1. Describe his research.
2. What is the reason for this trip.
Historical reference
James Cook - famous English navy, explorer, cartographer and discoverer.
Born in 1728 in Marton (Yorkshire) () in the family of a hired worker .. He died in 1779 during the battle with the Hawaiian islanders ..
He led three round-the-world expeditions to explore the oceans. During these expeditions he made a number of geographical discoveries. Examined and mapped:
Canada Coast a
Northern
Atlantic
australia
Indian
Zealand
MAP OF J.COOK'S AROUND THE WORLD EXPEDITIONS
Cook's first, second and third expeditions
Childhood and youth of James Cook
All childhood and youth of the future navigator passed in a cozy peasant house. However, at the time when little James went to a rural school, nothing foreshadowed that someday he would become a great navigator.
The father wanted to see his son as a merchant and gave him as an apprentice to a haberdasher. Thirteen-year-old James showed character, left the owner and was hired as a cabin boy on the Free-Love coal ship. But after a while he chose to leave the merchant navy and became a sailor in the Royal Navy. And two years later - the captain of his own ship, which plowed the waters around America.
First expedition (1768-1771)
In 1768, the Royal Society of London decided to send an astronomical expedition to the Pacific Ocean to observe the passage of the planet Venus through the disk of the Sun. After much debate, Lieutenant James of the Royal Navy was appointed head of the expedition.
Cook reconstruction.
"Endevora".
The expeditionary voyage of the Endeavor ship lasted three years from 1768 to 1771. Astronomical observations were carried out from the island of Haiti and were successful.
First expedition (1768-1771)
Observations of Venus were the main, but not the only task of the expedition. The British government was interested in the unknown "Southern Continent", on which it was supposed to discover unusually rich deposits of gold, silver and other minerals. Alas, nothing like Cook could be found.
First expedition (1768-1771)
But the captain found something completely different - the real Australia.
He discovered and mapped the Great Barrier Reef and identified New Zealand's insular position. All this made it possible to refine the map of the oceans and significantly expanded the geographical understanding of this part of the globe. Cook refuted claims that New Zealand is the northern tip of the "South Continent" and suggested that this continent is located in close proximity to the South Pole and is covered with ice. Now it is called Antarctica.
First expedition (1768-1771)
It has been proven that New Zealand is made up of
two islands, the strait between which is now called Cook's Strait (first passed March 9, 1770)
Cook was the first to study the nature of New Zealand and concluded that if Europeans set up a colony there, then in this fertile country, without much work and worries, they could grow everything they needed.
Cook explored and mapped the east coast of Australia. August 21, 1770 "Endeavour" rounded the northern tip of Australia, Cape York. On the east coast, Cook discovered a large bay, the shores of which he recommended as the best place for a large port; the site is now occupied by the city of Sydney.
James CookEnglish military
sailor, explorer,
cartographer and
discoverer.
Led three
expeditions to
world
oceans, two of which
were around the world.
During these
expeditions made
a number of geographical
discoveries
James
Cook
Three Expeditions of James Cook
Under the leadership of James Cook, three expeditions were made,greatly expanded people's understanding of our world.
First (red), second (green) and third (blue)
Cook's expedition
geographical discoveries
Explored and mapped little-known and rarely visited beforeparts of Newfoundland and the east coast of Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, West Coast of North America,
Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
Family life
James Cook was born inYorkshire (England) in 1728 in
farmer's family Carier start
He didn't get a decent education. In 1756, Cook entered
serve in the navy. In 1768 he received command of a ship
"Indever".
First circumnavigation of the world (1768-71)
official targetexpedition was
study
transits of Venus
through the disk of the sun.
However, in secret
orders received
Cook, him
prescribed
immediately after
completion
astronomical
observations
go to the south
latitude to search so
called Southern
mainland (also
known as Terra
incognita). Results of the first expedition
The main stated goal is to observe the transit of Venus
through the disk of the Sun - was performed, but the results
experiments were not useful due to inaccurate measurements,
caused by the imperfection of the equipment of that time.
The second task - the discovery of the southern mainland - was not
fulfilled, and, as is now known, could not be fulfilled
Cook in during the first voyage. (Southern mainland was
discovered by Russian sailors F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P.
Lazarev in 1820). The expedition also proved that the New
Zealand is two separate islands separated by
narrow strait (Cook Strait) and not part of an unknown
mainland, as previously thought. Managed to enter
a map of several hundred miles of the east coast of Australia,
until then, completely unexplored. Was opened
Strait between Australia and New Guinea. Botanists collected
large collection of biological samples.
Second circumnavigation of the world (1772-75)
Goalsexpeditions
Specific goals
put
Admiralty
before the second
Cook's expedition
not known.
It is only known
what's in the tasks
expeditions
included
continuation
research
southern seas.
Most definitely, Cook's persistent attempts to infiltrate
as far south as possible, they aimed to find the southern mainland.
It is unlikely that Cook acted in this way on the basis of personal
initiatives, so it seems very likely that
the discovery of the southern mainland was one of the goals of the expedition, although
nothing is known about such plans of the Admiralty. Third circumnavigation
swimming (1776-79) Expedition goals
Primary goal,
delivered
Admiralty before
Cook's third expedition,
- opening so
called the Northwest Passage -
waterway,
crossing
North American
continent and
connecting
Atlantic and Pacific
oceans. Expedition results
The main goal of the expedition is
opening of the Northwestern
pass - has not been reached.
The Hawaiian
islands, Christmas Island and
some other islands. From my last voyage
James Cook is no longer back
On February 14, 1779, a boat was stolen from one of the ships. This act
forced Cook to take the decision to take hostage the leader of the Hawaiians.
The islanders gathered with weapons to defend their leader,
provoked a fatal shot, which led to a skirmish in which
James Cook was killed.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
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Presentation on the topic: James Cook Kuznetsova Svetlana Nikolaevna teacher of geography, MBOU "Secondary School No. 2", Salekhard
2 slide
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October 27, 1728 in the family of a Scottish worker living in the village of Marton, was born James Cook, the fifth child in the family. When James was 8 years old, his parents sent him to school, where he studied the basics of writing and reading for five years. After completing his studies, he took a job as a farmer, the head of which was his father. And in the middle of 1746, his maritime career begins - James Cook becomes a cabin boy on a coal ship.
3 slide
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After working for almost 2 years on a coal ship, the future famous navigator is transferred to another ship, which belongs to the same shipowners - the Walker brothers. As the sailors noted, in voyages Cook devoted a lot of time to studying geography, mathematics and navigation. In 1755, the brothers of the shipowners offered the young navigator to become the head of one of their ships, to which James refused. Instead, he becomes a sailor on one of the British warships of the line, and after a month of service he seizes the next rank of boatswain.
4 slide
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During the Seven Years' War, in the second half of 1757, Cook confidently passed the master's exam, and soon received an assignment to the next warship, the Pembroke. During the capture of Quebec, he needed in practice all the knowledge that he had received during long voyages on a coal ship. He was supposed to lay a fairway line in the St. Lawrence River, which would allow English warships to pass to attack the enemy. With this rather responsible and difficult task, James Cook does an excellent job, thus making the Admiralty interested in his person.
5 slide
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It was this interest that played a fatal role in his future fate: after reviewing a bunch of candidates and numerous disputes, it was decided to appoint James Cook as the head of the astronomical expedition. Cook received the Endeavor ship at his disposal, and in 1768 he set off on a long voyage, later referred to as Cook's first expedition. From this moment begins his direct ascent to fame and recognition.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Under the leadership of James Cook, three expeditions were made that significantly expanded people's ideas about our world. (First (red), second (green) and third (blue) Cook's expeditions)
7 slide
Description of the slide:
First circumnavigation of the world, on the ship "Endeavor" Proved to be New Zealand. consists of two islands, the strait between which is now called Cook Strait (first passed on March 9, 1770) Cook was the first to study the nature of New Zealand and concluded that if Europeans set up a colony there, then in this fertile country, without much difficulty and worries, they can grow everything , what do you need. Cook explored and mapped the east coast of Australia. August 21, 1770 "Endeavour" rounded the northern tip of Australia, Cape York. On the east coast, Cook discovered a large bay, the shores of which he recommended as the best place for a large port; the site is now occupied by the city of Sydney.
8 slide
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9 slide
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The second round-the-world voyage, on the ships "Resolution" "Adventure" Cook was the first in history to cross the Antarctic Circle (January 17, 1773) and on February 17, 1773, the first European to observe the aurora borealis. Discovery of the Niuz Islands June 20 New Hebrides August 21, 1774, New Caledonia September 4, 1774, South Georgia January 14, 1775, the South Sandwich Islands archipelago in February 1775. Cook showed that all oceans are connected at latitudes south of Africa and America into one Southern Ocean, according to which he was the first to complete a full circle. When asked about the presence of a continent in the region of the South Pole of the Earth, Cook replied that if this continent exists, it is inaccessible due to ice fields and cannot be of particular benefit.
10 slide
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"Resolution" and "Adventure" in Matavai Bay (Tahiti). Painting.
11 slide
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Third voyage, on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" Discovery (re) of the Hawaiian Islands (January 18, 1778), surveying the northwestern coast of America from 54º N. latitude. up to 70º20´ N Cook managed to pass through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, but he did not manage to overcome the ice fields north of 74º41´N.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
"The Death of Captain Cook". Painting. Author - Sean Linehan The death of James Cook, the legendary navigator, came at the hands of the natives, being on his third expedition. During the scuffle, the British hastily began to retreat to their boats, and Cook, covering his people, did not have time to dodge the stone and he hit him in the head. For several days the team did not know about the fate of their commander. And then a group of natives on boats approached the ship, and held out the remains of their captain. On February 21, 1779, at sunset, the Resolution ship with half-mast flags saw off its commander on his last journey. The remains were given to the sea.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Obelisk dedicated to James Cook Statue of James Cook in Carnel (a suburb of Sydney) in the Hawaiian Islands.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Interesting Facts. The command module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after Endeavor, the first ship commanded by James Cook. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the moon was carried out. One of the "space shuttles" got the same name. Regarding the popular myth associated with the death of James Cook, the Russian poet and singer Vladimir Vysotsky wrote a playful song "One scientific riddle, or why the natives ate Cook." In honor of the traveler, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean was named; The archipelago received its name from the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, since Cook himself stayed on the islands of the Southern Group from 1773 to 1775.
15 slide
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16 slide
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The famous English navigator Cook is a respected person in Australia. In the heart of Melbourne, in Fitzroy Park, stands the house of Captain James Cook - the only house-museum in the whole country. Despite the fact that James Cook never lived in Australia - at least in his own house. This house was purchased by Sir Russell Grimwade and presented to the Australian people in 1934, when the 100th anniversary of the state of Victoria was celebrated. In England, the house was dismantled and taken to Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, where it was reassembled and carefully restored. Near it they laid out exactly the same garden that existed in England in the 18th century.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Song of Vladimir Vysotsky. And there was no catch or trick at all, They entered without knocking, almost without a sound, They launched a bamboo club - Bale! - right on the crown - and there is no Cook. But there is, however, still the assumption That Cook was eaten out of great respect. That the sorcerer was inciting everyone - a cunning and wicked one: - Atu, guys! grab Cook! Whoever eats it without salt and without onions, He will be strong, brave, kind, like Cook! - Someone came across a stone, - He threw it, viper, and there is no Cook. And now the savages are wringing their hands, Breaking spears, breaking bows, Burning and throwing bamboo clubs, Worrying that they ate Cook. Do not grab onto someone else's waist, Escaping from the arms of your girlfriends. Remember how the now deceased Cook sailed to the shores of Australia. As in a circle, sitting under azaleas, Ride from sunrise to dawn, Ate in this sunny Australia Friend to friend evil savages. But why did the natives eat Cook? For what - it is not clear - the science is silent. It seems to me a very simple thing: They wanted to eat - and ate Cook. There is an option that their leader - a large beech - Shouted that a very tasty cook on Cook's ship. The mistake came out - that's what science is silent about - They wanted a cook, but they ate Cook.
18 slide
slide 1
JAMES COOK (1728-1779)
The presentation on natural history was prepared by a student of the 5th grade of the secondary school No. 3 of the city of Svetly, the Kaliningrad region Rakovich Alexandra
slide 2
James Cook, (James Cook (English)) was born November 7, 1728 in the village of Marton, North Yorkshire, England - died February 14, 1779. on the island of Hawaii. British navigator, the largest explorer of Oceania, the first explorer of the Antarctic seas.
Captain James Cook posed for this portrait in London on 25 May 1776. Artist Nathaniel Dance
slide 3
slide 4
MAP OF J.COOK'S AROUND THE WORLD EXPEDITIONS
Cook's first, second and third expeditions
slide 5
In 1769 - 1776. made 2 voyages around the world, after which he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank for outstanding discoveries, from February 29, 1776 a member of the Royal Society of London. He was assigned to the Greenwich Observatory, but agreed to take part in the third expedition. The purpose of this new voyage was to find a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans from the Pacific Ocean. On the way across the Pacific Ocean, Cook made his main discovery - the Hawaiian Islands - where he later found his death.
Left to right: Daniel Solander, Joseph Banks, James Cook, John Hawksford and Lord Sandwich. Painting. Author - John Hamilton Mortimer, 1771
slide 6
Slide 7
All Cook's voyages were intended not only to subjugate the new lands to the British crown, but their full scientific description: astronomical and hydrographic measurements, ethnographic, botanical and zoological studies. Europeans first learned the words "kangaroo" and "taboo" from Cook's magazines.
In the edition of James Cook's second voyage magazine, European readers first saw the image of a kangaroo.
Slide 8
First circumnavigation of the world on the Endeavor
It has been proven that New Zealand consists of two islands, the strait between which is now called Cook Strait (first passed on March 9, 1770) Cook was the first to study the nature of New Zealand and concluded that if Europeans set up a colony there, then in this fertile country without much difficulty and worries will be able to grow everything you need. Cook explored and mapped the east coast of Australia. August 21, 1770 "Endeavour" rounded the northern tip of Australia, Cape York. On the east coast, Cook discovered a large bay, the shores of which he recommended as the best place for a large port; the site is now occupied by the city of Sydney.
Reconstruction of Endeavour.
Slide 9
The second circumnavigation of the world on the ships "Resolution" and "Adventure"
Cook was the first in history to cross the Antarctic Circle (January 17, 1773), and on February 17, 1773. the first European to observe the aurora borealis. Discovery of the Niue Islands June 20, New Hebrides August 21, 1774, New Caledonia September 4, 1774, South Georgia January 14, 1775, South Sandwich Islands in February 1775. Cook showed that all the oceans are connected at latitudes south of Africa and America into one Southern Ocean, along which he was the first to complete a full circle. When asked about the presence of a continent in the region of the South Pole of the Earth, Cook replied that if this continent exists, it is inaccessible due to ice fields and cannot be of particular benefit.
Slide 10
Third voyage, on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery"
Discovery (re-)of the Hawaiian Islands (January 18, 1778), surveying the northwest coast of America from 54º N. up to 70º20´ N Cook managed to pass through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, but he did not manage to overcome the ice fields north of 74º41´N.
slide 11
THE MEMORY OF J. COOK IS IMMORTALIZED IN COINS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
