Estates in Russia in the 19th century

Significantly more gaps remain in the study of the genealogy of peasants, workers, merchants and other unprivileged families. The problem lies mainly in the paucity of available sources. For example, until the middle of the 18th century, a sufficient basis for classifying a person as a peasant population was considered to be his mention in a scribe or census book as a peasant. The Manifesto of March 17, 1775 gave the freed peasants the right to declare which class they wished to enter (petty bourgeois or merchant). The decree of February 20, 1803 called the peasants set free with land as free cultivators. Then the set of laws on states classified the entire peasant population as rural inhabitants. The Manifesto for the Abolition of Serfdom in 1861 granted both free peasants and former serfs the rights of free rural inhabitants. When a peasant left a rural society, he received a dismissal certificate from the volost foreman and was assigned to another rural or urban society. One of the last pre-revolutionary legislative acts documenting belonging to the peasant class was the Decree of October 5, 1906. According to it, peasants and persons of the former tax-paying classes were equal in the rights to enter the civil service, educational institutions, clergy and monasticism.1
Like other unprivileged classes, peasants extremely rarely kept their genealogies. While direct sources are scanty, indirect materials are of great importance.
The well-known researcher of the history of peasant clans M.V. Borisenko proposes to conditionally divide works on peasant genealogy into three groups: actual genealogical studies of families and clans; source studies and all others in which genealogical plots are auxiliary or related.2 There are no comprehensive works on the genealogy of the peasantry yet. All of them are limited chronologically, geographically or by other criteria.
For example, M.V. Prokhorov made the object of a genealogical search the ancient village of Pokrovskoye (Fili) near Moscow, known in history for the famous military council of M.V. Kutuzov on September 1, 1812. The village was a large fiefdom of the Naryshkins. It is known that serfs, as a rule, did not have a surname. In census books and revision tales, the name of the peasant himself and his father were usually indicated. Peasants often incorrectly indicated their age. The researcher managed, however, based on the analysis of genealogies, to make a number of interesting observations and conclusions about the stability of residence of individual peasant families in the village, about the absence of transitions of village residents to other classes, about the types of families of direct kinship, about the structure and composition of peasant families during the 18th century. -first half of the 19th century. The author provides interesting statistics. The village lost almost a third of its population during the pestilence of 1771; during the Patriotic War of 1812, the population decreased by a quarter.1 M.V. Prokhorov thus provides a comprehensive
genealogical characteristics of the peasantry of just one village over the course of a century and a half (see appendix 2).
M.M. Gromyko devoted a number of articles to the genealogy of the Siberian peasantry.2 The value of her research lies in the fact that genealogical data is given in combination with statistical and other data. Along with census books and audit tales, such a little-studied source is used as confessional paintings, compiled by priests to identify unconfessed parishioners since 1737. Genealogical data allows M.M. Gromyko to draw important conclusions about the socio-economic processes in the Siberian village.

The genealogy of workers has specific features in comparison with both the genealogy of the ruling classes and the genealogy of other unprivileged strata. One of them is that it is much “younger.” In the full sense of the word, it is fair to talk about the genealogy of workers from the 18th century. The working class of the feudal period included heterogeneous groups. It is advisable to trace the genealogy of working families in individual enterprises. Work genealogy has its own specific sources: formal lists of artisans, office documentation of factories and factories, etc. The official lists indicated the name, age of the artisan, his origin, time and place of entry to work, changes in service, education, behavior of the artisan, punishments and fines , vacations, participation in military campaigns, salary, marital status, number of children, their age and occupation, and even the height and appearance of the artisan. The weaknesses of this type of source include the lack of information about parents and poor preservation of the lists. Among the earliest and most conscientious works on the genealogy of Russian workers, one should mention the study by L.N. Semenova on the genealogy of the artisans of St. Petersburg in the 18th - early 19th centuries.3 The researcher found out from which categories of the population the hereditary cadres of artisans were formed, how the working and living conditions of workers of different types differed departments. Using the example of a number of biographies, L.N. Semenova traced the transitions of artisans and their children to other departments, to
merchants, philistines, army, etc. identified two types of social evolution of artisans. The first - when they retained the status of their fathers and replenished the working class, the second, more rare - when the literate children of artisans filled lower military positions in artillery teams and in offices.
The problem of the formation of proletarian dynasties is also dealt with by P.A. Kolesnikov (he restored the genealogy of I.V. Babushkin), M.G. Meyerovich (he analyzed the materials of the Yaroslavl Big Manufactory) (see appendix 3) and some other researchers. But, we repeat , all works are narrowly thematic in nature.
Sources on the genealogy of the merchants are inseparable from documenting membership in the urban classes. In the late XVII - early XVIII centuries. The urban population began to be divided into classes. In 1699, a burgomaster's chamber was established to govern merchants and townspeople. On January 16, 1721, the Rules of the Chief Magistrate were established, which defined the urban estates. In 1723, a capital requirement of 500 rubles was established for entry into the merchant class.
On April 21, 1785, a charter was adopted granting rights and benefits to the cities of the Russian Empire. Usually in the literature it is called the Charter of Cities. The charter was intended to regulate the organization and activities of the newly introduced city government bodies. The charter divided the inhabitants of cities into classes. The majority of the urban population remained disenfranchised. The competence of city government bodies has narrowed. Real power remained in the hands of mayors, police agencies and local officials appointed by governors. City government bodies were left with secondary issues of improving the sanitary condition of cities, developing trade and industry, etc. 4 Moreover, they were constrained by an insufficient financial base. The merchants were granted only secondary rights. But at the same time, the Charter granted to the cities created privileges for the commercial and industrial elite and thereby contributed to the growth of trade and industry in the country, without affecting serfdom relations.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Estates Laws redefined urban estates. In 1870, the City Regulations were introduced. Since that time, city philistine books have ceased to be kept. Important sources on the genealogy of merchants throughout its history remain census books, audit tales, and metric records.
A.I. Aksenov is considered the leading researcher of the genealogy of merchants.
He owns two serious monographs on the genealogy of the Moscow and district merchants of the 18th century and scientific articles on this problem. In his research, A.I. Aksenov is not limited to the 18th century.
The earliest information about Russian merchants dates back to the second half of the 18th century. Merchants were then called guests, since they traded in
living places, or churchyards. Usually these were large villages. After the adoption of Christianity, burials at churches in such villages began to be called graveyards. The guests were the highest merchant organization; below them stood the living room and the cloth shop. Guests, unlike the latter, could conduct foreign trade, acquire land and had a number of other privileges.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the situation changed for a number of reasons. Firstly, the guests were a very closed social group; part of the living family disappeared due to the lack of internal reproduction. As a result of the economic policies of Peter I, guests lost some traditional types of trade and crafts. For example, Peter introduced a state monopoly on the sale of furs and salt, which undermined the financial power of a number of merchant families (Filatievs, Pankratievs, etc.). The tax policy of the government, which was waging a long Northern War, also played an important role in this. At the same time, merchant families rose to prominence, profiting from military operations.
In 1728, the institutions of guests and the living room of the hundred were abolished by law. The Living Hundred lasted a little longer because it did not conduct foreign trade. But the war had less impact on internal operations. In addition, the living room hundred significantly outnumbered the guests in numbers. At the beginning of the 18th century, the economic position of the merchants Bvreinovs, Markovs, Mokeevs, Startsovs, and Turcheninovs remained strong. The Evreinovs, for example, became rich by supplying cloth to the army.
The strongest merchant families turned out to be those who transferred their capital from trade to industry. Although it should be noted that these were still feudal entrepreneurs (see appendix 4).
The new guild merchants received from the government rights and privileges previously available only to guests and the living room hundred. Therefore, they became serious competitors of the latter.
In accordance with the Charter granted to cities in 1785, merchants of the first and second guilds shared the right to internal wholesale and retail trade, to establish factories and factories, and were exempt from government services. The first guild could trade outside the empire and therefore could have sea vessels, while the merchants of the second guild had only river vessels.
It is curious how the merchant class was formed. In addition to internal reproduction, individual merchant families originated from peasants. Although this was quite difficult, since the majority of peasants were in serfdom. Another base for the formation of the merchant class were commoners - townspeople, townspeople, soldiers, people from families of clergy, etc.
A.I. Aksenov is credited with studying the family connections of the merchants. Often marriage, along with the main function of procreation, also served as the economic preservation of the family name. In the formation of family relations among merchants who moved to Moscow, two trends were observed - past ties were preserved and kinship with Muscovites was established. The dowry given to the bride by merchant families played a significant role. It played a big role for the groom's surname as a means of initial accumulation. In the 19th century, the most stable merchant families were those that came from provincial cities or from peasants. They fought especially hard for a place under
the sun.

One of the factors in the decline of many of the first guild merchant families was the nobleization of merchants. In addition, they often became poorer as their family name grew.
In the end, the merchant class merged with the commercial and industrial class and existed only formally until 1917.
Officials played an important role in the fate of the Russian state. An important document for studying its early history is the Table of Ranks. “Officials, having received the rank of collegiate registrar, became personal nobles, collegiate assessors had the right to hereditary nobility. On December 15, 1763, the Decree “On filling judicial seats with worthy and honest people, on measures to stop extortion and bribes...” was adopted. The decree established the salary of all officials, that is, the bureaucracy received a special source of income. Since 1764, formal lists were introduced that contained information about the official’s family. They were important for genealogical research. On August 14, 1798, the Decree “On the exclusion of the command title of people” was followed. from the per capita salary and on the non-assignment to the civil service from the merchant, bourgeois and other per capita tax-bearing ranks without representing to the Senate the need for them.” This Decree played a significant role in the formation of the bureaucracy as a special group. It for the first time provided for the possibility of officials leaving the tax-paying classes.
Thus, the bureaucracy gradually became a social group with its own sources of income and a special legal status.
M.F. Rumyantseva came to interesting conclusions about the course of this process by studying data on the inheritance of professions and the social nature of marriages of officials.
Most officials married representatives of the social environment from which they came. Of the 79 nobles, 31 were married to noblewomen, 22 were married to the daughters of officers; of the 51 who came from among civil servants, 19 were married to the daughters of minor clerical workers and lower-ranking officials; of the 4 sons of merchants, 2 were married to merchant daughters; Of the 28 sons of clergymen, a quarter are married to daughters of priests. Thus, socially homogeneous marriages predominated.1
In addition, all officials, regardless of social origin, sought to marry hereditary noblewomen.
As for sons inheriting their father's profession, the sons of nobles preferred military service. Much less often they chose civilian. Children of officials who came from the children of soldiers and from among civil servants entered the civil service more often. Moreover, the latter usually began to serve at a young age - from 10-12 years old - as copyists, etc.

Estates in Russia in the 19th century is an interesting historical and scientific question that is still being studied to this day.

It is very fascinating to observe how the society of our country has changed over time, how it has transformed, acquired new features, and approached the state in which it is today.

Until the 19th century, there was no class society in the country; completely different ways of dividing people into different layers were in effect here. But Peter I, together with his court of nobles, tried in every possible way to make Russia part of Europe. And it was from there that during the first half of the 19th century the king borrowed various classes. Let's take a closer look at how it all looked.

Formation of classes

The class structure of society existed in Western Europe, but in our country there were not even concepts describing this phenomenon.

The first evidence of the division of people into classes appeared in Russia in the late 1780s, but, as many historians note, this system never managed to fully establish itself and receive the recognition that it had in the West.

A person fell into one class or another based on what kind of work he did, what kind of education he had, what level of material wealth he had, what kind of pedigree he had.

The scheme of belonging to one class or another was quite confusing and is controversial even now. This issue was regulated by a special set of laws, published in several weighty volumes.

As already mentioned, Russian society had not seen a class society before, so Peter I completely copied it from the West, but with some features and adaptation to our area.

Certain layers of society treated innovations differently, and some individuals did not accept these changes, and therefore only formally and forcedly participated in the reforms.

Generally, both classes of a kind of aristocracy and tax-paying estates appeared- the most humiliated categories of the population who were forced to serve in the army, pay tribute for each person in the family, and obey many additional laws.

In such conditions, it is not surprising that the beginning of the revolts against the tsarist system and the late advent of Marxism found very fertile ground.

Privileged

Estates were divided into privileged and unprivileged. The first included such categories of citizens.

Nobility

A fairly old class that originated in the 17th century during the reign of princes. The nobles had broad powers; they formed part of the court of a major prince or boyar.

It was possible to receive the title of nobleman for special successes and merits in military service, at the will of the sovereign, depending on one’s pedigree.

Worth noting: the title of nobleman was also inherited, but only through the male line. If a woman of a noble family married a simple man, then the title of nobleman was not passed on to him and her children.

Clergy

A traditional caste of the population for an Orthodox country, which included various kinds of clergy, monks, elders and others.

The social composition of the clergy is quite diverse. This included people with very different levels of material wealth, since this was not the determining factor here.

The clergy was divided into two large categories: white and black. The first part included the parish part of the believers, the second – monasticism. These people were not subject to conscription into the army and corporal punishment.

Merchants 1st and 2nd guilds

The merchants of the first guild included those who had a large turnover of goods both within the country and abroad. The merchants of the 2nd guild were engaged exclusively in domestic trade.

The former had fairly expanded powers and freedom of action. As for the 2nd guild, its representatives had to pay additional taxes and were even called up for military service as recruits.

All people belonging to this class had the right to self-government, many freedoms and rights, they had the right to receive a quality education.

Unprivileged

This class of inhabitants of the Russian Empire was more extensive than privileged. Its class structure looked like this.

Peasantry

Peasants were state and serf, but later these names underwent changes. The position of the peasants was unenviable - the serfs had no rights and were completely unfree in all respects.

As for state peasants, they could have land owned by the community and had the right to self-government.

All types of peasants were obliged to serve in the army, work the so-called corvee, pay dues, and also had other types of duties to their owners and the state.

In short, the position of this class was unenviable.

Philistinism

This class included craftsmen of various profiles, artisans, as well as representatives of small urban trade.

The burghers had the right to their own self-government and to receive an education, although limited in comparison with what was given to the nobles.

No titles were in effect here, and the townspeople were forced to pay all the taxes that were in the country; they were subject to recruitment, forming the basis of the army of the Russian Empire.

These people had few rights, but enough responsibilities. They also did not have the opportunity to own land.

Cossacks

Anyone could join the Cossacks; legends were made about this category of the population at one time.

Freemen, land ownership, exemption from any taxes - all this was available to the Cossacks in full.

The only thing the Cossacks owed the state was to serve in the army, while having their own equipment.

Merchants 3 guilds

Some researchers include merchants of the 3rd guild as a separate class. These are the main traders who provided city and county trade in the country.

There are no special differences from other guilds here, it’s just that representatives of the 3rd guild also had to serve in the army.

Below is a table with a brief summary of this topic.

The estate system did not last long - the Decembrist uprising, the impending world war, the Bolsheviks and many other shocks quickly threw the country into a completely different reality.

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Synonyms of the Russian language. 2012

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The article is devoted to the study of functional and psychophysiological characteristics in adolescents under different types of education. A comprehensive examination of the functional and psychophysiological parameters of the students’ bodies was carried out. It was found that adolescents in specialized education, having better psychophysiological parameters compared to their peers in specialized classes, demonstrated higher stress on the part of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems.

(SC) and specialized classes (PC).<...>Similar differences were observed in 10th grades.<...>classes p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).<...>The indicator differed only in specialized classes.<...>with students of specialized classes. 2.

No. 3 [Siberian teacher, 2015]

Scientific and methodological journal. Problems of education are discussed, the latest pedagogical technologies and methods are described. In the Siberian Teacher you will get acquainted with the experience of innovative teachers and their colleagues abroad.

In 2014, engineering classes and classes related to applied biology and a project class were opened.<...>11th grade.<...>physics class.<...>"(grades 10–11)).<...>classes p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).

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Text linguistics and the textual aspect of studying syntax at school: educational method. recommendations. 2nd ed.. rev.

The educational and methodological recommendations reveal the scientific foundations of speech development, pay special attention to the basic principles of text linguistics, explain the essence of the textual aspect when studying syntax at school, characterize typical shortcomings in the construction of text by students and work methods aimed at eliminating them.

Speech development: theory and practice of teaching. Grades 5-7: Book for teachers. M., 1991; Ed. 2nd.<...>Practical methodology of the Russian language. 8th grade: Book for teachers. M., 1992. 3. Lvova S.I.<...>Collection of texts for presentation with linguistic analysis. 5-9 grades / Kapinos V.I. etc.<...>Lessons in in-depth study of the Russian language. 9th grade. M., 1994. 10. Skvortsov L.I.<...>Essays of various genres in high school. M., 1997. 4. Kamenskaya L.Ya.

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Methods of teaching music in secondary schools; program for students of music education. fak.

The course program “Methods of teaching music in secondary schools” includes an explanatory note, the content of the subject indicating the topics of lecture sessions and corresponding sample tasks for conducting practical classes, sample questions for organizing seminar classes, as well as recommended literature to help students.

G-11 grades "(authors: L. Bazhenova, ? E. Bondareshso, Yu. Usov).<...>I7 grades. Omsk, 1992. Shiryaeva N.<...>Adaptation of it in specific tasks for grades G and II by I.V. Kadobnova, for grade III by G.S. Kravchenko.<...>Address to the class and individual address to the student.<...>First class. Izhevsk, 1990.

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Routes for professional development educational and methodological manual for the course “Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics” for undergraduates, graduate students, teachers

FSBEI HPE "ShGPU"

The textbook reflects the main content of the course “Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics” and presents tasks for practical classes and independent work. Recommendations for drawing up an individual curriculum, setting goals, and implementing reflection contained in the manual will help you understand how to become the author of your own educational route in practice. Intended for students, graduate students and teachers of pedagogical universities.

6 grades, 7 - 9 grades, 10 -11 grades; know modern methods of forming mathematical concepts<...>Grades 1-5, knowledge and skills of primary school students in mathematics.<...>Methods for studying the main classes of equations, inequalities and their systems in grades 7-9. 9.<...>Structure of the content of the mathematics course for grades 5-6; 7-9 grades; 1011 classes. 2.<...>Structure of the content of the mathematics course for grades 5-6; 7-9 grades; 10-11 grades. 2.

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The digest contains information on how to choose the right university and how to prepare for entrance exams.

Therefore, experience shows that only the middle class can take advantage of credit.<...>that in any case, it makes sense to get accurate information about the admission rules closer to the end of the 10th grade<...>So, if you are not a student (or student) of a gymnasium or lyceum class, not a lucky winner<...>We are talking about adults who find it difficult to combine regular classroom activities, family and work.<...>You no longer have to pay to rent classes.

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Library life in Kuzbass. Vol. 2 (24): collection

In issue 2 collections "Library Life of Kuzbass" for 1999 discuss the problems of education of library specialists and users abroad; library, publishing and archival technologies; development of national cultures of small peoples of Siberia. The lecture program and event scenarios are given.

libraries in China also create schools on their basis, the so-called “secondary library science classes”<...>In addition, the professional higher school class at the Secondary School in<...>Already now ready for release: Teleut primer and textbooks of the Shor language for grades 4 and 5.<...>That day, an unusual lecture was held with parents of third-grade students of the seventh school.<...>Preparation is carried out in advance: the children write essays in class on the topic “My Dad”, fill out questionnaires

Materials of the Third Siberian Seminar on Continuing Library Education

Publishing house of the State Public Library for Science and Technology SB RAS

The collection includes abstracts and full texts of reports presented at the seminar, which was held as part of the activities of the Siberian Regional Library Center for Continuing Education at the State Public Scientific Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the auspices of the Russian Library Association. The subject matter of the materials covers a range of issues related to the activities of institutions of the country’s continuing library education system (universities, libraries, institutions of additional professional education, the system as a whole). Various concepts of interaction between libraries, universities of culture and the arts, and cultural management bodies of territories are proposed to effectively ensure the operation of this system.

and with heads of all levels of other institutions, must be high-class specialists (experts)<...>seminars and seminar schools, advanced training courses, creative laboratories and workshops, master classes<...>The structure of the Center includes a fund of educational and methodological literature, catalogues, an Internet class, a training class for<...>Thus, the two-year curriculum of an interschool specialized class includes 260 teaching hours in<...>Specialized "library classes" operate on the basis of the UOC "Shkolnik", an artistic and aesthetic

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No. 6 [Posev, 2006]

Social and political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is “God is not in power, but in truth” (Alexander Nevsky). The frequency of the magazine has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became monthly.

Some of them enter into an alliance with the growing protest movement of the working class, take on<...>“Officers, students, “middle classes” are demonstrating for the Provisional Government.” 1 8 However, dissatisfaction<...>Forms and methods of influence of the proletarian avant-garde on student youth in 1917 // Working class<...>Korsakov went to school only until the sixth grade, then he dropped out.<...>I was banned from attending the reading room, computer class, and foreign language classes.

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WHEN WORKING with gifted children, it is necessary to set one goal - to provide the opportunity for creative self-realization of the individual in various types of creative activities within the framework of the academic subject.

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The article contains the first study of the Titanic disaster in Russian, and perhaps in world scientific literature. The author examines the causes of the disaster, related both to natural accidents and to the fact that the voyage was carried out within the framework of a capitalist enterprise aimed at maximizing profits. Based on statistical data on ticket prices and passengers' professions, the author identifies the social and class structure of the Titanic passenger community. The relationship between social class structure and the chances of passengers being rescued is explored. The possibility of rescuing passengers and crew members of a ship in a disaster was determined by regulated and unregulated chances of rescue. The regulated chances of rescue were associated with the policy of the ship's command, focused, on the one hand, on helping passengers first of all to the detriment of the crew, on the other - to passengers of 1st and 2nd class to the detriment of passengers of 3rd class, on the other - women and children to the detriment of men. Unadjusted odds of rescue were associated with ethnic, linguistic, and age characteristics of passengers. A study of the Titanic passenger community helps to establish some characteristics of world society at the beginning of the 20th century. The author examines the voyage of the Titanic and its disaster in the context of globalization processes

In 2nd class In 3rd class Person Share among class passengers, % Person Share among class passengers<...>These axes were: 1) belonging to passengers or crew (passengers were privileged, unprivileged <...>- team members), 2) gender (privileged - women, unprivileged- men), 3) “attitude<...>to childhood”, childhood (privileged - children, unprivileged- adults), 4) ship class<...>and the class with which this or that passenger was traveling (privileged - the bourgeoisie from the 1st class, unprivileged

Algorithms and models for restricting access to database records [monograph]

M.: Hotline – Telecom

The issues of designing secure databases using access restrictions to individual records are considered. Both restricting unauthorized access to records and providing false masking information instead of the requested information are considered.

Most unprivileged HR department employee allowed to maintain information only on personnel (class<...>Let the HR department select privileged employees and unprivileged. <...>Let unprivileged the user tries to add a record about the rector, Ivan Ivanov, to the relation<...>Then the added entry will have the access label visible unprivileged userCopyright<...>Let unprivileged Users cannot add information to a masked table.

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History of bureaucracy course of lectures

Publishing House of Lipetsk State Technical University

The nobility had another opportunity to outshine people from unprivileged estates.<...>It should be noted that the collegiate registrar is already a class rank, and many people who come from unprivileged <...>Up to the rank of VIII class, an official who graduated from unprivileged class, had to serve very<...>I class Minister II class Fellow minister III class Director of a ministry department IV class Mayor<...>class – 5 years, III–I class – 10 years.

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The article is devoted to the problem of women's self-determination in the profession. The work reveals the concept of self-determination in the profession in its historical context, analyzes the social status of a professional depending on his professional activity; The nature of women's self-determination in traditional, industrial and modern societies is examined. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that self-determination in the profession of a modern woman requires her not only to partially sacrifice the traditional role of a woman in the family, but also to adhere to conflicting values and ideals, as a result of which the formation of an integral system of values is very difficult.

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Theory and practice of logic programming in the Visual Prolog language 7 textbooks. allowance

M.: Hotline – Telecom

The theoretical foundations of logic programming are considered. Examples and a description of the subject area using logical models are given. The connection between the basic concepts of predicate logic and the basic constructs of the logic programming language Prolog is shown. The basics of logical programming are outlined using the Visual Prolog 7 language as an example. The structure of the program, the algorithm of the interpreter, input-output, techniques and means of organizing interactive programs, issues of non-deterministic programming and control of program execution, various data structures and predicates for working with them are considered. The book contains numerous examples, as well as test questions and practical tasks. The manual will be useful when studying the course "Functional and Logic Programming".

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The article examines the problem of maintaining the status quo of social identity and analyzes adaptive mechanisms that are activated in situations of threat to personal or collective self-esteem. Strategies for maintaining/developing positive social identity, considered from the standpoint of social identity theory, allow us to understand the mechanism of functioning of “cognitive alternatives”

equal access to social benefits, certain changes also occur at the cognitive level unprivileged <...>evidence back and in the seemingly paradoxical tendency of social groups located in unprivileged <...> unprivileged position in society.<...>Groups with high social status perceive themselves more as a collection of individuals, whereas unprivileged <...> unprivileged and disinterested causes

Real-time systems [review. course of lectures]

Publishing house SSAU

Real-time systems. Programs used: Adobe Acrobat. Works of SSAU employees (electronic version)

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M.: PROMEDIA

Complex systems of sociocultural motivation are considered. The views of sociologists, ethnomethodologists, and representatives of the narrative approach on systems of sociocultural motivation are analyzed.

humanity as a whole, down to a single tribe, religious community, youth group or even a school class<...>identify the dispositifs of national education systems, a separate school and even a specific school class<...>In relation to modern society, we can talk about privileged and unprivileged <...>classes, genders, races, social classes, ethnic groups, etc.<...>M.: Independent company “Class”, 2001.

“Humanitarian of the South of Russia” is a journal aimed at consolidating the efforts of scientists in understanding the social press occurring, first of all, in the South of Russia, and the events taking place in the Russian Federation, in the global world, related to the life of the South of Russia. The mission of the magazine is to reveal the essence of social processes affecting Russia, the South of Russia, and in particular, each individual region of the South of Russia. The journal's activities are based on the principle of consistency and mutual influence of regions included in the general sociocultural integration process of the global world.

; what collective feelings are formed in the mood of the creative class; how is the class "in itself"<...>"becomes a class "for oneself."<...>Unprivileged segments of the population that have not received anything in return become consumers of economic<...>The phenomenon of distorted perception of one’s own unprivileged position in society.<...>So, since the perception of one's social identity as unprivileged and disinterested causes

Preview: Humanities of the South of Russia No. 1 2014.pdf (1.1 Mb)

It is shown that during the transition period of development of the Russian economy, a significant part of business ensures the rent-seeking behavior of the bureaucracy, while non-systemic business actually finds itself outside the boundaries of the formed market. The main objectives of economic policy are formulated, consistent with the scope of its action, as well as with national tasks in the economic sphere

Three strata can be distinguished: the first is privileged business, the second is unprivileged business, third<...>Unprivileged business usually does not have access to decision-making administrative bodies, more often<...>, representing privileged businesses, also focus on FAS, while suppliers of goods ( unprivileged

M.: PROMEDIA

The article examines the senior officials of the Yenisei provincial administration, who headed the “special” governing bodies. The latter existed for a relatively short time and therefore occupied a “special position” in the structure of local provincial institutions. Based on documents and archival materials presented for the first time, an analysis of the social composition of the managers of the control chamber, excise department, state property, prison and medical inspectors, and permanent members for peasant affairs of the Yenisei provincial administration was carried out on such grounds as class origin, religion, age, property and marital status, education, length of public service, etc.

social composition of civil servants was carried out in three categories of positions: highest (IV–V classes<...>The named top positions were classified as “special” in comparison with other top positions of classes IV–V<...>of regular provincial positions in the Moscow administration and more than 2/3 in the Kaluga administration were occupied by people from unprivileged <...>in the central provinces of the empire, within the period under review, 28% of officials holding posts of classes IV–V<...>inspectors, indispensable members of peasant affairs had a number of common features for all officials of IV–V class

Book by Dr. History. Sciences N.A. Ivanova and Dr. ist. Sciences V.P. Zheltova consists of an introduction, 10 chapters (“The Russian Imperial House”; “The nobility. The formation of the noble class (XVIII - the first third of the 19th century)”; “The evolution of the legal status of the nobility in the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century”; “The Clergy"; “Urban estates in the 18th – first half of the 19th century”; “Evolution of urban estates in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries”; “Cossacks”; “Foreigners”) and conclusions.

At the same time, the state strictly controlled the payment of taxes and taxes, the fulfillment of duties unprivileged <...>Russia never developed a single third estate, which in Western countries became the basis for the formation of a class<...>At the same time, the emerging classes of society received similar representation.<...>If in Western countries the formation of classes took place mainly in conditions where estates were actually<...>existence as a result of the proclamation of legal equality in Russia in the period of the 19th – early 20th centuries. classes

This article describes the problem of social and information inequality, which is not only a technocratic problem, but also a cultural problem. The reason for the internal complexity of modern society should be considered the diversity of customs, beliefs, interests and attitudes, according to which people form groups in socio-cultural society. This article reflects an information culture that is ready to accept new scientific and technical information presented in the languages of the leading countries of the world community

societies in which social inequality is pronounced, one can distinguish the culture of the upper and lower strata (classes)<...>People belonging to unprivileged strata of society and do not have wide access to the culture of higher<...>Even in modern societies in which deep cultural differences between classes are largely<...>This means that the middle class is small and the upper class is deprived of communication with other groups.

This article is devoted to the problem of self-sufficient development of Russia. It reveals new resources for self-education of Russian society and what blocks the process of constructive changes, explores the components of the country’s self-sufficient development, provides a sociological analysis of the Russian elite, since self-sufficient development is associated with a national thinking elite formed in the process of development, economic growth and increasing innovative potential society

is implemented in an unbalanced economy and in the absence of innovative groups (Russian middle class<...>Russian society expects from the elite, as a resource-rich group, a class of qualified managers<...>resources of the transferred economic and power elites, constituting 20–30% of the Russian resource-rich class<...>Unprivileged segments of the population that have not received anything in return become consumers of economic

The article identifies problems caused by the discrepancy between the “products” of domestic science and the needs of the country’s leaders, and identifies risk factors that influence the effectiveness of public management of innovative development

correlation of current goals and objectives with the content of the “May decrees” of the President of the Russian Federation, revealed dominance in the class<...>In the class of goals “Desired performance results for a fixed time,” the largest number of them related to<...>In the class of goals, conventionally called “Necessary elements of a self-regulatory system,” the largest number of them<...>based on the imperatives of pluralism, complementarity, holism, hypostasis, the existence of equal unprivileged <...>political and socio-economic development through awareness of the possibility of smoothing the gaps between classes

In this article, from the standpoint of socially integrated logistics, the main technical and economic indicators of one of the first enterprises in the electronics industry of our country, JSC Optron, are analyzed. It is shown that in 2002, the management of the enterprise carried out its logistics analysis and formulated proposals, following which, the plant again turned into a highly profitable enterprise. Among the most significant proposals were: optimization of the circulation of enterprise resources within the framework of the production and commercial module, introduction of a non-tariff form of remuneration, etc. This is evidenced, in particular, by the annual report of the meeting of shareholders of OJSC Optron for 2013.

Economics, 2015, No. 3 76 - maintaining an optimal balance in the structure of share capital between unprivileged <...>semiconductor devices: - ultrastable precision zener diodes; - Microwave and RF diodes of various classes<...>optoelectronic devices for optical reception, processing, transmission and display of information of various classes

Using the material of modern mass media texts, socially and culturally determined changes in the semantic composition of the verb “dissemble”, adjectives “folk” and “elite/elite” are studied.

state - designed specifically for the lower strata of society; "public, for unprivileged <...>through associations of “best” with “expensive”, and “expensive” with prestigious, image - “exclusive”, “premium class”<...>the phrase “elite house” (example: “We are selling a penthouse on Krasnaya Presnya with a view of the White House for an elite class office

The article is devoted to the principles of representation in local authorities of Provence in the 18th century. The author substantiates a position on this issue that is different from that established in historiography. Extensive provincial fiscal data was used. This made it possible to identify and demonstrate the criteria for representation at all levels of provincial government, and to draw a conclusion about their general principles

It was a unified list of taxable units of property in unprivileged lands<...>obvious: to increase the number of tax-paying population at the expense of the nobility and ease the fiscal pressure on unprivileged <...>But even if we accept the fact that unprivileged class within the General Assembly had "

ABOUT ONE APPROACH TO BUILDING A MULTILAYER GEOINFORMATION SYSTEM FOR ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MINING REGIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THEIR BIODIVERSITY [Electronic resource] / Potapov [et al.] // Physical and technical problems of mineral development. - 2016. - No. 4.- P. 186-195 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/449686

A new approach is being developed to build a distributed information system for assessing the biodiversity of mining regions using data storage technologies, cloud services, tools for intelligent processing and analysis of multidimensional data. A fundamentally new solution is proposed for the implementation of such systems using NoSQL MongoDB and GeoNetwork components in their architecture, which can significantly relieve the load on the geographic information system when repeatedly performing certain specialized calculations and user requests

Includes data on species, families, orders, classes, orders, habitats and densities<...>Contains data on species, families, orders, classes, orders, habitats and population density<...>As a result of the module’s operation, three classes of land value are distinguished: –– red, if in the selected territory<...>edit data for an ordinary user); the second layer ensures the concealment of individual protected objects from unprivileged <...>The system is aimed at creating a new type of information and analytical methods for solving a wide class

Armenia is one of the oldest cradles of world civilization. In ancient times, Armenia was divided into Greater Armenia (Mets Hayk) and Lesser Armenia (Pokr Hayk), between which the Euphrates River flowed. Greater Armenia bordered in the north with the Albanian kingdom (Agvank), Colchis, Trapezont, in the south - with Syria, Mesopotamia, Assyria, in the east - with the Persian province of Atrapatakan and the Caspian Sea, in the west - with Lesser Armenia. Little Armenia bordered on Ponta Kapadovka in the north, and on Syria in the south.

In the Middle Ages, this group included only the class of secular and spiritual feudal lords.<...>“Anazats” were people who were politically unfree and unprivileged, “subjects”, i.e. people<...>The ruling class of society was the class of secular and spiritual feudal lords, who, together with the merchants, exploited

Ulrich Beck is a professor of sociology at the University of Munich, collaborating with the London School of Economics and Political Science and the Harvard School of Design. His publication is of interest because it touches on the key problem of the global pastoral: how is it possible and is it even possible to practically implement the idea of restoring harmonious relations between modern man and nature, and at the same time climate stability

taboo issues of everyday defense of politics and its support from below, from ordinary people of various classes<...>groups of countries can limit to some extent the effects of tornadoes, floods, etc., then others, unprivileged

The work of Columbia University professor Richard Wortman1 examines the role of symbolic representations in the rise and preservation of the Russian monarchy from the reign of Peter I to the abdication of Nicholas II. The author approaches the Russian monarchy as a symbolic system, which, while preserved as a whole, took different forms over time in order to adapt to new demands and take advantage of new opportunities. The work analyzes the dominant myths and the various forms of their expression in ceremonies. The study substantiates the importance of imagery and symbolism for maintaining the absolute monarchy and makes judgments about how this symbolism influenced the policy of the Russian monarchy.

Weber - first of all for themselves; and only then this mythology was assimilated" unprivileged layers<...>art to appropriate to itself the concept of "people" and declare this term inapplicable to the educated classes<...>If the European myth distanced the Europeanized elite from the lower classes, then the national myth, turning

Analysis of the influence of the creative class on the consolidation of Russian society. The position is substantiated according to which the creative class’s possession of the potential for social activity, its commitment to the value of social creativity and social self-realization determine its influence on the acceptance by Russian society of the value of social creativity as basic and influencing the formation of social development priorities.

P. 412. 11 Middle classes in Russia... P. 86.<...>importance is attached to “where a person works”, whether he belongs to representatives of privileged or unprivileged <...>Thus, we can consider that the creative class is a class “working for the future”, aimed at<...>This situation gives advantages to the creative class as a class devoid of group egoism, but complicates<...>class with power remain uncertain.

There are more than 200 million immigrants in the world, which is approximately 2.8% of the population. Of these, almost 15 million are Muslims living in the European Union (3.3% of its inhabitants). In the USA their number is half that. Moreover, about 500 thousand people arrive in Europe illegally every year, without documents. A large community formed after World War II, as Europe needed labor to rebuild its economy.

the situation of second and third generation immigrants; representatives of the middle class even appeared among them<...>As a rule, children of Muslim immigrants do not know English well and prefer to study in unprivileged <...>Every year it becomes more and more difficult for countries to provide social benefits to an already formed class

Oracle Security Through the Eyes of an Auditor: Attack and Defense

M.: DMK-Press

This book is the first study written by a domestic author, which is devoted to the problem of security of the Oracle DBMS. The material in the book is based on the author's practical experience gained through penetration testing and extensive research in the field of DBMS security. The book is structured in such a way that at first the reader is put in the shoes of a potential attacker and studies all possible ways to gain access to the database, including searching for new vulnerabilities and writing exploits. Having gained sufficient knowledge about the main vulnerabilities of the DBMS and the methods of penetration, the reader moves on to the second part of the book, which describes in detail methods for protecting the Oracle DBMS using both a secure configuration and adherence to standards (in particular, PCI DSS), and using additional security tools IB.

Firstly, even having unprivileged an account on the server on which the DBMS is installed can be<...>At the same time, it is more difficult to implement a buffer overflow class vulnerability than a PL/SQL class vulnerability<...>Now let's figure out how a function from the SYS package is called when it is launched on behalf of unprivileged <...>Thus, having gained access to the Oracle DBMS, unprivileged users to increase their privileges<...>user who started the DBMS (in Windows this is the administrator by default, in UNIX this is usually unprivileged

Preview: Oracle security through the eyes of an auditor attack and defense.pdf (0.9 Mb)

Relevance and goals. Provincial philistinism in class everyday life was a product of the legislative efforts of the authorities and the social creativity of the actors themselves, adapting “challenges” from above to the life circumstances of a particular locus of the empire. In this regard, the study of the everyday life of the largest urban class, considered in the context of a permanent dialogue with the authorities, is of undoubted scientific interest and makes it possible to discover such class interactions and egressions that held the class structure together until its liquidation in 1917. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved through the use of published documents, such as Memorable Books of the Simbirsk Province, stored in the Ulyanovsk Regional Scientific Library. The conclusions regarding the Samara province are based on a study of the funds of the petty-bourgeois government and the city Duma of the State Archive of the Samara Region and are presented in the monograph by the author of the article, which is left outside the scope of this work. The methodological potential includes: a comparative method that allows you to compare the bourgeois society of two Volga cities; a statistical method that makes it possible to numerically indicate the composition of the philistinism, and a historical-anthropological method that can be used to recreate the psychological characteristics of class everyday life. Results. Based on archival data for the Samara province, the author comes to a conclusion about the “golden age” of the philistines, meaning by this the close cooperation of the city’s burghers with the merchants of the third guild in the activities of the so-called six-vocal Duma and the emotional “dialogue” with the authorities of the philistines, reflected in the office documentation Samara. In Simbirsk, the degree of participation of the bourgeoisie in the affairs of the city within the boundaries of “city citizenship” was manifested to a lesser extent, but even in this case, the reform of city government in 1870 led to the fact that the bourgeoisie began to be forced out of the public life of the city by new social actors involved in the work All-Estate Duma. Conclusions. The “exodus” of the burghers from city government was predetermined by the City Regulations of 1870, which dealt a blow to communal relations among the urban class. The establishment of petty-bourgeois councils did not help the largest urban class consolidate its social world in the system of urban interactions.

But also among unprivileged, non-elite layers of the population at the level of interaction practices within society<...>If we proceed from the concept of the “middle class” as the “core of society”, “leveling out social extremes and<...>XIX century This is exactly what the “middle class” represented.

Analysis of the views of the mature K. Marx and F. Engels on the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as the main classes of capitalist society.

both in relation to actual classes and in relation to factions of classes.<...>class own2 Lenin V.I.<...>, class of capital owners.<...>The bourgeois class is the class of commanders, the class of rulers of the capitalist mode of production.<...>proletarians, or the upper and lower strata of the proletariat), ethnic criterion (for example, in England - the British and unprivileged

No. 8 [System administrator, 2005]

System Administrator magazine is the leading Russian industry publication for IT specialists. Its goal is to provide complete and objective information about the solutions, products and technologies of the modern IT industry. 90% of the articles in the magazine are of an applied nature, provided with examples, tables, and graphic material. That is why the System Administrator magazine is a reference guide for IT professionals and those who have decided to make a career in IT. Published since October 2002.

At the end you will need to enter the superuser password and also fill in the details unprivileged <...>By the way, for unprivileged user and FAT will be read-only - write<...>Although, if you have a great desire and strong nerves, you can achieve work on behalf of unprivileged <...>And thirdly, we will distinguish between “component class classMyComponent” and “component MyComponent of class classMyComponent<...>Working with component types (classes), as well as initiated classes (we will simply call them “components”

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The article reveals the problem of forming the ideal of practicality and efficiency in American social thought and pedagogy in the 20th century. The ideas of a number of American teachers are characterized.

Activities in this area have always been viewed in a society divided into opposing classes.<...>In 1907, the book “School Class Management” by W. K. Bagley was published, which was full of business terminology<...>What we can really agree with is the statement that Americans, who trace their ancestry back to unprivileged

Historical and social school education in the countries of the bourgeois West

M.: PROMEDIA

Children of the ruling and propertied classes receive intensive humane training, for it opens the way to<...>Children of the exploited classes receive the definition necessary for the functioning of the productive forces<...>labor productivity while increasing the level of general education of workers, nevertheless the ruling classes<...>B mass, unprivileged In school, general history is not taught at all. oluzhit, World History<...>/, or /and an almost undisguised tendency when it comes to lessons in high school.

classes

The concepts of a transformative curriculum, its didactic, epistemic and environmental rigidities are substantiated.

for children, i.e. students up to high school, in particular, he talks about programs for 4-6th and primary grades<...>enclosed in their ethics, language, literature, costume, etc., and social exclude the concept of life of the poor, unprivileged

The article makes an attempt to comprehensively consider the problem of alcohol consumption in Russia since the end of the 15th century, i.e. the beginning of the production of drinks by distillation, and until 1936, when new Soviet standards for alcoholic products were adopted. This problem includes three main components: manufacturing technology and production organization; legal regulation of production and sale (and its effectiveness); the history of the alcohol consumer himself. In most scientific works, these topics are considered separately from each other and within the framework of a specific historical period. In this article, the author, relying on the works of researchers, sought to consider the problem in the unity of its main components and over a significant chronological period.

I think the same can be said about taverns intended for unprivileged urban population<...>Book-Service»Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency 49 schools, Sunday schools and evening classes<...>houses - institutions of educational and leisure nature, which were supposed to become clubs for unprivileged <...>societies or trustees, were in demand, their leisure activities added variety to life unprivileged

No. 4 [Health and education in the 21st century. Electronic scientific and educational Bulletin, 2018]

Topical issues of therapy, cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, gastroenterology, general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, andrology, pediatrics, medical psychology, legal foundations of medical practice, etc. are covered.

American literary scholars believe that the main problems that F.M. Dostoevsky had concerns in journalism in the early and mid-60s of the 19th century, the same ones that were largely reflected in his novel Crime and Punishment (1866)

serfdom (1861) and during the heyday of the sixties, i.e. class of commoners, people from unprivileged

Related concepts

Thetas (ancient Greek θέτης), in ancient Athens, according to the reform of Solon, the fourth (after the pentakosiomedimni, horsemen, zeugites), the lowest qualifying group of the civilian population. It included citizens with an annual income from land of less than 200 medimn (1 medimn - from 41 to 52 liters of grain): small landowners, tenants, farm laborers, day laborers, and the urban poor. Feta was exempt from taxes. They served in the army as lightly armed soldiers, sailors, oarsmen, and performed non-combatant service. They had the right to participate in the national...

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (German: Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte) - the work of K. Marx. Written in December 1851 - March 1852. - the principle of social organization, which is an integral part of fascist philosophy. It is based on the belief that the division of society into classes is a positive and important aspect of civilization. In the words of Benito Mussolini, “Fascism affirms the irreparable, fruitful and useful inequality of men.” Given this premise, the fascists concluded that the preservation of the social hierarchy is in the interests of all classes, and therefore all classes must cooperate in its defense. Both classes...

Medical encyclopedia. Astrology. Feng Shui. Numerology

Estates in Russia in the 19th century - the class structure of society. Estates in Russia in the 19th century - class structure of society History of bureaucracy course of lectures

Formation of classes

Estates in Russia in the 19th century