As is known, from 60 to 90% of injuries occur due to the fault of the victims themselves. All this requires serious attention to be paid to the worker as the weakest link in the entire chain of occupational safety and health.

Experience shows that accidents and injuries are often based not on engineering and design defects of equipment and tools, but on organizational and psychological reasons: low level of professional training on safety issues, lack of discipline, admission to dangerous types of work of persons with an increased risk of injury, the presence of people in a state of fatigue or other mental conditions that reduce their level of safety.

Human safety errors can occur when an employee

1) deliberately strives to perform work by violating safety rules;

2) does not know safe work practices;

3) reacts slowly to a changing situation and is inactive precisely at the moment when his active actions are necessary.

Among the main causes of human errors are the following:

1) professional unsuitability for this type of work;

2) unsatisfactory training or low qualifications;

3) blindly following instructions with unsatisfactory safety procedures;

4) poor working conditions in the workplace, for example, limited visibility or high temperature, and/or inconvenient personal protective equipment, etc.

Since the problems of accidents and injuries cannot be solved only by engineering methods, the problems of selecting and training workers, taking into account their psychology are an important link in the structure of measures to ensure occupational safety. Therefore, when organizing occupational safety management, it is necessary to take into account mental processes, mental properties, and analyze in particular detail the various forms of mental states observed in the process of work activity.

In the structure of human mental activity, three main groups of components are distinguished: mental processes, properties and states.

Mental processes form the basis of mental activity and are a dynamic reflection of reality. Without them, it is impossible to form knowledge and gain life experience. There are cognitive, emotional and volitional mental processes (sensations, perceptions, memory, etc.).

Mental properties (personality qualities). Properties personality - these are its essential features (direction, character, temperament). Personal qualities include intellectual, emotional, volitional, moral, and labor. The properties are stable and permanent.

Mental state of a person- this is a relatively stable structural organization of all components of the psyche, performing the function of active interaction of a person (as the owner of the psyche) with the external environment, represented at the moment by a specific situation. Mental states are diverse and temporary in nature, determine the characteristics of mental activity at a particular moment and can have a positive or negative effect on the course of all mental processes. Based on the task of labor psychology and the problems of labor safety psychology, it is advisable to distinguish industrial mental states and special mental states that are important in organizing the prevention of industrial injuries and accident prevention.

Excessive forms of mental stress are designated as transcendental. They cause disintegration of mental activity of varying severity, which primarily leads to a decrease in the individual, characteristic level of mental performance. In more pronounced forms of mental stress, vitality and coordination of actions are lost, unproductive forms of behavior and other negative phenomena may appear. Depending on the predominance of the excitatory or inhibitory process, two types of extreme mental stress can be distinguished - inhibitory and excitable.

Brake type- characterized by stiffness and slowness of movements. The specialist is not able to perform professional actions with the same dexterity. The speed of responses decreases. The thought process slows down, memory deteriorates, absent-mindedness and other negative signs appear that are not characteristic of a given person in a calm state.

Excitable type- manifested by hyperactivity, verbosity, trembling of hands and voice. Operators perform numerous actions not dictated by a specific need. They check the condition of the devices, straighten their clothes, and rub their hands. When communicating with others, they exhibit irritability, short temper, uncharacteristic harshness, rudeness, and touchiness. .

The basis of erroneous actions and incorrect behavior of operators in difficult situations are long-term mental stress and especially their extreme forms, leading to severe states of fatigue.

Special mental states. Organization of monitoring of the mental state of operators is necessary due to the possibility of special mental states appearing in specialists, which are not a permanent property of the individual, but, arising spontaneously or under the influence of external factors, significantly change a person’s performance. Among the special mental states that are important for the mental reliability of the operator, it is necessary to highlight paroxysmal disorders of consciousness, psychogenic changes in mood and conditions associated with the use of mentally active drugs (stimulants, tranquilizers, alcoholic beverages).

Paroxysmal states - a group of disorders of various origins (organic diseases of the brain, epilepsy, fainting), characterized by short-term (from seconds to several minutes) loss of consciousness. In severe forms, a person falls, convulsive movements of the body and limbs are observed.

Paroxysmal interruptions in operator activity can cause disastrous consequences, especially for vehicle drivers, steeplejacks, assemblers, and builders working at heights. Modern means of psychophysiological research make it possible to identify individuals with a hidden tendency to paroxysmal states. Psychogenic changes and affective states arise under the influence of mental influences. Decreased mood and apathy can last from several hours to 1…2 months. A decrease in mood is observed when relatives and friends die, after conflict situations. In this case, indifference, lethargy, general stiffness, lethargy, and a slowdown in the pace of thinking appear. Decreased mood is accompanied by deterioration of self-control and can be a cause of occupational injuries.

Under the influence of resentment, insult, or production failures, affective states can develop (affect is an explosion of emotions). In a state of passion, a person develops a psychogenic (emotional) narrowing of the volume of consciousness. In this case, sudden movements, aggressive and destructive actions are observed. Persons prone to affective states belong to a category with an increased risk of injury and should not be appointed to positions of high responsibility.

The following reactions are possible to a situation perceived as offensive:

Conflict- a reaction that occurs when a person has to choose between two needs that act simultaneously. This situation often arises in the field of safety, when it is necessary to take into account either the needs of production or one’s own safety. Here we can give enough examples: the conflict between safety and convenience, safety and time, safety and pride, etc. The employee must be taught to choose the best option, since he often looks for the easiest way out, which, unfortunately, in most cases does not provide security.

Dissatisfaction- a type of reaction manifested in the form of a state of decline, aggressiveness, cruelty, and sometimes humility. For example, a person who painfully tries to gain attention in some way resists any form of submission or engages in deliberate behavior to challenge his superior or gain someone else's approval.

Disruption behavior- with repeated failures or in an emergency situation, a person may, in a sense, abandon his goals. He goes so far as to deny some internal and external needs. In this case, he will also exhibit reactions similar to humility, passivity, apathy, and in some cases, breakdown.

Anxiety (anxious anticipation). This is an emotional reaction to danger. A person has difficulty identifying the object or causes of his condition. A person in a state of anxiety is much more likely to commit a mistake or act dangerously.

Functionally, anxiety not only warns the subject about a possible danger, but also encourages the search and specification of this danger, the active study of the surrounding reality with the intention to identify a threatening object. It can manifest itself as a feeling of helplessness, self-doubt, powerlessness in the face of external factors, and an exaggeration of their threatening nature. The behavioral manifestation of anxiety consists in a general disorganization of activity that disrupts its direction.

Fear- an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is aimed at the source of real or imagined danger. Functionally, fear serves as a warning about impending danger and encourages us to look for ways to avoid it. Fear varies in a fairly wide range of shades (apprehension, fear, fear, horror). Fear can be temporary, not characteristic of a given person, or, on the contrary, it is a trait of his character. Fear can be adequate or inadequate to the degree of danger (the latter is characteristic of cowardice and timidity).

Fright- unconditional reflex “sudden fear”. Fear, on the contrary, is always associated with awareness of danger, arises more slowly and lasts longer. Horror is the most powerful degree of the effect of fear and the suppression of reason by fear.

Awareness of danger can cause various forms of emotional decisions. Their first form - the reaction of fear - manifests itself in numbness, trembling, and inappropriate actions. This form of reaction to danger has a negative impact on activity.

Mildly expressed fear can tone the cerebral cortex and, in combination with thinking processes, manifests itself as reasonable fear and in the form of apprehension, caution, and prudence.

Panic- the next form of fear. It also has a negative impact on human activities. In this case, fear reaches the strength of affect and is capable of imposing behavioral stereotypes (flight, numbness, defensive aggression).

When considering the influence of a panic state on a person’s movements, the following most possible mistakes should be highlighted:

1. The action is not performed, i.e. a state of panic leads to complete ingrained behavior. In everyday life they say about such cases: “he was numb”, “stunned” from horror (or from surprise).

2. A gap appears in the automatically performed sequence of actions, and the person makes movements that are unnecessary in the given situation.

3. The reaction to panic is expressed in the form of instinctive defensive movements, which, however, do not correspond to the objective requirements of protection.

4. The person continues to perform automatic actions without any changes, instead of stopping or changing them.

State of panic- this is the very transmission mechanism through which subjective individual factors exert their influence on the creation or development of a dangerous situation.

The factors listed above permanently or temporarily increase the possibility of dangerous situations or accidents, but this does not mean that their influence always leads to the creation of a dangerous situation or accident. In other words, they should not be clearly considered as causes directly causing danger.

Industrial mental states. These mental states arise during work activity and are classified into the following groups:

1. Relatively stable and long-lasting conditions. They determine a person’s attitude to a given specific production and a specific type of labor. These states (satisfaction or dissatisfaction with work, interest in work or indifference to it, etc.) reflect the general psychological mood of the team.

2. Temporary, situational, rapidly passing states. They arise under the influence of various kinds of problems in the production process or in the relationships between workers.

3. Conditions that arise periodically during work activity. There are many such conditions. For example, a predisposition to work, reduced readiness for it, working hard, increased performance, fatigue, final impulse (see human performance); states caused by the content and nature of the work (operation): boredom, drowsiness, apathy, increased activity, etc.

Based on the predominance of one of the aspects of the psyche, emotional and volitional states are distinguished (for example, a state of volitional effort); states in which the processes of perception and sensation dominate (state of living contemplation); states of attention (absent-mindedness, concentration); states characterized by mental activity, etc.

The most important thing is to consider states by voltage level, since this is the sign that is most significant from the point of view of the influence of the state on the efficiency and safety of activities.

Moderate voltage - a normal working state that arises under the mobilizing influence of work activity. This is a state of mental activity - a necessary condition for successful execution of actions. It is accompanied by a moderate change in the physiological reactions of the body, manifested in good health, stable and confident performance of actions. Moderate voltage corresponds to optimal operation. The optimal operating mode is carried out in comfortable conditions, with normal operation of technical devices. The environment is familiar, work actions are carried out in a strictly defined order, thinking is algorithmic in nature. Under optimal conditions, intermediate and final goals of labor are achieved with low neuropsychic costs. Usually there is long-term preservation of performance, absence of gross violations, erroneous actions, failures, breakdowns and other anomalies. Operation in optimal mode is characterized by high reliability and optimal efficiency.

Increased tension accompanies activities taking place in extreme conditions. Extreme conditions - These are conditions that require the worker to exert maximum stress on physiological and mental functions, sharply exceeding the limits of the physiological norm.

Extreme mode- This is a mode of operation in conditions beyond the optimum. Deviations from optimal operating conditions require increased volitional effort or, in other words, cause tension.

Unfavorable factors, increasing the voltage are as follows:

1) physiological discomfort, i.e. non-compliance of living conditions with regulatory requirements;

2) biological fear;

3) lack of time for maintenance;

4) increased difficulty of the task;

5) increased significance of erroneous actions;

6) presence of relevant interference;

7) failure due to objective circumstances;

8) lack of information for decision-making;

9) underload of information (sensory deprivation);

10) information overload;

11) conflict conditions, i.e. conditions under which the fulfillment of one of them requires the implementation of actions that contradict the fulfillment of another condition.

Stress can be classified according to those mental functions that are predominantly involved in professional activity and the changes in which are most pronounced under unfavorable conditions.

Intellectual tension - tension caused by frequent reference to intellectual processes when forming a maintenance plan, due to the high density of the flow of problematic maintenance situations.

Sensory tension - tension caused by suboptimal conditions for the activity of sensory and perceptual systems and arising in the event of great difficulties in perceiving the necessary information.

Monotony - tension caused by the monotony of performed actions, the inability to switch attention, and increased demands on both concentration and stability of attention.

Polytonia - tension caused by the need to switch attention, frequently and in unexpected directions.

Physical stress - body tension caused by increased load on the human musculoskeletal system.

Emotional stress - stress caused by conflict conditions, an increased likelihood of an emergency, surprise, or prolonged stress of other types.

Waiting voltage - stress caused by the need to maintain the readiness of work functions in conditions of inactivity.

Motivational tension - tension associated with the struggle of motives, with the choice of criteria for decision-making.

Fatigue - stress associated with a temporary decrease in performance caused by prolonged work.

Psychological causes of dangerous situations and work-related injuries. In every human action, psychologists distinguish three functional parts: motivational, orientation and executive. A violation in any of these parts entails a violation of the actions as a whole. A person violates rules, instructions, either he does not want to follow them, or he does not know how to do it, or he is not able to do it.

Thus, in the psychological classification of the causes of dangerous situations and accidents, three classes can be distinguished:

Violation of the motivational part of actions. Manifests itself in a reluctance to perform certain actions (operations). The violation can be relatively permanent (a person underestimates the danger, is prone to risk, has a negative attitude towards labor and (or) technical regulations, safe work is not encouraged, etc.) and temporary (a person is depressed or intoxicated).

Violation of the indicative part of the actions. It manifests itself in ignorance of the rules of operation of technical systems and labor safety standards and methods of their implementation.

Violation of the executive part. Manifests itself in failure to comply with rules (instructions, regulations, norms, etc.) due to a discrepancy between a person’s mental and physical capabilities and work requirements. Such a discrepancy, as in the case of a violation of the motivational part of actions, can be permanent (lack of coordination, poor concentration, inconsistency of growth with the dimensions of the equipment being maintained, etc.) and temporary (overwork, decreased ability to work, deteriorating health, stress, alcohol intoxication).

This classification represents a real opportunity, in accordance with each group of causes of dangerous situations and accidents, to assign a group of preventive measures in each part: motivational part - propaganda and education; indicative - training, skills development; executive - professional selection, medical examination.

The causes of dangerous situations and occupational injuries associated with human factors can be arranged at the following levels:

Level of the individual (innate or acquired temporarily or permanently mental and physiological characteristics of the body);

The level of the immediate environment (working conditions, violation of collegial relations, unsatisfactory instructions on labor safety, housing and material concerns, etc.);

Level of society (lack of awareness about occupational risks and their consequences, flaws in the strategy for organizing safe work in the industry or region, etc.).

Production activities- a process in which environmental factors and characteristics of the human body are closely intertwined. Therefore, when analyzing dangerous situations, it is necessary to consider the “person - environment” system as a whole.

For example, the factors that determined the temporary propensity for an accident, the age and length of service of the injury victim, have been repeatedly noted.

It has been noted that injury rates have two peaks: among young workers and among those with more than 10...15 years of experience.

The factors of youth and lack of professional experience at the beginning of mastering the profession determine the highest level of injuries in the first year of work. This is due to the inexperience of the worker: lack of knowledge, inability to diagnose a dangerous situation, as well as determine the possible consequences of a mistake, react quickly and find the right solutions in difficult situations. As experience increases, the number of accidents usually decreases.

The second peak of injuries is expected among persons with work experience of more than 10...15 years. This is explained by the following circumstances. Firstly, a decrease in mental and physiological functions associated with the aging process, affecting the clarity and accuracy of work performance (complications in receiving information, decreased resistance to side factors that interfere with work performance, memory deterioration, consolidation of old habits, decreased accuracy of movements, etc. .d.). Secondly, a disdainful attitude towards safety rules as a result of adaptation to danger: “secondary carelessness” is the name given to this state, formed under the influence of experience, which leads to a violation of safety rules. Age and experience definitely cannot be the cause of an accident, but they can be additional conditions for the occurrence of a dangerous situation, i.e. be prerequisites for work-related injury.

A temporary tendency to an accident may be associated with some kind of “negative” experience, with a memory of the past. Once experienced, an accident can cause residual psychological effects that increase exposure to danger. A person who is injured at some phase of the work process may constantly experience, as this phase approaches, an overwhelming feeling of fear, and at the same time uncertainty, leading to mistakes and a repetition of the accident. These prerequisites, or indirect causes, begin to operate relatively stably before the onset of the accident. After all, they become the background for dangerous behavior.

If any change occurs in nature by itself, then the amount of action required for this is the “smallest possible”. Human behavior is based on the same principle. If a goal can be achieved in different ways, then a person chooses the path that, in his opinion and experience, requires the least amount of effort, and on the chosen path he spends no more effort than necessary. This desire is a special case of the general principle of least action. It is for this reason that workers often do not use individual and collective protective equipment, skip operations necessary to ensure safety but do not affect the final product, and choose easier but also more dangerous working positions and movements. The emergence of a desire to save energy by choosing a dangerous method of action is facilitated by shortcomings in the organization of work, equipment and technology.

The social and physical impunity of an employee who commits dangerous actions plays an important role in the formation of behavior patterns. Physical impunity is due to the fact that an incorrect action in certain cases is not accompanied by injury. The worker believes that the likelihood of injury is so small that it can be neglected. Social impunity is due to the fact that colleagues and superiors are often lenient towards violations, believing that the resulting products compensate for such trifles as violation of occupational safety instructions. Such impunity forms adaptation to danger and a false idea of ​​workers about personal invulnerability.

Under circumstances that are the same for all workers, the determining factor in the formation of the behavior of each person individually is his individual qualities, reflecting the totality of socio-psychological and physiological properties. They include: type of nervous system, temperament, character, thinking characteristics, education, experience, upbringing, health, etc. However, a wide spectrum is formed by 12 psychological reasons for deliberate violation of safe work rules.

Saving effort - a need that motivates action aimed at preserving energy resources. Human behavior is based on the principle of “least action”.

Time saving - the desire to increase labor productivity to fulfill a plan or personal gain by increasing the pace of work, skipping certain operations that do not affect the final result of work, but are necessary to ensure its safety.

Adaptation to danger or underestimation of danger and its consequences - a reason that arises as a result of a person’s ability to get used to phenomena and get used to them. The basis of the factor “underestimation of danger” - impunity, physical and social, for committing wrong actions.

Self-affirmation in the eyes of colleagues, the desire to please others. These moments manifest themselves through risky actions. For such people, risk is not just a matter of habit. - noble.

The desire to follow group norms of the work collective. This occurs where violation of safety or process rules is tacitly or loudly rewarded. Production motto - "plan at any cost." Following safety rules in such cases can put a person in the position of a “black sheep.”

Ideal orientation. Ideals can be both exemplary workers and violators.

Self-affirmation in your own eyes may be the cause of deliberate disregard for safe work practices. This is often explained by innate self-doubt or reproaches of any persons not associated with a specific production.

Reassessing your own experience leads to the fact that, knowing about the danger and its consequences, a person takes risks, thinking that his efficiency and experience can or even guarantees the ability to quickly take measures to prevent an accident or accident, jump out of the dangerous zone, etc.

The habit of working with violations, transferring habits. These “qualities” can be acquired in another job or outside of work.

Stressful conditions, encouraging a person to take actions that, in his or her belief, can remove or weaken this state. A more severe form of this is emotional shock. Man is driven by feelings, not reason.

Risk appetite, taste for risk as a personal characteristic. In the mental structure of some individuals there is an increased tendency towards risky actions. Such people experience the pleasure of “putting everything on the line.”

Supra-situational risk(synonyms: selfless, spontaneous, unmotivated, non-pragmatic risk for the sake of risk). The phenomenon is that the subject, successfully carrying out any actions, as if “suddenly” sets a goal, the appearance of which is not dictated by the situation and does not directly follow from it.

The reasons for violating safety rules are essentially aimed at one goal: to look for the closest acceptable and easiest ways to satisfy the needs that caused them.

Considering the behavior of a worker, we can identify objective factors of the production environment that create dangerous actions and predetermine the occurrence of dangerous situations:

Lack of proper control on the part of the administration over compliance with safety rules;

Design deficiencies in means of protecting workers from exposure to dangerous and harmful production factors, which make it possible to penetrate into the dangerous zone;

Design flaws of blocking devices that make it possible to neutralize their actions and the possibility of carrying out work using dangerous methods;

Imperfect technology of production processes, allowing operations to be carried out in violation of safety rules;

Personnel turnover, which leads to recruitment to work on weekends, overtime, etc.; poorly organized propaganda and educational work;

Violation of the rules for performing operations as a result of the absence of a tool, mechanism, material, installation, the availability of which the contractor had the right to count on when performing the task;

Insufficient reliability. A tool, material, machine or installation suddenly becomes unsuitable for further use, while previously it was in working order;

Weaknesses in equipment design. Design errors result in tools, machines, or installations that become difficult to use in performing production tasks;

Personal factors. Insufficient knowledge of methods for performing a task, instruction errors, poor training in how to use a tool, incorrect or dangerous behavior during work, etc.;

Incomplete completion of task elements. An element of a scheduled task was not completed on time or completed with errors;

Hazardous situations independent of the task represent a potential hazard (poor working conditions, lack of or malfunction of personal protective equipment, etc.) - The risk associated with such situations can usually be eliminated by means of preventive measures of a technical or organizational nature.

Therefore, in order to prevent violations of safety rules, it is necessary to apply organizational and technical measures that exclude the possibility of the emergence or creation of conditions for the performance of dangerous actions, and deprive the worker of the opportunity to make a choice between dangerous and safe modes of activity; strengthening educational, propaganda and training activities aimed at developing the necessary behavior.

What positive qualities of a person’s character are most significant for work and a comfortable life in society? How best to describe yourself and what to include in your resume? Let's figure it out. To know your virtues in person, we have prepared a list of positive qualities to characterize a person.

Accuracy

This is the desire for order and cleanliness. Accuracy is manifested in external neatness, caring attitude towards things, accuracy and thoroughness in business. This trait is more characteristic of women, so it is especially important for a man to develop the habit of creating and maintaining cleanliness. Remember: order in the house means order in your head.

Thrift

This is a caring attitude towards existing benefits, whether one’s own or someone else’s. We are talking not only about material things, but even about the spiritual strength and vital energy of a person. This quality allows you to optimize the consumption of any resources, achieve more by saving little.

Unselfishness

This is the lack of desire for profit. Selfish people are motivated only by personal gain. For sincere and selfless people, their own benefit is not important, they will help and will not demand anything in return, so they are trusted much more.

Politeness

Respectful attitude towards others. Always. Even in cases where the situation is not conducive to polite and tactful treatment. By the way, this quality annoys boors. They want to quarrel, but a polite person does not enter into conflict with them. Politeness shuts up a scolder and conquers cities!

Loyalty

This is devotion, but not only in relation to close people, but also to one’s own worldview, ideas and views. This is an important aspect of the relationship between a man and a woman, because it is associated with such a negative trait as jealousy. Loyalty speaks of the reliability and constancy of a person possessing this quality.

Good manners

These are good manners and the ability to behave in society. A well-mannered person is polite to others, regardless of their social status. This is knowledge and compliance with the rules of behavior in society, respect for other people's property, nature, and society. There is never any shame in being a well-mannered person.

Discipline

This is the ability to follow rules and routines. A disciplined person not only strictly follows the established rules, but also knows how to manage his own time so that there is enough for all important matters.

Kindness

This is an affectionate and caring attitude towards people. Responsiveness and attentiveness towards others, the desire to help and help out of difficult situations without expecting anything in return. This quality does not bring immediate benefits, but others appreciate it, and the kindness shown is often responded to with the same kindness and care.

Friendliness

This is a friendly attitude towards others. This is not only the opportunity to build friendly relationships with any person, but also the ability to behave openly and sympathetically towards people. A friendly person strives for mutual pleasant communication, therefore he has not only true friends, but also a lot of useful acquaintances.

Communication skills

This is the ability to make contacts. A person who has no communication barriers easily joins a team and makes friends. We live in a society, so the ability to communicate with others is useful in any area of ​​life. A person with this quality will never be left alone.

Responsibility

This is a person’s ability to be responsible for what is entrusted to him, the ability to make difficult decisions and evaluate their consequences. Husbands are responsible for their wives, mothers for children, employees for professional tasks. A person who is not afraid to take responsibility for something shows himself as an independent and mature person.

Responsiveness

This is a willingness to help, the ability to selflessly respond to a request, to help in a difficult situation. The advantage of this quality is not only the good attitude of others, but also the self-perception of being a kind person.

Punctuality

This is compliance with rules and regulations. In life, this quality is more associated with the absence of delays, the ability to complete assignments on time, and comply with agreements. Particularly valued in industries where “time is money.” But do not neglect punctuality in other areas of life - its absence can be perceived as disrespect.

Determination

This is the willingness to make decisions, the ability to carry out plans without timidity or giving in to fears. Determination is the absence of so-called paralysis of the will, when doubts interfere with activity. Closely associated with fortitude and courage. They say about decisive people: “He has an inner core.”

Self-criticism

This is a sober self-esteem, an adequate perception of one’s own views and activities. A self-critical person does not consider his own opinion to be the only correct one, and has a healthy attitude towards outside views. But you need to remember the golden mean, because excessive self-criticism indicates low self-esteem.

Modesty

It is the lack of intention to exalt oneself. It's nice to deal with people who have achieved a lot without praising themselves at every turn. Modesty is not only the absence of boasting, but also tactfulness in relation to others. This quality can manifest itself both because of respect for other people and because of shyness.

Courage

This is the ability not to give in to fears. They say that a brave person is not afraid of anything, but a complete absence of fear is not only recklessness, but also a syndrome of certain mental disorders. Courage is the ability to act despite fears. As an example, firefighters may also be afraid of fire, but perform their professional duty without succumbing to fear.

Justice

This is correctness and impartiality. This concept is based on ideas about good and evil, the laws of retribution for good and bad deeds. When assessing events, a fair person excludes predispositions and sympathy for anyone. A person is fair when he is objective.

Tolerance

This is tolerance towards people. Tolerance does not allow dividing people into representatives of other nations, ethnic groups and religions. A tolerant person does not reject someone else’s point of view, and is unlikely to allow himself to respond rudely to someone. Tolerance is a necessity in the modern world.

Hard work

This is the ability to have a positive attitude towards your own work. Hard work is not only the willingness to devote one’s strength and personal time to the labor process, but also the ability to do it with pleasure. A person who systematically shirks work and is unable to perceive his work with interest is a burden for the entire team.

Respect for others

This is recognizing the value of other people's views. Treating others with respect shows that you see the individual in every person. In labor processes, this quality is mandatory and manifests itself in distance and subordination.

Confidence

This is a positive assessment of one's own qualities. Confidence is closely related to a person's ability to manage himself in ambiguous situations. A confident person knows his worth, is not afraid of public speaking, and knows how to control himself in a stressful situation. Looking at such a person, you might think: “He knows what he’s doing.”

Perseverance

This is the ability to go towards a goal. This quality is characteristic of strong people who do not give in to difficulties and failures. Persistence in achieving goals and implementing plans shows strength of character and steadfastness of spirit. Persistent individuals achieve heights on their own.

Honesty

This is openness, the inadmissibility of deception in relation to others. This quality speaks of decency, morality and strong character. An honest person always respects his interlocutor, so he tells him the truth, sometimes even unpleasant, but necessary.

Self-esteem

This is self-respect and a high assessment of one’s qualities, an understanding of value and significance. A person who has this quality is unlikely to decide on a low act, deception, or even ordinary swearing in a public place. This is beneath his dignity. For such a person, it is not even the opinion of others that is important, but his own assessment of his actions.

Sense of humor

This is the ability to perceive a situation from a comic side. It's even better to find that comical side in everything. Life is more fun this way, and people enjoy communicating with such a person. A sense of humor is an indicator of a person’s mental health. It is not known whether laughter increases life expectancy, but it can definitely save you from unnecessary sorrows.

Generosity

This is a willingness to share with one’s neighbor, without absolutely wanting to receive anything in return. Generous people, for example, can engage in charity - helping those in need, donating funds to special funds. Even the most selfless people appreciate this quality, because it shows the breadth of the soul.

Each person has his own characteristics, which are determined by his social or psychological qualities. The individual unites with others into groups, families, teams, which also begin to bear a socio-psychological characteristic.

What is a socio-psychological characteristic?

What is a socio-psychological characteristic? This is a set of social and psychological phenomena that explain the qualities, characteristics, properties of an individual, team, family, etc. Personal characteristics are determined by the psychological qualities of each component or social factors that influence it.

The characteristics of a group, family, team are determined by the psyche of each member, their relationships, common activities, religion, culture, upbringing, political situation and other factors.

Socio-psychological characteristics of personality

A personality is a person who has activity and consciousness that help him chart his path through life. Personality is formed as one lives. It is determined by the social factors in which it develops, the activities it produces, as well as the ways of consumption and acquisition of material goods. Socio-psychological characteristics are formed as a result of social interaction with other people, in which everyone influences each other.

The socio-psychological characteristics of an individual are also influenced by her anatomical and physiological capabilities, which shape her behavior and psyche. In addition, a person occupies a certain status in society, which influences the formation of specific skills and qualities in him.

Personal characteristics consist of characteristics, interests, views, inclinations and qualities of his psyche. What becomes significant is that a person does not have absolutely stable characteristics. In the process of life they change, transform or strengthen. It depends on the circumstances in which a person periodically finds himself, the activities he carries out, the attitude he displays towards the situation, and the position he occupies in a given situation.

A person is an individual because many of his characteristics are not innate. Only types of higher nervous activity can be genetically determined, but even they are subject to correction during life. No two people are the same, since different psychological characteristics develop from the same background.

The main thing in the formation of socio-psychological characteristics remains the life path, which is based on the worldview that guides the individual. Depending on the path of life, certain qualities and characteristics, interests and inclinations develop. All this begins with the family and social upbringing through which the individual goes.

Socio-psychological characteristics consider the following concepts in personality:

1. Interests – what objects does a person pay attention to? They influence the focus and choice of life path. The more stable they are, the more focused the individual is and the more successful he is.
2. Inclination is the direction of action in a certain type of activity.
3. A need is a physiological need that provokes temporary interest, after satisfying which the need passes.
4. Ability is a mental skill that ensures the successful performance of an activity.
5. Giftedness is a set of inclinations on the basis of which certain abilities can be developed.
6. – this is a combination of emotional excitability, manifestations of emotions and mobility.
7. Character is a set of qualities and mental traits that influence the decisions and actions of an individual.

Social characteristics of personality

Personality is a social being. A person is not born as a person, but becomes one in the environment in which he grows and develops. As a person interacts with society, he acquires certain social characteristics. He plays out social roles and tries to adapt to society, which happens more or less successfully.

There are 2 social roles:

1. Conventional - roles that are given by society, depending on social status: father, husband, boss, etc.
2. Interpersonal – roles that depend on the personal characteristics of the individual.

A person's status is determined by the rights and responsibilities he has. In each group, a person occupies a certain role, where, first of all, he builds certain business or personal relationships. This is where his characteristics and qualities are formed, which then manifest themselves and characterize the person.

Social and psychological characteristics of the group

A person does not live separately from others. Sooner or later, he classifies himself as a member of a certain group - an association in which more than two people are united by interests, common goals, activities, motives, tasks, etc. A group is a single organism that includes individuals with their own socio-psychological characteristics . This, in turn, forms the characteristics of the group with its socio-psychological orientation.

Small groups play an important role in the life of every individual. Small groups are families, teams, friends, school classes or college groups. All of them include on average up to 30 people who are united by a common cause and goals, interests and views. Here there is a greater impact on each individual.

A group is a cell to which an individual is attached. One of its characteristics is the commonality on which people unite. Cohesion is the second socio-psychological characteristic.

The composition of a group is the qualitative composition, that is, the characteristics of its members. Size is the number of group members (that is, a quantitative characteristic).

In a group, two factors become important:

1. – its culture, manners, language, etc.
2. The relationships between its members are morals and ethics, rules and norms.

Social and psychological characteristics of the team

A developed group becomes a team, in which stable norms of relationships have already been formed, and socially useful areas of activity are also noted. Each member has his own position, status, type of activity that he performs, tasks, etc. We can talk about the presence of a hierarchy within the team, where there are higher and lower substructures. If we talk about the socio-psychological characteristic, then it is no longer the collective that is formed, but the collective that is subordinate to it.

The characteristics of the team are:

• Public mood.
• Public opinion, attitudes, beliefs.
• Collective traditions, customs, habits.
• Public feelings.
• Requirements, authority and mutual assessments.

The team already has established rules and regulations. However, this does not mean that a person cannot express himself within this framework. Relationships between team members are established individually, but they rarely go beyond the established rules.

The main characteristics of the socio-psychological orientation of the team are:

1. Discipline is the determination of the behavior of each member in order to organize a unified mechanism of action within the team.
2. Awareness is the presence of all the information that allows everyone to pursue a common goal and set the necessary tasks.
3. Organization is the flexibility of the team to external changes that influence the change in the course of events.
4. Activity is the free expression of one’s activity by each individual.
5. Cohesion is a unifying component of a psychological nature that allows a team to maintain its structure and be a single mechanism.

Social and psychological characteristics of the child

The characteristics of a child are determined by the types of activities in which he develops and grows. First of all, attention is drawn to the socio-psychological structure of the family, which can be complete or incomplete, prosperous or dysfunctional. Preschool children are determined by their interactions with the children around them, as well as by communication within the family. School-age children are characterized by academic success.

Other characteristics are the physiological components of the child: his health, congenital diseases, inclinations. The child’s communication skills and interaction with peers, teachers and caregivers are also assessed.

At an early age, a child learns about the world. How he imagines him at the end of this period largely depends on his upbringing and role models, which are his parents. Here he copies his parents.

In the primary school period, the child is exposed to voluntary behavior, which is often subordinated to selfish desires. It is important here that the child has an adequate understanding of the correctness of the actions being performed. The child is more susceptible to outside influence and is determined by social roles.

In adolescence, a desire for self-determination arises in the spheres of religion, profession, personality, spirituality, society, etc. In adolescence, a person begins to form his social status, which needs respect from others.

Social and psychological characteristics of the family

The main institution and unit of society is the family, which is characterized by the main socio-psychological feature - communication on 3 levels:

1. Communication between spouses.
2. Communication between parents and children.
3. Communication between spouses and each other's parents and friends.

The family first begins in the form of marriage, then children are born, who eventually leave, leaving the “nest empty.” These are the stages of family development. And communication consists of closeness, sincerity, and the opportunity to discuss problems with other family members.

The family performs the following functions:

• Raising a new generation and passing on cultural experience to it.
• Preserving the health of each member, caring for others.
• Financial support and support for those who cannot or have not yet reached working age.
• Spiritual development of each member.
• Development of leisure, its enrichment.
• Determination of the social status of each member.
• Psychological protection and emotional support.

Bottom line

Each system acquires that socio-psychological characteristic that consists of all the qualities and characteristics of each of its members. A person himself possesses a certain characteristic, which ultimately forms the system into which he enters as an integral part, a link.

Given the general lack of development of the problem of personality traits, it is quite difficult to outline the range of its socio-psychological qualities. It is no coincidence that in the literature there are different opinions on this issue, depending on the solution of more general methodological problems. The most important of them are the following:

1. Differentiation of interpretations of the very concept of “personality” in general psychology, which was already discussed above. If “personality” is a synonym for the term “person,” then naturally, the description of its qualities (properties, traits) should include all the characteristics of a person. If “personality” itself is only a social quality of a person, then the set of its properties should be limited to social properties.

2. Ambiguity in the use of the concepts “social properties of the individual” and “socio-psychological properties of the individual.” Each of these concepts is used in a certain frame of reference: when they talk about “social properties of a person,” this is usually done within the framework of solving the general problem of the relationship between the biological and the social; When they use the concept of “socio-psychological properties of a person,” they often do so when contrasting socio-psychological and general psychological approaches (as an option: distinguishing between “secondary” and “basic” properties). But this use of concepts is not strict: sometimes they are used as synonyms, which also complicates analysis.

3. Finally, the most important thing: the difference in general methodological approaches to understanding the structure of personality - considering it either as a collection, a set of certain qualities (properties, traits), or as a certain system, the elements of which are not “traits”, but other units of manifestation .

Until unambiguous answers to fundamental questions are obtained, one cannot expect unambiguous solutions to more specific problems. Therefore, at the level of socio-psychological analysis there are also contradictory points, for example, on the following points: a) the very list of socio-psychological qualities (properties) of the individual and the criteria for their identification; b) the relationship between the qualities (properties) and abilities of the individual (and this refers specifically to “socio-psychological abilities”).

As for the list of qualities, the subject of analysis is often all the qualities studied using personality tests (primarily the tests of G. Eysenck and R. Cattell). In other cases, the socio-psychological qualities of a person include all individual psychological characteristics of a person, the specificity of the course of individual mental processes (thinking, memory, will, etc.) is recorded. In many foreign studies, when describing methods for identifying personality traits, the term “adjectives” is used (not the name of qualities, but “adjectives” that describe them), where, for example, characteristics such as “smart”, “hardworking”, etc. “kind”, “suspicious”, etc.

Only sometimes does a special group of qualities stand out. Thus, the socio-psychological properties of a person are considered “secondary” in relation to the “basic” properties studied in general psychology. These socio-psychological properties are summarized in four groups: 1) ensuring the development and use of social abilities (social perception, imagination, intelligence, characteristics of interpersonal assessment); 2) formed in the interaction of group members and as a result of its social influence; 3) more general ones, related to social behavior and the position of the individual (activity, responsibility, tendency to help, cooperation); 4) social properties associated with general psychological and socio-psychological properties (tendency towards an authoritarian or democratic way of acting and thinking, a dogmatic or open attitude towards problems, etc.) (Bobneva). It is obvious that, despite the productivity of the idea of ​​​​isolating the socio-psychological properties of a person, the implementation of this idea is not strict: it is unlikely that the proposed classification meets the criteria of “secondary” nature of the listed properties, and the basis of the classification remains not entirely clear.

The concept of “social and psychological abilities of the individual” remains even more undeveloped, although it receives much attention in the literature and is actively used in experimental research. In general, the entire group of these abilities is associated with manifestations of personality in communication. Intuitively, from the entire set of human abilities, those that are formed in various aspects of the communication process stand out: “perceptual ability” (V.V. Labunskaya), “ability for an emotional response” (A.A. Bodalev), “general ability to evaluate another” (G. Allport); “observation” and “insight” (Yu.M. Zhukov), etc. To designate socio-psychological abilities (as well as socio-psychological qualities), different concepts are sometimes used: “socio-psychological competence”, “competence in communication”, “interpersonal competence”, “social-perceptual style”, etc. .

Although the problem is at the very initial stages of its development, however, at a minimum, it is possible to establish agreement on one point: the socio-psychological qualities of a person are qualities that are formed in joint activities with other people, as well as in communication with them. Both sets of qualities are formed in the conditions of those real social groups in which the individual functions.

The qualities that are directly manifested in joint activities, in their totality, determine the effectiveness of the individual’s activities in the group. The category “performance” is usually used to characterize a group. At the same time, the contribution of each individual is an important component of group effectiveness. This contribution is determined by the extent to which a person knows how to interact with others, cooperate with them, participate in making a collective decision, resolve conflicts, subordinate his individual style of activity to others, perceive innovations, etc. In all these processes, certain qualities of the personality are manifested, but they do not appear here as the elements from which the personality is “composed”, namely, only as its manifestations in specific social situations. These manifestations determine both the direction of the individual’s effectiveness and its level. The group develops its own criteria for the effectiveness of each of its members and, with their help, either positively accepts an effectively functioning individual (and then this is a sign of favorably developing relations in the group), or does not accept it (and then this is a signal of a brewing conflict situation). This or that position of the group, in turn, affects the effectiveness of each individual, and this is of great practical importance: it allows you to see whether the group stimulates the effectiveness of its members or, on the contrary, restrains it.

In theoretical terms, this approach makes it possible to more subtly distinguish between the effectiveness of an individual’s activity and its general activity, which is not necessarily aimed at the subject of joint activity and does not necessarily lead to a productive result. There is no doubt that the overall active life position of an individual is very important, but it is no less important to identify the conditions under which an individual is successful in a specific type of joint activity, be it a work collective or any other group.

Personal qualities that manifest themselves in communication (communicative qualities) are described much more fully, especially in connection with studies of socio-psychological training (Petrovskaya). However, there are still quite large research reserves in this area. They, in particular, consist in translating into the language of social psychology some results of the study of personality obtained in general psychology, and correlating with them some special mechanisms of the perceptual process. Examples include the following.

Mechanism of perceptual defense. Being a type of psychological defense, perceptual defense is one of the manifestations of the subject’s interaction with the environment and is a way to protect the individual from traumatic experiences and to protect from the perception of a threatening stimulus. In social psychology, during the period of development of the ideas of the “New Look” by J. Bruner, the concept of perceptual defense was included in the problems of social perception, in particular in the problems of human perception by man. Although experimental data obtained in general psychology regarding the subconscious attempts of the subject of perception to “bypass” a stimulus that poses a threat have been criticized, the idea has been preserved in a modified form: as recognition of the role of motivation in the processes of social perception. In other words, in social psychology, perceptual defense can be considered as an attempt to ignore some features of another person when perceiving and thereby, as it were, build a barrier to its influence. Such a barrier can be built against the entire group. In particular, another phenomenon described in social psychology - the so-called belief in a just world - can serve as a mechanism of perceptual defense. Discovered by M. Lerner, this phenomenon consists in the fact that a person tends to believe that there is a correspondence between what he does and what rewards or punishments follow. This seems fair. Accordingly, it is difficult for a person to believe in injustice, i.e. that something unpleasant could happen to him without any “fault” on his part. An encounter with injustice involves a perceptual defense mechanism: a person fences himself off from information that destroys faith in a “just world.” The perception of another person is, as it were, built into this belief: anyone who poses a threat to it is either not perceived at all, or is perceived selectively (the subject of perception sees in him only features that confirm the stability and “correctness” of the surrounding world and closes himself off from the perception of other features). The situation in a group can be either favorable or unfavorable for belief in a “just world,” and within each of these alternatives, expectations from the perception of group members will be formed differently. The unique form of perceptual defense that arises in this way also affects the nature of communication and interaction in the group.

Unfortunately, the question of whether the mechanism of perceptual defense becomes a personality property in the process of communication - and if so, what consequences this leads to - remains unexplored. In the same way, it remains unclear under what circumstances, under what conditions of group activity and communication this mechanism is strengthened. These issues must be studied at a fundamental level, since in the practical life of various groups, the degree of severity of the perceptual defense of individual members largely determines the entire pattern of communication in the group.

The "expectations" effect. It is realized in “implicit theories of personality,” i.e. ordinary ideas, more or less definitely existing in every person, regarding the connections between certain qualities of a person, regarding its structure, and sometimes regarding the motives of behavior. Although in scientific psychology, despite the abundance of identified personality traits, no strict connections have been established between them, in ordinary consciousness, at the level of common sense, these connections are often unconsciously recorded. The reasoning is based on the following model: if the evaluator is convinced that trait X always occurs together with trait Y, then observing trait X in an individual, the evaluator automatically attributes trait Y to him (although in this particular case it may be absent). This arbitrary linking of features is called “illusory correlations.” Unfounded ideas are born about the mandatory combination of certain qualities (“all pedantic people are suspicious,” “all cheerful people are frivolous,” etc.). Although the totality of such ideas about a universal, stable personality structure can only be called “theories” in quotation marks, their practical significance does not diminish from this. All this takes on a special role in situations where people communicate in a group. Here, “implicit theories of personality” collide, existing among different group members, not consistent, and sometimes contradicting each other, which can have a significant impact on the entire system of relationships and, above all, on communication processes. A person’s perception of a communication partner based on a false expectation can lead to a feeling of such discomfort that it will be followed by a complete refusal to communicate. A similar mistake repeated many times will form a stable property - closedness in communication, i.e. a certain “communicative quality” of the individual arises. Its conditionality by the general situation in the group must be specially investigated.

The phenomenon of cognitive complexity. Implicit theories of personality are unique constructs or “frameworks” by which the perceived person is assessed. In a broader context, the idea of ​​the construct was developed in J. Kelly's theory of personal constructs. Here, a construct is understood as a way of seeing the world, characteristic of each individual, and interpreting its elements as similar or different from each other. It is assumed that people differ among themselves according to such characteristics as the number of constructs included in the system, their nature, and the type of connection between them. The combination of these features constitutes a certain degree of human cognitive complexity. It has been experimentally proven that there is a relationship between cognitive complexity and a person’s ability to analyze the world around them: more cognitively complex people more easily integrate perceptual data, even in the presence of contradictory properties of an object, i.e. make fewer errors than people with less cognitive complexity (“cognitively simple”) when solving the same problem.

It is clear that the noted property is of great importance in the world of interpersonal relations, in communication, when people act simultaneously as subjects and as objects of perception. The nature of the communication process will be largely determined by the spread of the designated quality among group members: what is the ratio of “cognitively complex” and “cognitively simple” group members. If, in the course of joint activities and communication, people of different cognitive complexity collide, it is clear that their mutual understanding may be difficult: one sees everything in black and white and judges everything categorically, the other is more sensitive to shades, a variety of tones and may not perceive the first’s assessments. Upon closer examination, it was discovered that “complexity” itself can exist in two dimensions: a person can have a complex (or simple) inner world and, on the other hand, perceive the outer world, also either complex or simple. The combination of these two oppositions gives the so-called typology of life worlds (Vasilyuk), in which four types of people are distinguished: 1) with an outwardly light and internally simple life world; 2) with an externally difficult and internally simple life world; 3) with an internally complex and externally easy life world; 4) with an internally complex and externally difficult life world. It is clear that a group can have very different combinations of its members belonging to different types. The configuration of communication and interaction will depend on these combinations. At the same time, the question arises of how the group itself (the conditions of joint activity and communication in it) influences (and whether it can influence) the formation of such a quality as cognitive complexity.

The three examples given do not exhaust all the features of personality manifestation in communication. They only confirm the fact that many of the personality properties described in general psychology are of exceptional importance for characterizing its socio-psychological qualities. Further research in this area will provide a more complete picture of those specific manifestations of personality that are associated with joint activities and communication in a group.

Personal qualities are nothing more than components of character, its characteristics. The development of personal qualities contributes to the fulfillment of a person, making him versatile. Personal qualities allow you to react correctly to external stimuli and, despite everything, succeed in your activities. This is a way to effectively use internal resources.

Level of development of personal qualities

Each person is born with a certain character and set of personal qualities that determine behavioral characteristics and life priorities. Throughout life, some qualities change under the influence of various factors, some remain for life.

Psychologists say that the main stages of character formation occur in the first five years of life, then they are slightly adjusted based on life circumstances.

The main indicators and criteria that form the level of personal development include: the ability to take an active life position, the level of responsibility, the direction of the way of life, the level of culture and intelligence, the ability to manage emotions.

Many aspects of life depend on personal qualities, starting with the choice and ending with the priority of activities for. If a person realizes the need for a higher quality standard of living, he will try to achieve what he wants. Personal qualities such as the ability to adequately assess reality and one’s capabilities help with this. Even if a person’s innate characteristics are not at the highest level, but with awareness of one’s individuality, there is always the opportunity to decide on an activity that will most fully reveal a person’s abilities. Moreover, if desired, there is always the opportunity to develop personal qualities.

The development of a child begins with his birth. This is a multilateral process of interaction between parents, society and self-development. The main responsibility, of course, rests with the family. Here begins the knowledge of oneself as a separate individual, learns different options for interaction with other people and options for responses.

Today, the opinion has become established that all manifestations of human character are acquired in early childhood. At this time, three key groups of personality traits are formed. Depending on the period of life, the formation of methods, styles of behavior and tools for interaction with other people occurs.

Factors in the development of personal qualities

As soon as a child begins to perceive himself as a separate individual, begins to realize his place in the world around him, the process of developing basic qualities begins, including the development of the sensory sphere of life. There are several key factors that indicate the beginning of the process:

• active and appropriate use of personal pronouns;

• possession of self-care and self-control skills;

• the ability to describe one’s experiences and explain the motivation for actions.

Age of onset of personality development

Based on the above, the age of onset of personality formation becomes clear. Psychologists indicate an age of two to three years. However, it cannot be said that nothing happens until this moment. There is active preparation and formation of individual preferences, communication abilities, and temperament. By the age of five, the child fully perceives himself as a separate person with individual characteristics, who is in an active relationship with the surrounding reality.

A person is influenced not only by his family, but also by society, school, and friends. This environment certainly leaves its mark on the behavior and formation of the child. However, only close people can lay the foundation. They are the ones who set guidelines and show ways of interaction within the family and with other people. Since the child is not yet familiar with the rules of behavior in society, he focuses on his relatives and takes an example from them. Therefore, very often children have many common characteristics with their parents. Often the child completely copies the behavioral model of the parents.