The low-temperature fusion in the USSR fell victim to the clan struggle of officials, and now these ideas have been developed in the West in the form of the Rossi reactor. I dare to suggest that in the bowels of our planet there are all conditions for the low-temperature reaction of copper synthesis from nickel in a hydrogen atmosphere, experimentally carried out in a reactor.

"Not only theories and scientific hypotheses - these fleeting creations of the mind, but also precisely established new empirical facts and generalizations of exceptional value force us to remake and rebuild the picture of nature."

V. I. Vernadsky. Fav. cit., vol. I.

The invaluable ideas of our own compatriots now have to be bought at a high price from abroad in the form of products or technologies.

It turns out, alas, more than once in the history of science, that wonderful ideas and theoretical work done by compatriots find application abroad. There they are financed, developed, patented and returned to Russia in the form of foreign developments and technologies.

Let me remind you that Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences B. Deryagin was the first to obtain diamonds from a hydrogen-methane mixture at a pressure below atmospheric back in 1969. And this technology was developed in the West in the production of gem diamonds weighing up to 4 carats and film coatings from the C-H-O fluid system (the semiconductors of which represent the future of microelectronics)

A similar situation has been going on for half a century in the field of low-temperature reactions of element synthesis.

Works in the field of low-temperature thermonuclear I.S. Filimonenko

A rare invention enjoyed such political support in the USSR as the cold synthesis of elements proposed by I.S. Filimonenko, naturally, under the heading "Secret". The project was warmly approved by the leading academicians Keldysh, Kurchatov, Korolev and Marshal Zhukov. On July 23, 1960, N.S. Khrushchev and A.N. Kosygin signed the Decree of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR under the number 715296: "... Continue developing new principles for obtaining energy, new principles for obtaining traction without mass rejection and obtaining new principles of protection from nuclear radiation. Responsible for this program is the leading designer I.S. Filimonenko "

The essence of the work was to obtain heat by electrolysis of heavy water on palladium electrodes.

However, after the death of Korolev and Kurchatov, the resignation of Zhukov, all work was suspended. In 1967 Filimonenko was completely fired. Despite Kosygin's objections. The dismissal was supported by the then Secretary of the Central Committee, who was in charge of the defense industry, D. Ustinov, the main party ideologist M. Suslov, and General Secretary L. Brezhnev himself, who supported the resignation simply because of his dislike for Kosygin.

The main problem of thermonuclear

For the fusion reaction to proceed, it is necessary to "bring together" the nuclei of atoms, to overcome the Coulomb barrier - the mutual repulsion of equally charged bodies.

Scientists have been trying for 60 years to solve the problem "head on" - to create a temperature at which the kinetic energy of the nuclei is sufficient to bring them closer to a distance where the nuclear attractive forces become greater than the Coulomb repulsion forces. But this is possible at millions of degrees Kelvin. Then the probability of overcoming the Coulomb barrier due to tunneling becomes noticeable, and a self-sustaining thermonuclear reaction begins.

The second global problem lies in the colossal funds allocated for research and construction of Tokamaks-type reactors. This does not allow the development of alternative directions. And any invention or discovery in the field of thermonuclear fusion, which contradicts the established concept, is perceived "with hostility". And now, for 40 years, it has been possible to "strangle" the idea of ​​cold nuclear fusion.

nuclear age alchemist

Talented inventor Boris Vasilyevich Bolotov. At his country dacha, a working mock-up of a water and oil distillation station was made: water was supplied to it, and a branch pipe that dispensed hydrocarbons departed. Between them, inside a cabinet that looked like a washing machine, electromagnetic pulses were generated that divided the nucleus of an oxygen atom in a water molecule into two parts: a carbon atom and two heavy hydrogen (deuterium) atoms. The resulting carbon, together with the hydrogen detached from the water molecule, formed a hydrocarbon fuel molecule. The 2 kilowatt plant turned water into combustible gases, which were enough to power a 100 kilowatt machine. This was written by the newspaper "Arruments and Facts" No. 26, 2006.

Alfizika A.A. Kornilova

June 6, 2016 at a meeting of a permanent scientific seminar at the Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after A.M. Prokhorov, a report was made on the work of the Innovative
Center of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, and its head, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences A.A. Kornilova, about a new unique technology for the decontamination of liquid nuclear waste. The essence of the technology: specially prepared microbial cultures are added to a container with an aqueous solution of the radioactive isotope cesium-137, as a result, after 14 days (and not after 30.17 years - the half-life of 137Cs), its concentration decreases by more than 50%, simultaneously in solution the content of non-radioactive barium increases. That is, microbes are able to absorb radioactive cesium and convert it into non-radioactive barium. Alphysics in its purest form.

The discovery of the transmutation of chemical elements in natural biological cultures was made back in 1993; many independent tests of the technology were carried out in various scientific centers. Approbation passed in Chernobyl on different isotopes, i.e. the technology can be tuned to any composition of isotopes of specific liquid nuclear waste, the results have been repeatedly published in authoritative international and domestic scientific journals.

The conducted state expertise did not deal with a sophisticated laboratory technique, but with a ready-made industrial technology that has no analogues on the world market.

Rossi Reactor

Italian inventor Andrea Rossi, with the support of scientific consultant physicist Sergio Focardi, conducted an experiment:

A few grams of nickel (Ni) were placed in a sealed tube, 10% lithium aluminum hydride was added, a catalyst was added and the capsule was filled with hydrogen (H²). After heating to a temperature of about 1100-1300°C, paradoxically, the tube remained hot for a whole month, and the released thermal energy was several times higher than that spent on heating.

According to Focardi, “hydrogen was heated at a given temperature by a simple electric heater. When the ignition temperature was reached, the process of energy production began: hydrogen atoms penetrated into the nickel and transformed it into copper.

Skeptics of this invention abound even now.

Despite the apparent simplicity of the reactor design, the discovery was not easy. To conduct the experiment, the inventor did not take money from wealthy businessmen, but persuaded his wife to sell the house for 2 million euros, which indicates his conviction of commercial success.

Apparently, the fusion process in the Rossi reactor initially turned out to be unstable. When a certain temperature was reached, the nickel powder sintered and the reaction died out. The sintering temperature depended on the pressure, saturation of the metal with hydrogen, and grain size. Therefore, as the reactor was improved, the time of its uninterrupted operation increased from several hours to a month.

In my opinion, in the absence of gravity in space, the process of nickel powder sintering in a hydrogen atmosphere will not occur, therefore, the reactor must operate stably. Thus, it is possible to solve the energy problem of spacecraft and reduce the number of solar panels.

In 2014, Rossi demonstrated an already long-running installation. About 1 gram of hydrated nickel powder, lithium, and a secret catalyst were placed in an alumina ceramic tube. The reactor was heated using built-in resistors. Half of the total operating time (32 days) the device operated at the maximum reactor temperature of about 1250°C, and in the second half of the period - at ~ 1400°C. At the same time, in the first period of work, the authors estimate the ratio of the released heat to the heat consumed from the electrical network by the value of the energy self-reproduction coefficient (EC) of about 3.1, and about 3.7 in the second period. The accuracy of thermal measurements is assumed to be about 10%. The average released power in these two periods is estimated at about 1.6 and 2.3 kW.

For one of the shows, Rossi persuaded the president of the Swedish Society of Skeptical Scientists, Hanno Essen, and the chairman of the energy committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sven Kullander, to fly in. They had the opportunity to examine the E-Cat generator in detail before switching on, during operation and after. Both professors acknowledged the fact of receiving a large amount of excess thermal energy - in 6 hours the generator produced 25 kW, or about 4.4 kW / h. In addition, the Swedes received two samples of nickel powder - one unused and one that Rossi said worked for 2.5 months. Their analysis on a spectrometer in the laboratory of the university in Uppsala (Sweden) showed that almost all nickel-60 turned into nickel-62, and almost all lithium-7 into lithium-6, in addition, the second sample contains a number of other substances - 10 % copper and 11% iron.

“If copper is not one of the additives used as a catalyst, the copper isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu can only be obtained during the synthesis process,” Kullander said. The Swedish scientists concluded: “To obtain 25 kW from a 50 cm3 container, any chemical process must be excluded. There is only an alternative explanation for the fact of obtaining isotopes and measured energy. This is some kind of nuclear process, however, ionizing radiation was not recorded!

And the Russians do not sleep

Experiments on cold nuclear fusion are also being carried out in our country.

Fusion reaction in the bowels of our planet

The inner core of the Earth, according to the theory of V.N. Larin, is an iron-nickel hydride at a temperature of 5000-6000K and a pressure of 1.36 Mbar.

In fact, this is a giant Rossi reactor.

Getting into the crystal lattice of a metal (nickel) at a temperature significantly higher than the Curie point, a resonance occurs, and the ionized hydrogen atom combines spins with its neighbors, as a result of which the Coulomb barrier is overcome and the fusion reaction begins to proceed (28Ni + 1H (ion) = 29Cu + Q) . And it turns out that for the reaction to take place, temperatures of millions of degrees are not needed, thousands of degrees and the pressure that exists in the core of the planet are quite enough.

The idea of ​​a fusion reaction in the bowels of the Earth was prompted by a conversation with Eduard Ivanovich Teresa, from his works it follows: "Experimental and theoretical data indicate that the main source of the Earth's energy, which is the root cause of endogenous geodynamic and tectonic processes, is the fusion reactions occurring in the inner core planet, which consists of metal hydrides. Hydrogen flows of deep fluids (plumes) propagate from the earth's core and transfer to the surface the thermal energy of thermonuclear reactions. These hydrogen flows, due to the rotation of the Earth and the presence of Coriolis acceleration, twist in spirals in the outer liquid electrically conductive core of the Earth, which induces a dipole magnetic field.

There is a number of indirect evidence for the hypothesis that the LENR reaction occurs in the Earth's core: if the fusion reaction from nickel proceeds in the interior, then an increased content of copper should be observed in places of intense hydrogen degassing. This is what happens everywhere in the rift zones, especially on the mid-ocean ridges, around the "black smokers" there is an increased content of copper and its compounds.

A quantitative assessment of the released heat will be given in the article "The New Heat Balance of the Earth" after checking the mathematical model of the process.

Official science says that the internal heat of the Earth is obtained as a result of nuclear reactions of the decay of radioactive isotopes - U, Th, K in the earth's interior. But then the radiation level in rift zones and volcanoes should be several orders of magnitude higher than the background values, but this is not the case.

Since no significant change in the radiation background is observed during the LENR reaction, therefore, the flows of hydrogen from the depths (reaction coolant) are not radioactive.

There is very little time left before the great energy revolution. After Rossi's heat generators go on mass sale, the world will never be the same again. The process of low-energy nuclear fusion of copper from nickel in a hydrogen atmosphere, obtained in the Rossi reactor, takes place in the bowels of the Earth and is the main internal source of heat of the planet.

How much it costs to provide a private house with electricity and heat, the owners know firsthand.

In this article I want to share the latest news about the development of a new type of heat generator. The likelihood of an energy revolution, when gas and oil will be significantly squeezed out of the market, due to the transition to new ways of generating energy. Today, this is no longer illusory and unlikely, especially after the release of the first Rossi generator. It has been tested in two laboratories and the results of effectiveness in both laboratories are confirmed. Scientist Andrea Rossi has created a fundamentally new thermal generator for home heating.

The operation of the generator is based on cold nuclear fusion E-Cat (Energy Catalyzer), so the Italian experimenter Andrea Rossi developed environmentally friendly and cheap energy. The first such 1MW plant was sold in 2011. A one-megawatt reactor uses small amounts of nickel and hydrogen to produce constant thermal energy.

What is this innovative thermal reactor?

Andrea Rossi's heat generator, known as the E-Cat, is a device whose principle of operation does not quite fit into the ideas of classical science. Many associate the operation of the E-Cat reactor with a cold fusion reaction.

In fact, as the inventor himself describes it, the E-Cat is a reactor in which the process of transmutation of nickel into copper takes place. Nickel and hydrogen are used for the reaction. Nickel reacts with hydrogen through the use of a catalyst. The end product of the reaction is copper. The reaction itself is exothermic, i.e. passes with the release of heat. The amount of heat produced by the reactor is six times the cost of the equivalent amount of electricity needed to operate it.

The one-megawatt plant consists of individual E-Cat modules (from 52 to more than 100), each of which in turn is composed of 3 small cold fusion reactors. All modules are placed in a steel container with dimensions of 5m x 2.6m x 2.6m, which can be installed in any convenient place. The E-Cat reactor, unlike nuclear installations, does not use radioactive substances, so it is absolutely safe. In the worst case scenario, its core can overheat, which will simply lead to a reactor failure.

The efficiency of the Rossi generator is characterized by a ratio of 1:7 (100% at the input and 700% at the output) or more. According to Rossi himself, the cost of fuel (hydrogen and nickel) for the operation of a one-megawatt plant for six months will be only a couple of hundred euros. This means that providing compact home installations with fuel will be even cheaper. This equipment is serviced only once a year: the nickel capsule is changed. The cost of such an industrial plant is $2,000 per kilowatt. Small-sized E-Cat reactors for use in individual homes should be on sale by the end of this year.

Summing up

E-Cat Australia PTY LTD is currently building a network of dealers around the world to supply and install the E-Cat and make it available to the general public. Of course, no one can now accurately predict the future course of events. But let's fantasize.

If small-sized E-Cat units with a capacity of 10 kW become available in our country, this could radically change the position of owners of country houses, who are still forced to pay huge sums to energy companies for the supply of fuel resources needed to heat their homes. True, at the moment these installations can only be used to generate heat, but this alone would already be a significant budget savings and a contribution to the ecology of our planet!

You may have already read about Andrea Rossi's cold fusion reactor. This reactor is highly controversial and is widely regarded as a scam that does not deserve serious consideration and generally goes against the basic laws of nuclear physics. Nevertheless, there is more and more evidence that this reactor really works. And now a working reactor from Russia...

But first, a little history. I first heard about Andrea Rossi and his reactor in January 2011, when he held the first open demonstration of his device (E-Cat from the English energy catalyzer) at the University of Bologna. Since then I have been following this thread. Andrea Rossi does not disclose the details of the internal structure of the reactor, as it is a trade secret. Currently, all rights to this device belong to the American company Industrial Heat, where Rossi leads all research and development activities in relation to the reactor.

There are low temperature (E-Cat) and high temperature (Hot Cat) versions of the reactor. The first for temperatures around 100-200 °C, the second for temperatures around 800-1400 °C. The company has now sold a 1 MW low-temperature reactor to an unnamed customer for commercial use and, in particular, Industrial Heat is testing and debugging this reactor in order to begin full-scale industrial production of such power units. According to Andrea Rossi, the reactor operates mainly by the reaction between nickel and hydrogen, during which the nickel isotopes are transmuted with the release of a large amount of heat. Those. some isotopes of nickel pass into other isotopes. Nevertheless, a number of independent tests were carried out, the most informative of which was a test of a high-temperature version of the reactor in the Swiss city of Lugano. This test has already been written about.

On December 27, an article about the independent reproduction of the Rossi reactor in Russia was published on the E-Cat World website. The same article contains a link to the report "Study of an analogue of the high-temperature heat generator of Rossi" by physicist Parkhomov Alexander Georgievich. The report was prepared for the All-Russian Physics Seminar "Cold Nuclear Fusion and Ball Lightning", which was held on September 25, 2014 at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.

In the report, the author presented his version of the Rossi reactor, data on its internal structure and tests. The main conclusion: the reactor really releases more energy than it consumes. The ratio of released heat to consumed energy was 2.58. Moreover, for about 8 minutes the reactor operated without any input power at all, after the supply wire burned out, while producing about a kilowatt of thermal power at the output.

SUPPLEMENT (15.01.15)

Main conclusions:

• Work continues, new tests are carried out, the effect of excess heat is repeated.
• A number of calibration tests were carried out with electric heaters and a reactor without fuel. In this case, as expected, the released thermal power is equal to the input electric power.
• The main problem at the moment is the local overheating of the reactor, due to which the heating coil burns out and even the reactor itself can burn through (although the melting temperature of the corundum ceramics from which it is made is over 2000C). This does not yet allow for sufficiently long tests.

SUPPLEMENT №4 (20.03.2015)

The following message appeared on the CTY and CMM website on March 19:

A.G. Parkhomov managed to make a long-term operating reactor with pressure measurement. From 23:30 on March 16, the temperature is still holding. Photo of the reactor.

Finally, it was possible to make a long-running reactor. The temperature of 1200°C was reached at 11:30 p.m. on March 16 after 12 hours of gradual heating and has been holding up to this day. Heater power 300 W, COP=3.
For the first time, it was possible to successfully mount a pressure gauge in the installation. With slow heating, the maximum pressure of 5 bar was reached at 200°C, then the pressure decreased and at a temperature of about 1000°C it became negative. The strongest vacuum of about 0.5 bar was at a temperature of 1150°C.

With long continuous operation, it is not possible to add water around the clock. Therefore, we had to abandon the calorimetry used in previous experiments, based on measuring the mass of evaporated water. The determination of the thermal coefficient in this experiment is carried out by comparing the power consumed by the electric heater in the presence and absence of the fuel mixture. Without fuel, a temperature of 1200 ° C is reached at a power of about 1070 watts. In the presence of fuel (630 mg of nickel + 60 mg of lithium aluminum hydride), this temperature is reached at a power of about 330 watts. Thus, the reactor generates about 700 W of excess power (COP ~ 3.2). (Explanation by A.G. Parkhomov, a more accurate COP value requires a more detailed calculation)

Andrea Rossi

Andrea Rossi is an inventor and scientist with many patents. His focus is on alternative fuels, particularly clean, recycled, waste, and LENR (cold nuclear fusion) technologies. He is the inventor of the E-Cat and the Rossi effect.

EARLY YEARS

Andrea Rossi was born in Milan, Italy on June 3, 1950. His father Luigi owned a metal workshop in Milan and Andrea spent many hours there as a child. All metal working tools were available to him, and he learned to use a welding machine, hydraulic machines, lathes, and other power and hand tools. He worked with his hands and could do what he wanted to do. At school, he especially enjoyed playing sports. He ran very well and he set a new youth world record in the 24-hour run. He set the record in 1969, at the age of 19. The following year, he went on to become the Italian champion in cross country. His understanding of physics became evident at school where he excelled in physics as well as chemistry.

Patents and publications

One of Rossi's first patents was awarded in 1974, a year after he graduated from the University of Milan. In 1977, in order to protect his intellectual property, he applied for a patent for a filter cleaner that would operate at high temperatures to purify the air. In 1978 he published the book Waste Incineration and Smoke Cleanup. This book is still a textbook at the Polytechnic Institute of Milan, used in chemistry courses.

Rossi also adapted to the family business in order to manufacture the equipment he patented. The workshop of the family, called "La Metallotecnica", became the base for the first major business of the enterprise. In a recently reconstructed factory, he created his incinerators. From the very beginning, Rossi's goal was to reduce waste and pollution, and to produce clean energy. Today, he and his company have E-CAT related patents.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY – LENR

Rossi later moved on to other research into alternative energy sources. In addition, he began working with Sergio Focardi to create a device that would supply energy using low energy nuclear reactions (LENR).

Andrea Rossi with Sergio Focardi Photo: Frederico Borella

This type of energy production was first demonstrated by Fleishman and Pons in 1989. While "cold fusion" was greeted by the media and some scientists, the fact that other researchers were unable to replicate the reaction soon came to be considered pseudoscience. Since then, over 3,500 journal articles, white papers and books have shown examples of excess heat production in LENR processes around the world. Many government organizations and companies such as NASA, Toyota, and Boeing are currently working on this advanced technology.

In his early research and experiments back in 2007, Rossi noticed that the device was actually creating energy, not just producing fuel. At this point, he began to explore ways to use the device to create energy.

WORKING E-CAT

In January 2011, Rossi and Focardi demonstrated for the first time the small LENR E-Cat at a conference. It produced excess heat. A month later, Sergio Focardi told journalist Mats Lewan: “When you achieve results it's nice to be able to talk about them. What’s more, I’m 78 years old and I can’t wait very long.” They also showed a large, 1 MW industrial prototype in October 2011. Some of those who watched the demonstrations were skeptical, while others decided to study the samples more closely. Since the first official demonstration in 2011, several participant reports have been published: most recently in October 2014 when six international scientists conducted a 32-day test at an independent laboratory in Lugano, Switzerland. The total net energy received during the 32-day operation was about 1.5 MW. The report said.

18/10/2014 20:53

On October 8, 2014, independent researchers from Italy and Sweden completed the verification of Andrea Rossi's E-CAT device for generating electricity based on a cold fusion reactor. In April-March of this year, six professors studied the operation of the generator for 32 days and measured all possible parameters, and then processed the results for six months. As a result of the audit, a report was published. The facility includes between 52 and 100 or more individual E-Cat "modules", each consisting of 3 small internal cold fusion reactors. All modules are assembled inside a conventional steel container (5m x 2.6m x 2.6m) that can be installed anywhere. Delivery by land, sea or air is possible. According to the commission's report, the E-CAT generator does indeed produce a huge amount of heat - in 32 days it produced more than 1.5 megawatt-hours of energy. In the device itself, the isotopic composition of “combustible” materials changes, that is, nuclear reactions occur. However, unlike widely used nuclear fission reactors, the E-Cat cold fusion reactor does not consume radioactive substances, does not release radioactive emissions into the environment, does not generate nuclear waste, and does not carry the potential hazards of melting the reactor shell or core. The plant uses tiny amounts of nickel and hydrogen as fuel. The first public demonstration of E-CAT took place in January 2011. Then she came across complete denial and disregard by academic scientific circles. Suspicions of falsification were supported by a number of considerations: firstly, Rossi is not a scientist, but an engineer who graduated from a non-professional university; secondly, he was followed by a trail of prosecutions for unsuccessful projects, and thirdly, he himself could not explain from a scientific point of view what was happening in his reactor. The Italian patent agency issued a patent for Andrea Rossi's invention after a formal (non-technical) examination, and the international patent application received a negative preliminary withdrawal due to the likely "contradiction with the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories", in connection with which the application should have been supplemented with experimental evidence or a solid theoretical foundation based on modern scientific theories. Then a number of other shows and tests took place, during which Rossi could not be convicted of fraud. In the last test in March-April of this year, as stated, all possible comments were taken into account. The professors concluded the report by saying: “It is certainly not satisfactory that these results still have no convincing theoretical explanation, but the result of the experiment cannot be dismissed or ignored just because of a lack of theoretical understanding.” - For almost two years it was not clear where Rossi had gone. Opponents of "cold fusion" rejoiced. In their opinion, the swindler failed where he was supposed to. They assured that Andrea Rossi did not know the basics of theoretical physics and was doomed to failure due to his incredible ignorance, - says Vasily Koltashov, head of the Center for Economic Research of the IGSO. - I remember how in 2013 at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, under the guise of a journalist, I asked the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Fortov what he thought about the prospects for cold nuclear transmutation and the work of Russia. Fortov replied that all this did not deserve attention and had no prospects, but only traditional nuclear power had them. It turns out that's not the case at all. Everything turns out as we predicted in the report "Energy Revolution: Problems and Prospects for World Energy". The old energy industry will have to die and no “shale revolution” will save it. With the reduction in the cost of electricity generation, there will be an opportunity for a leap in the automation of production, the introduction of robots. The entire world economy will change. But the first, apparently, will be the United States. And all why? Because they are poorly versed in theoretical physics, but they strive to reduce production costs and increase profitability. But Rossi will not put an end to the energy revolution, everything is just beginning. There will be other breakthroughs. Meanwhile, the American company Lockheed Martin Corp announced on the eve of its technological breakthrough in the field of practical use of controlled thermonuclear fusion technology. In the next decade, she promises to present a commercial sample of a compact fusion reactor, and the first prototype should appear in a year. http://rabkor.ru/news/2014/10/17/e-cat