’s body to environmental conditions (climate, conditions of detention, etc.)
gait (French allure, lit. - gait) - a method of forward movement of a horse: a horse moves with a natural gait (walk, trot, amble, gallop) without prior training. Artificial gait (mainly elements of higher riding school - piaffe, passage, school or Spanish walk and trot, three-legged gallop, pirouette etc.) are developed in the horse through special training.
American - old name for rocking chair (see rocking chair)
ammo bag - a room in the stable for storing horse equipment
androns - cart with poles for transporting hay
cart - 2 (4) wheeled carriage, without springs, large diameter wheels
lasso - 1. A rope with a loop that tightens at the end, for catching herd horses and cattle. 2. A short rope for tying and carrying hay and straw (fodder lasso). 3. A rope with a loop covered with felt for tying a horse during transportation.
archak - wooden saddle base

B
buggy - sports crew
balance (French balance - literally scales) - 1. A trotting horse has balance, ensuring maximum agility at the right pace. 2. In a riding horse during dressage, the natural balance of a young horse is restored, disturbed by the weight of the rider.
balance sheet (French balancer - swing, sway) - an exercise of higher riding school introduced in 1880 by D. Phillis.
point (French balle - ball) - digital assessment of results in some types of con. sports (in departmental show jumping, dressage, vaulting, equestrian games).
banquet (English banket - earthen rampart) - art. an obstacle that a horse must jump onto and then jump off.
running - the colloquial name for testing trotting horses, as well as the racetrack where they are held.
running circle - a track for training and testing trotters.
toothless edges - the edges of the horse's jaws from the last incisor to the first false root tooth.
bereitor (German: Bereiter) - 1. Rider, specialist in dressage of riding horses. 2. Assistant horse trainer in a circus.
Berlin - a type of carriage
bestarka - a cart for transporting bulk cargo without containers
biga - 2-wheeled war chariot in Ancient Rome
bidarka (bedarka) - 4-wheel springless carriage
scourge - long whip for training in the arena
boxing - isolated room in the stable
shell - covered sleigh
butting - violation of straightness of movement. The horse walks with its hind legs not in the tracks of its front legs, but somewhat sideways.
brek - 4-wheel spring for hunting
breeches (English breeches) - special riding trousers. cut (wide at the hips and narrow, tightly fitting the leg at the shin).
chaise - 2-wheeled light road cart; 4 wheel cargo cart
kicking - kicks with hooves mainly from the horse's hind legs.

IN
saddle pad (Italian qualdrappa) - 1. A blanket made of cloth or velvet, worn on the back of a horse under or on the saddle. 2. Linen numbered sweatshirt (with starting number), used at horse races.
whisk - the upper edge of the hoof, from which the horny wall grows down.
riding horse - a horse used under saddle.
bridling - putting a bit into a horse's mouth when putting a bridle on it. The bridle can be on a bit and a mouthpiece or on one bit.
rein - long reins, a means of controlling a draft horse.
cart - covered sleigh
ox eyes - large, round, straight-set eyes.
tops - see droshky
volt (French vlote - turn) - a figure of dressage riding, movement in a circle with a diameter of 6 m.
vaulting (French voltiger - flutter) - a type of equestrian sport, gymnastic exercises on a horse trotting or galloping in a circle with a diameter of 12 - 15 m.
rider - a person riding a horse or other animal.
brood - a show, a short-term exhibition of a horse, on a specially equipped area in front of a commission, buyers, and spectators.
outlet circle - a flat area equipped for horse breeding.
dressage - training a young horse, developing its conditioned reflexes (motor stereotype).
foal - birth of a mare.
rearing - 1. A horse hastily fattened with mush for sale. 2. A foal that has grown up due to excessive feeding.
pack saddle - a special saddle for transporting packs.

G
riding breeches - riding trousers, named after the French cavalry general Breeches.
gallop - the fastest galloping gait of a horse in 3 beats with a free hanging phase.
ganaches - angles of the horse's lower jaw.
prance (from Polish garcowac) - to ride a horse, showing off, showing dexterity.
gig - light gig
guitar (caliber) - in pre-revolutionary Moscow: long droshky
flat race - testing the performance of breeding riding horses.
buckwheat - small dark spots on the coat of old light gray horses.
mane - long protective hair growing on the upper-posterior edge (ridge) of the neck.
sternum - an oblong bone to which the lower ends of the anterior seven to eight pairs of ribs are attached. The back five pairs of ribs are called false, since they are attached not to the sternum, but to the previous pair of ribs. The last (13th) pair of ribs ends freely with cartilage in the muscles of the abdominal wall.
groom (English groom) - groom, horse handler accompanying the rider.
grooming - hair care.
gnawing - part of the mouthpiece that lies in the horse's mouth on the toothless edge of the lower jaw.
tug - a loop on a collar, which is used in an arc harness.
horse-drawn transport - transportation of passengers and cargo on carts and sleighs drawn by horses and other draft animals.

D
gig - 2-wheel spring cart for 2 people
stall - a completely enclosed room in a stable for the individual maintenance of a horse.
Derby (English Derby) is the main prize that has been played since 1780 at the Epsom Hippodrome in England for 3-year-old stallions and thoroughbred mares.
derbist - rocker with spring
horse riding (Turkic horseman - a skilled and brave rider) - a race during which the rider jumps off the horse and mounts it again, picks up various objects from the ground and performs a number of other gymnasts. exercise and acrobat. tricks.
stagecoach - 4-wheeled carriage for transporting passengers and mail
track (prof.) - the colloquial name for a running and racing circle.
Great Dane - 2-wheeled, open
dogcard - 4-wheeled carriage for transporting hunting dogs
dolgusha (dolgushka) - 4-wheeled carriage on long roads
dormez - carriage for sleeping on the way
dragoons (French dragon - dragon) - a type of cavalry that existed in the armies of a number of countries.
training - consistent, targeted training of animals to perform, under certain conditions, complex and varied actions necessary for service, hunting, etc.
firewood - wooden sleigh
drogues - the front and back of a cart connected by trolleys (long cart) without a body.
droshky - drags, 4-wheel springless cart; short roads for driving in the city.
arc - part of the Russian harness that fastens the collar (with the help of tugs) to the shafts and softens the impact of the cart's jolts on the horse.
rear up - raising the horse to a vertical position on its hind legs.
drawbar - parokon. harness device, a strong pole connected to the middle of the front of a cart or carriage.

E
sledding - in the army, a soldier driving horses harnessed to a cart, cart or artillery piece.

AND
tourniquet - a twisted bundle of straw or hay, used to rub the horse’s back and limbs after work, as well as to remove dirt stuck to the hair before cleaning the horse with a brush or vacuum cleaner.
foal - a horse calf before weaning is called a suckler, after weaning - a weanling, then a yearling, a one-and-a-half-year-old and a two-year-old.
pregnancy - horse pregnancy.
jockey (eng. jockey) - specialist, prof. engaged in training and racing testing of riding horses.
jockey - a jockey's headdress, a colored round cap with a visor that fits tightly to the head.

Z
check-in - 1. Testing trotters competing in racing in a rocking chair or under saddle along a common track over a set distance. 2. Changing the direction of movement in the arena without stopping.
stopover - the initial period of accustoming a horse to ride in harness or under saddle, subordinating it to the will of the rider or rider.
reservation - 1. Arbitrary movement of the horse in the wrong direction where the rider sends it. 2. Stopping or stopping a horse during sports. competition in front of an obstacle.
forging - damage to the sensitive tissues of the hoof due to an incorrectly driven horseshoe nail.
twist
twist - a loop of rope or rawhide belt on a wooden handle for securing restless horses during veterinary treatment, shoeing, etc.
hooks - 1. Two front incisors on the upper and lower jaws of the horse. 2. The front part of the horse's hoof (also called the toe part).

AND
cab - coachman of a hired carriage for transporting passengers.
indices - numerical values ​​characterizing the physique of an animal. To calculate a particular index, you need to take anatomically related measurements, for example, to calculate the format index - length of the body and height at the withers, etc.
imperial - second floor in omnibuses
pacer - a horse whose nature is not to trot, but to amble.
amble - fast symmetrical gait of a horse with two-hoofed lateral support and a free flight phase.
hippodrome (Greek hippos - horse and dromos - running, place for running) - a complex of facilities for testing horses and equestrian competitions, exhibitions and horse breeding.

TO
cabriolet - 2-wheeled carriage without goats
cavalry guards (French cavalier - rider and garde - guard) - a privileged regiment of heavy guards cavalry, part of the celebrations. In cases of honorary protection of persons of emperors, surnames. It existed as part of the Russian Guard from 1799 to 1917. K.'s horse force was staffed with massive, large horses.
cavalry (French cavalerie) - cavalry, one of the main types of ground forces from ancient times until the Second World War.
cavaletti (Italian cavaletti) - keys, an obstacle in the form of a pole 15-20 cm high with crosses at the ends.
camisole (German: Kamisol) - uniform of riders and jockeys for racetrack testing of horses, usually a jacket or shirt in bright colors.
Kalesh - a type of carriage
capsule - capsule, a device that prevents a horse from opening its mouth wide. Disciplines the horse and makes it easier to control. Included in the set of harnesses for riding horses and bridles for trotters.
coach - closed comfortable crew
career - the fastest of all types of gait, characterized by a series of jump-like movements with simultaneous sharp bending of the body at the waist and the rear limbs moving in front of the forelimbs. At races, thoroughbred riding horses cover a 1 km quarry in less than 1 minute (world record - 53.6 s).
rocking chair - a lightweight wheeled cart for training and hippodrome testing of trotters, the main type of racing carriage, which has replaced racing droshky.
hearse - funeral cart
rocking chair - 2-wheel lightweight sports cart
hood - English hood “hood, cowl, crew top, bird’s crest, lid, cover, cap, engine hood”, which turned into a designation of a metal surface covering the car mechanism from above...
quadriga - 2-wheeled war chariot in Ancient Rome
cab (cab) - 2-wheeled covered carriage
kenter - shortened field gallop, the main training gait of racehorses.
wagon - 4-wheeled cart with a top on a frame made of rods
cowboy (English cowboy, from cow - cow, boy - guy) - con. a shepherd who guards herds of cattle and is fluent in special skills. horse riding techniques.
forging - attaching a horseshoe to a horse’s hoof, etc. work. animals.
goats - a seat for the coachman on a sleigh or cart.
chariot - 2-wheeled combat and sports cart
colic (Greek kolike - intestinal disease) - attacks of pain in the abdominal area with characteristic external manifestations.
rattlesnake - 4-wheeled open carriage
stroller - 4-wheeled comfortable carriage
horse breeder - 1. A person engaged in breeding horses. 2. Since 1980, the official title of the position is groom.
horsemeat - horse meat.
show jumping - show jumping (French: Concours Hippique - horse racing competition) - in a broad sense, any equestrian sports competition. In our country there are competitions to overcome various obstacles.
horse-drawn - horse-drawn railcar
show jumping field - a platform for competitions in overcoming obstacles.
horseman - 1. A person who works with horses or is involved in horse riding. sport, rider. 2. Cavalryman.
farrier - a veterinarian-artisan who deals mainly with the castration of stallions and males of other farm animals.
horse guide - 1. A cavalryman who accepts horses from other military personnel when dismounting. 2. An ordinary soldier tasked with caring for the commander’s horse.
counter canter - a movement in which the rider gallops the horse from the outside (prof.) leg, for example, from the right leg when performing a turn to the left.
horse - 1. A synonym for the word horse, which has some celebrations. shade. 2. In the cavalry, K. was used instead of the word gelding.
groom - a worker involved in caring for horses, feeding and watering them, as well as stable work. Under the guidance of a trainer, he participates in the riding and training of young animals.
stable - premises for keeping working and breeding horses. Most often it has a two-row internal layout.
hoof - a hard skin tip of a horse's finger, corresponding to the claw of predatory animals.
root horse, root horse 1. In a three-piece harness, the average horse harnessed to the shafts is usually a trotter. On both sides of the K. the harnesses are jumping. 2. In a paired harness with a harness - l., harnessed to shafts. 3. In a cart harness (four in a row) - l. avg. couples walking at the drawbar. 4. In multi-con. harnessed in a train - l., walking alone or in a pair directly in front of the crew behind the carry-over. Typically, stronger and more massive blades are used as knives than attached and carried-out ones.
feeder - device for giving food.
joint - into the herd. in horse breeding, a group of 20 - 25 mares and stallions released to pasture.
leggings- 1. Removable hard tops with fasteners, previously used for horse riding. 2. Bells on gloves used by racing riders (sometimes K. is incorrectly called gloves with bells).
cryptorchid - nutres, a stallion in which 1 or 2 testes are not lowered into the scrotum, but linger in the body cavity or inguinal canal.
cross (English cross - to cross, cross) - steeplechase over rough terrain.
croup - part of the arch of the back from the lower back to the base of the tail; formed by three fused cruciate vertebrae, pelvic bones and the muscles that cover them.
crack (English Crack) - the best racing or trotting horse in the stable, as well as during a race or race.
kumiss - a drink made from mares' milk, obtained as a result of mixed alcohol-lactic acid fermentation.
coupe - 4-wheeled closed spring carriage

L
landau - 4-wheeled carriage with convertible top
landaulet - lightweight landau
lasso (French lasso) - a cowboy lasso, a rope up to 30 m long with a sliding loop.
levada - fenced arts. pasture for l. with an area of ​​2 - 4 hectares, which is a technological we will modernize as a link. cultural horse breeding.
lei (prof.) - pads made of soft leather or leatherette, which are sewn onto riding trousers in places of greatest friction: on the seat, inner surfaces of the thighs and knees.
leits (prof.) - two disconnected reins, approximately 6 m long, which are used when driving young stock, when working with stud stallions and samplers, as well as during breeding. Each of the breeders holds one rein and, if necessary, releases it to such a length that a horse turning its back cannot hit it with its hoof.
tree - the base (frame) of the saddle made of wood and metal, on which the rest of its parts are attached.
leader (English leader - leader, leader) - a participant in hippodrome trials who leads the race.
ruler - 4-wheeled multi-seat carriage
lira - record-breaking rocking chair
hinny - a hybrid obtained from crossing a donkey and a stallion.
Luke - an arch connecting the right and left benches of the saddle.

M
majara - large cart
malpost - mail coach
playpen (French manege) - an open or closed area for riding.
martingale - additional a rein that prevents the horse from raising its head while moving.
suit - one of the main identifying signs of a horse. The exact definition of suit, along with a description of the example, allows you to distinguish one horse from another. Color is a hereditary characteristic of a horse and is determined by the color of the outer hair of the head, neck, body and limbs and the protective hair of the mane, tail and brushes.
uterus - a mare used for reproduction. The uterus can be foaling - pregnant, suckling - nursing a suckling foal, and single - not foaling.
swing - 1. A completed cycle of galloping movements of a horse, consisting of 3 cycles. 2. The name of a wide, free trot, which is used in training trotters.
leg change (prof.) - shortened name for the exercise changing legs at a gallop.
gelding - castrated stallion. Geldings are widely used as work horses.
all-around - complex. a competition in which participants compete in several (2 - 3 or more) sports. In equestrian sports, the most common type of all-around is eventing, which is carried out according to a full or reduced program. If field tests cannot be carried out (for example, in winter), a combined event is organized indoors, including dressage riding and overcoming obstacles.
molock - a tubercle in the anterolateral part of the horse’s croup, the bone base of which is formed by a thickened angle of the wing of the ilium.
biting midge - undercut, a common name for inflammation of the skin (dermatitis) on the back and side surfaces of a horse's fetlock.
young animals - horses that have not reached full development of the body: weanlings, yearlings, one-and-a-half-year-olds, two-year-olds, three-year-olds and four-year-olds. horses - only 0.6 - 0.7 hp. A valuable working quality of horses is their ability to achieve short-term significant increases in power. Heavy trucks develop maximum power by increasing the traction force during slow movement, and trotters develop maximum power by increasing the traction force with low traction force.
mule (lat. mulus) - a hybrid born from a domestic donkey and a mare.
mouthpiece (German: Mundstuck) - a special bit with side cheeks that has an increased impact on the horse’s mouth.
mouthpiece headband - a bridle intended for use with a mouthpiece. Unlike the snaffle headband, it has a corner strap to which the mouthpiece is attached, and a second, mouthpiece rein.
mustang (English mustang) - feral descendants of domestic horses brought to America by European colonialists in the late 15th and subsequent centuries.
whining - sending a horse a specific lip sound - loud smacking.
mouse suit - the hair on the horse’s body is mousey or ash-colored, on the head and lower parts of the legs it is darker, the bangs, mane and tail, as well as the belt, spots on the shoulder blades and stripes on the legs are dark.

N
sled - light long sleigh (they can harness both dogs and deer)
manure - solid and liquid excretions of animals, incl. mixed with litter.
whip - originally - Nagai, i.e. Tatar whip, a short thick whip made of belts, which is used to send a horse when riding without spurs, in particular by the Cossacks.
eyecups - blinders, shields of various designs on the headband (semi-closed, closed, blinders), limiting the horse’s field of vision.
rider - specialist in training and testing trotting horses.
tenting - Cossack name for gallop.
headphones - special caps that are put on the ears of nervous, timid trotters and riding horses during hippodrome tests.
halter - a bridle without a bit, a stable item intended for keeping a horse on a leash (using a chumbur).
boots - protective devices that prevent operational injuries to the lower limbs of the horse, the so-called. safety shoes.

ABOUT
shafts - one-sided harness in the form of 2 straight or curved strong poles connected to the ends of the front axle of the cart or the front of the sleigh. The harnessed horse is placed between the shafts.
headband - the main part of horse equipment, put on the horse’s head and allowing it to be controlled, the same as a bridle.
Oder - an ironic name for an old, thin, weak horse.
one-wheeler - 2-wheeled light carriage opoy - the common name for rheumatic inflammation of the hooves.
odr (oder) - the ancient name for carriages is settling - moving the horse backwards, one of the arena exercises used in dressage and included in competition programs.
Olonets cradle - horse-drawn stretcher without wheels (Equus asinus) - a subgenus of equines, including wild and domestic animals.
omnibus - 4-wheeled route carriage
aftermath - grass that has grown back after mowing or grazing.

P
passage (French passage, lit. - passage, transition) - one of the main elements of the higher school of riding, a shortened, very collected and rhythmic trot.
piaffe (from the French piaffer - to dance, to beat the ground with a hoof) - one of the main exercises of the higher school of horse riding, an extremely shortened, collected, high and rhythmic trot in place.
pirouette (French piroutte) - an exercise included in dressage competition programs; a circle made in 2 traces, with a radius equal to the length of the body l. In this case, the front and outer hind legs move around the inner hind leg, which is like an axis of rotation.
occasion - reins, a belt fastened at the ends to the rings of a bit or mouthpiece, one of the main means of controlling a horse, directing and regulating its movement.
cart - 4 wheel vehicle
supply - freight cart
horseshoes - metal plates attached with nails to a horse's hooves to protect the horns from abrasion and breaking off.
girth - part of horse equipment, a wide durable belt made of leather or other material. Covers the horse's body from below and on both sides and holds the saddle on it (for draft horses - a saddle). Some types of saddles have 2-3 P.
litter - straw, peat or sawdust, which is used to cover the floor in a stall or stall (stall) when keeping horses in a stable.
shelves - cargo cart with a platform body
half volt - a semicircle that the rider describes when performing rides to the right or left back. See also VOLT.
thoroughbred - purebred.
horse sedan chair - horse-drawn stretcher, without wheels
message - stimulating actions on a horse, forcing it to increase the speed of a race or run (for example, when fighting at the finish line).
sweatshirt - the part of the saddle and collar that fits the horse’s body and is made of felt. Relieves pressure on the skin and absorbs sweat.
move - wide peasant sleigh
bite - one of the bad habits when a horse swallows air with a loud characteristic sound, while resting its upper incisors on the edge of the feeder, a wall ledge, a cymbalina, etc., as if biting them.
rigged - part of a Cossack and sports saddle, a short (about 30 cm) belt tied to the archak, to which a girth is fastened.
wiring - leading the horse to the bit. The leash is made in different gaits to demonstrate the quality of the horse’s movements to specialists and buyers who evaluate it, as well as to identify lameness, breathing problems and heart function when examining the horse by a veterinarian.
cab - 4-wheel open 2-seater carriage
notch - a mark in the form of a strip of white hair running along the horse's nose.
puto - pastern, lower part of the horse's limb, first phalanx of the finger.
fetters - a rope used to tie (tangle) the pasterns of a horse’s front legs.

R
rutlishche - part of the saddle, the strap on which the stirrup is suspended.
denouement - a rope, belt or chain designed to secure a horse in the aisle of a stable for cleaning, shoeing, etc., as well as during stall cleaning.
interchanges - auxiliary reins, the upper ends fastened to the snaffle rings, and the lower ends secured to the saddle or edge.
sweep - a type of training hippodrome trot, close in pace and sequence of movement of the horse’s legs to the swing and frisky trot.
hoof trimming - 1. Removing the overgrown hoof horn with a hoof knife, pincers and a rasp and giving the hoof its proper form. forms. 2. Cleaning the hooves of adhering dirt and manure with a hook or a wooden knife during daily grooming of the horse.
reprise (French repeise - repetition), when training a horse, part of the lesson during which the horse moves with a certain gait, for example reprise of an extended step - 3 minutes, R. medium trot - 10 minutes, etc.
rodeo (Spanish: rodeo). 1. Cowboy competitions, including riding unbroken half-wild horses, actions with a lasso, for example, throwing it on a running bull, etc. 2. Representations that give p

Carts that are usually harnessed to horses (or oxen, mules, camels, etc.). There are passenger cars and trucks; wheeled and useful (Sleigh); single-axle (two-wheel) and two-axle (four-wheel); springless, semi-spring and... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In the snow... Wikipedia

GOST 1142(90) Horse-drawn freight carts. General technical conditions. OKS: 43.080, 53.060 KGS: D63 Agricultural transport carts Replaces: GOST 1142 84 Valid: From 07/01/91 Document text: GOST 1142 “Horse-mounted cargo carts. Are common… … Directory of GOSTs

Two clamps ... Wikipedia

GOST 1142-90- 34 s. (6) Horse-drawn freight carts. General technical conditions Replaces: GOST 1142 84 sections 43.080, 53.060 ... Index of National Standards 2013

53.060 - Internal factory transport GOST 4.393 85 SPKP. General purpose forklifts. Nomenclature of indicators GOST 1142 90 Horse-drawn freight carts. General technical conditions. Instead of GOST 1142 84 GOST 11112 70 Wheels with massive... ...

GOST 1142-90- Horse-drawn freight carts. General technical conditions. Instead of GOST 1142 84 ND issued: dated 1991 07 01 Changes: Technical Committee: TK 87 Language: Ru Acceptance method: Number of pages: 19 ND code with DK 004: 53.060 … Indicator of national standards

This term has other meanings, see Tachanka (meanings). Tachanka, museum of the city of Gulyai Pole ... Wikipedia

Amish ... Wikipedia

Drawing of Cugno's Steam Cart (Jonathan Holguinisburg) (1769) The history of the car began back in 1768 with the creation of steam-powered vehicles capable of transporting people ... Wikipedia

Books

• Horse-drawn carts and carriages in Russia in the 10th-19th centuries, V. A. Chernyshev. The book by V. A. Chernyshev outlines a brief history of horse-drawn vehicles in Ancient Rus' and Russia in the 10th-19th centuries. based on surviving museum exhibits of this kind, as well as...
• How to build a railway, Sodomka Martin. About the book This is the story of how the first railway and a real steam locomotive were built in one Kingdom. The action takes place in the middle of the 19th century. You will find here horse-drawn carriages, antique…