The collapse of the USSR is a catastrophe of the twentieth century and Mikhail Leontiev presents his opinion on this tragedy. The Soviet elite's betrayal of its people and state was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the twentieth century.
A great and powerful country, as they used to say in the West - a superpower, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist. The country that defeated Hitler's Germany and Japan in World War II, the state opposing the strongest state on the planet, the United States, so ingloriously ended its existence on the eve of the 21st century! What are the causes of this tragedy? What were the consequences of the crash? Soviet Union!!!
Of course, reforms were needed in the USSR, no one even argues with this ... The outdated development model prevented the Soviet Union from competing for world markets in the fight against such giants of the economy as the USA, Germany, Japan, and many other Western countries. But not only the economy was an obstacle, the amorphous CPSU with pensioners who were unable to keep up with the times and adequately perceive the much-needed changes in the system, solve structural problems in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union.
By the 1980s, Stalin's breakthrough industrialization had exhausted its full potential, and even in the earlier period there was inertia in moving forward. Mikhail Leontiev clearly points to the development of a systemic crisis in the historical context of the Soviet state. And even the main problem of the collapse of the USSR was not the betrayal of the elite and the lack of its reforms, but the fact that evolution turned into stagnation and deformation of the political system. But this is both the highest party nomenclature and its power unit - the secret services of the USSR, among which the widely known KGB.
And the isolation from the people of the "people's" power? These separate party, canteens, sanatoriums, holiday homes, trips abroad, various shortages and much, much more! The people, the common people, for the most part, did not have this ... In fact, there was a social stratification of society and the sense of justice of a simple man in the street came to naught. Even in the education of their children, the Soviet elite, and this is the party elite of the CPSU, sought to stand apart. As an example, MGIMO! Accustomed to living in a "big way", naturally wanted to live even better, knowing how they really live abroad. Yes, shopping in the Soviet "Beryozki" sharply distinguished them from the workers and peasants!
It is difficult to suspect the host of the “However” program of fanaticism or even strong sympathy for the Soviet Union, but the fact remains that it was a powerful global empire, with its sphere of influence, its vassals, and its charisma. Indeed, having preserved the integrity of this superpower through thoughtful reforms, the current reality of Russia, and indeed of all the countries of the former Soviet republics, was different! And so, to surrender positions in the world, won by the way by the hard work and blood of many millions of Soviet workers, of course, is criminal and the court of history will still have its say.
The ground for the advent of perestroika was prepared before the advent of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev. So what happened in 1991? What happened in the Soviet Union just before the collapse of this state? Have the political processes started 20 years ago come to an end?
The corridor of opportunities for a free Russia is negligible compared to the USSR. The looting and theft of the property of the Soviet Union inherited by Russia from the democratic choice of the property has brought and will still bring its bitter fruits. We can only hope that having studied the mistakes of the past, we will not repeat them in our Russian future.
Political scientist, TV journalist Mikhail Leontiev presents his opinion. And we can only comment on what we saw and read. Do you agree with the opinion of Mikhail Leontiev?!
2011 passes in Russia under the sign of man-made disasters
Four accidents of civil airliners, the death of the river ship "Bulgaria" (the first accident with human casualties on the river fleet since 1983), four accidents of combat aircraft and helicopters of the Russian Air Force, the death of the space transport ship "Progress" - all this suggests a systemic cause for these tragedies.
The Soviet People's Commissar of Railways Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich is credited with the phrase: "Every accident has a name, patronymic and surname" . He put this principle at the basis of investigations into frequent accidents on the railway at that time. The question that the investigators had to answer now was not “why did this happen?”, but “who is to blame for the fact that this happened?” Whatever happened accident or catastrophe, there always had to be a person who could be held accountable for it.
According to the idea of the “iron commissar”, such an approach was supposed to increase discipline and a sense of responsibility among the employees of the NKPS, partially compensating for the loss of qualified personnel, who were swept by a rink of repression.
The principle put forward by Kaganovich became widespread in the Soviet Union. He really liked the ruling bureaucracy, because it significantly simplified their lives.
After any accident, now it was not necessary to thoroughly dig into its causes, draw conclusions, take measures, sometimes very significant, it was enough just to find and punish the “guilty”. The problem is that not every technical accident has a specific culprit.
Test pilot Hero of the Soviet Union Mark Lazarevich Gallai in his memoirs described the investigation of a plane crash that occurred in the late 30s at the TsAGI airfield near Moscow. The landing fighter caught on a power line running along the airfield and crashed. The pilot, fortunately, survived.
The pilot was found not guilty - it was almost impossible to notice thin wires in the rays of the setting sun, the builders of the line were also not to blame - it was laid long before the airfield appeared in these parts. It was impossible to blame the airfield services either - the line was located on the territory belonging to another department, and they could not do anything with it. As a result, in the column "the specific culprit of the accident" appeared the entry proposed by Gallai - "downward air flow"
« For a good two years - until the very beginning of the war - then this downward stream pursued me! A rare meeting did not mention my humble person as deeply mired in rotten liberalism, nepotism, unscrupulousness and other sins, only because of which, it turns out, our glorious team did not manage to put an end to accidents until then! What can I say, if we ignore the form of these reproaches and the enviable constancy with which they were pronounced for a long time, there were, of course, grounds for them. We slandered the downward stream in vain.
But it is really very difficult to name the specific culprit of the incident, regardless of additional psychological circumstances.».
Meanwhile, in world practice, another method of investigating man-made accidents and catastrophes is well known, in the course of which the question of guilt is not raised at all.
The main task of investigators here is to identify the causes of the incident - both direct and indirect. And the result of the investigation is the development of recommendations, the implementation of which helps to avoid the recurrence of similar disasters in the future. It is these principles that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends for investigating air crashes.
“In accordance with the standards and recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization, this report is issued for the sole purpose of preventing aircraft accidents. The investigation conducted as part of this report is not intended to establish any share of fault or responsibility.”
It is this inscription that appears on every investigation report conducted in accordance with ICAO requirements. Moreover, this rule is observed even when in the course of the investigation it would be possible to lay responsibility on a specific person. Let's take a concrete example.
In 1985, a plane flying from Taiwan to the United States suddenly got out of control. The huge Boeing 747, spinning and turning over, fell from a height of 11,000 meters. When less than two kilometers remained to the surface of the water, the pilots managed to regain control and transfer the airliner to normal flight. With great effort, they landed the damaged car safely at the San Francisco airport.
While the public and journalists vied with each other to admire the courage and skill of the pilots, investigators from the NTSB (US National Transportation Safety Bureau) began to search for the cause of the incident, which almost turned into a great tragedy.
The preliminary results of the investigation stunned everyone. It turned out that the plane was in perfect working order, and the erroneous actions of the crew themselves became the cause of the loss of control.
If the investigators were guided by the precepts of the "iron commissar", then this would be the end of the matter - the Chinese pilots would be in the dock.
But the NTSB experts asked the following question - why did experienced, well-trained pilots make such a mistake? We checked the pilot training system, their observance of the prescribed rest standards, their state of health and did not find any deviations. But the investigators drew attention to the previous flights of this crew. It turned out that in the 10 days preceding the emergency flight, the pilots had to repeatedly cross time zones with a difference of up to 18 zones per day. The result was a serious disruption of the crew's daily biorhythms, which led to a decrease in attention, fatigue and, as a result, led to an error.
Here is an example of the exact opposite. In 1986, at the Kuibyshev airport, a Tu-134 crashed while flying from Sverdlovsk to Grozny. 66 passengers and 4 crew members were killed. As established during the investigation, the cause of the disaster was the human factor - the crew commander argued (!!!) with his colleagues that he would be able to land the airliner "blindly", guided only by instruments. After that, he pulled the windows of the pilot's cabin with special curtains and took the plane to the ground. Alas, his skill was not enough to win the bet. The culprit, who survived, was sentenced by the court to a long term of imprisonment. It would seem that the culprit was found and punished. But for some reason, none of the investigators paid attention to the fact that the commander's criminal actions did not meet with any resistance from the rest of the crew members. Both the co-pilot and the navigator saw the plane rushing towards death and ... did nothing. Nobody drew conclusions from this tragedy either, and it repeated itself.
In 1992, the same Tu-134 liner came in for landing at Ivanovo airport. The crew commander unexpectedly undertook a series of risky maneuvers, lost control, which led to a catastrophe and the death of all on board. During the investigation, a reasonable assumption was made that at the time of the landing approach, the commander experienced a heart attack and lost understanding of what was happening. But neither the co-pilot nor other crew members, as in Kuibyshev, took any measures to correct the mistake.
The catastrophe that occurred in June 2011 in Petrozavodsk is very reminiscent of the above examples. The investigation is ongoing, but already now many experts are talking about a crew error that no one tried to fix. If the correct conclusions had been drawn after the 1986 disaster, the tragedies in Ivanovo and Petrozavodsk could have been avoided.
An investigative method that brings to the fore the question "why did this happen?" is not exclusively Western know-how. It was successfully used in the creation of domestic space and rocket technology. In this area, the Soviet leadership gave a kind of “carte blanche” to a team of enthusiastic designers and engineers.
Although accidents and catastrophes of Soviet missiles were usually kept silent, in reality they were and there were many of them. As noted in his recent interview with RIA Novosti, one of the closest employees of S.P. Koroleva Academician B.E. Chertok: " In Soviet times, there were ten times more accidents and catastrophes. I myself am a participant, so to speak, in the organization of such disasters..
So, during the tests of the R-16 ballistic missile, out of the 12 first launches, 11 were unsuccessful, including the catastrophe on October 24, 1960, when 126 people died after the explosion at the start, led by the first commander-in-chief of the Strategic Missile Forces, Chief Marshal of Artillery M.I. Nedelin.
But even after such a catastrophe, no punishment followed - L.I. Brezhnev told the rocket men, stunned with grief: “We will not punish anyone” ...
Rocketeers were allowed to figure out the reasons for their failures themselves, to investigate accidents and catastrophes without regard to the "Kaganovich rule", and this became one of the most important components of the success of domestic rocket technology and astronautics. The rockets created in those years - R-7 ("Soyuz"), Ur-500 ("Proton") are still the main "workhorses" of Russian and world cosmonautics.
The withdrawal of the entire industry from the principle “every accident has a name, patronymic and surname” has produced amazing and brilliant results.
It would seem that with the collapse of the Soviet system of governance, the “Kaganovich rule” should have naturally died out. But in early XXI century, he seemed to have a second wind. The principle “every accident has a name, patronymic and surname” turned out to be very convenient for officials in the conditions of the modern information space, when society begins to demand an answer about the causes of the next disaster. It is much easier to name a specific culprit, and not just to name - to condemn and punish, than to find out in detail the real factors that led to the accident and take measures to prevent their repetition.
In modern Russian society, two myths are quite widespread - “this has never happened before” and “strict punishment of the guilty helps” - and both play into the hands of officials.
As an example, consider the history of the creation of a new intercontinental ballistic missile for submarines "Bulava". It should be noted that this is the first such rocket with a solid propellant engine. It was natural to expect that problems would arise during its tests - for that, tests are carried out in order to find and correct these problems.
The first four launches are successful, but then a series of failures begins - out of seven subsequent launches, one is recognized as completely successful, two more are partially successful, and four are emergency. If we compare these figures with the now published data on tests of previous missiles, both ours and Americans, then there is nothing unusual in such a distribution of results. But the Russian public demands to find and punish those responsible. "Mace" becomes almost a symbol of the crisis in the domestic defense industry. And the reaction of the authorities follows - in the summer of 2009, the creator of the rocket, the general designer of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, academician Yuri Solomonov, was dismissed.
Did it help? No. The next launch of the Bulava is also unsuccessful. But each of the unsuccessful launches gave the designers invaluable information needed to refine the missiles. The outstanding Soviet designer Alexei Isaev said that "an unsuccessful launch gives ten times more information than a successful one."
A turning point came in the tests of the Bulava. The next four launches, including two from the regular carrier - the newest submarine cruiser "Yuri Dolgoruky" were successful. Now the preparations for launching the rocket into serial production are in full swing.
And now imagine that the strict measures taken against the creators of the Bulava would have been applied before. Let's say to S.P. Korolev (the first 9 launches of the R-7 rocket were emergency), to M.K. Yangel (7 accidents out of 9 first launches of the R-36 rocket), etc. We would have nothing to celebrate on April 12...
On March 22, 2010, a Tu-204-100 liner crashed while landing at Domodedovo Airport. Fortunately, there were no passengers on board, and the crew members, although injured, survived. The investigation showed that the cause of the crash was a gross error of the pilot - he decided to land, although the weather conditions of the airfield did not match his qualifications.
It would be nice to figure out what made the pilot violate strict flight rules, but why, if the culprit is found. On March 30, 2011, the Domodedovo Court sentenced the pilots of the airliner to a year of probation and forbade them to approach the helm of the aircraft for two years. The court did not take into account either the petitions of the pilots' union, or the fact that all the victims (crew members of the crashed airliner) asked to stop the criminal prosecution of the pilots. Kaganovich's principle worked to the full.
And on June 21, 2011, a Tu-134 crashed while landing at Petrozavodsk Airport, the pilots of which, for unknown reasons, decide to land in thick fog. The victims of the disaster were 44 people. If not only legal, but also practical conclusions had been drawn from the accident at Domodedovo, a new catastrophe might have been avoided.
In December 2010, an accident occurred during the launch of the Proton rocket, which was supposed to put satellites of the Glonass system into orbit. The Russian prosecutor's office zealously takes up the investigation (although previously only specialists were involved in this) and initiates a criminal case. The result of the application of the “Kaganovich principle” where it was not applied even in the Soviet years was the emergency launch of the Progress spacecraft in August of this year.
The fact is that it is impossible to simultaneously punish the guilty and eliminate the objective causes of accidents and human errors. The logic of people's behavior during these processes is completely different and it is impossible to combine them.
But what about responsibility, the reader will ask. Will the people whose mistakes cause disasters go unpunished? But what is more important - to punish the perpetrator of a particular catastrophe that has already occurred, or to prevent the possibility of a recurrence of a similar one in the future?
Each accident, each catastrophe should not become a reason for loud statements and criminal cases, but for long and painstaking systematic work, the result of which is invisible to the naked eye, because this result is the absence of new disasters for the same reasons. Officials need to remember that in addition to the responsibility to “punish” and “put things in order”, there are also responsibilities for management and organization. Punishing is easy, making sure that there is no one to punish and nothing for is much more difficult.
And nothing new needs to be discovered. It is only necessary to take advantage of foreign and domestic experience and, for a start, forget the “Kaganovich rule”.
Special for the Centenary
Iosif Vissarionovich, your doctor has come to see you.
- Why did you come!? They could have brought such a respected person,
Comrade Beria!
- Yes, sure. But when we last tried to bring it ourselves,
he had a heart attack.
The surname characterizes the person. e.g. stalin - steel
- Stalin was a cliche, actually
- seriously?
- yes, and Lenin's last name was Ulyanov
- what do they have role-playing games were?
- well, they played dwarfs, Tolkien was re-read. balin, dvalin, torin, lenin, stalin....
Who was Hitler then?
- racial elf...
Prediction.
The time will come, the Kremlin will shudder,
And roaring with his walls, he will open a passage in the wall,
And there?.....
Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin are standing in the aisle laughing wildly!
And Stalin mutters, smiling with pleasure, stuffing tobacco into his pipe,
Well, what can I say Comrade Lenin! The country was pissed off, here's a lesson for you.
Well, you are my friend! Lenin will answer him, correcting the red party badge,
Now we’ll fix it, there would be doubts, we’ll rot, we’ll ruin it, we’ll throw it in boiling water.
Wait, who's coming? With a trembling voice, the guard standing in the frost will exclaim,
Who..who? Yes, I'm going to fight, Comrade Lenin! Yes, there is still Vissarionovich with me.
Oh my God! Lenin! As soon as the guy exclaims, urine is already flowing into the boot from horror,
My dear, tell me, my dear, but what the hell is a flag not the color of a calabash?
Prophet (22:11:58): According to the SBU, the court stated that Joseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili), Vyacheslav Molotov (Skryabin), Lazar Kaganovich, Pavel Postyshev, Stanislav Kosior, Vlas Chubar and Mendel Khataevich committed the crime of genocide under the Criminal Code Ukraine.
At the same time, the court closed the criminal case in connection with their death.
Vovano (22:12:40): Ukraine
Prophet (22:12:45): I'm shocked to be honest
Vovano (22:12:47): welcome)
Prophet (22:13:20): sue Napoleon for spoiling the harvest in 1812 when he passed by
xxx
do you have a middle name
yyy
Which
xxx
in passport
yyy
Fatherland maybe you mean citizenship
xxx
surname
yyy
I don’t understand you. For example, what can it be
xxx
last name, first name, damn, and patronymic.
xxx
what is the father's name?
Subject last name first name middle name
The most common surname Derevyannikov and such an unusual patronymic Sirach
Nasrulovich.
The wife, when the second time he made out, could not stand it, he did not turn
probably got used to the attention.
At the institute, he and she Borshchev and Pokhlebkina on this topic love and
upset.
"Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin will be deprived of the title of" honorary
citizen of Budapest" a few days before May 1, when Hungary will enter
to the European Union, according to Reuters.
http://newsru.com/arch/world/01apr2004/stalin.html
Of course, I knew that the Hungarians and the Finns were once one people and have
similar language (Finno-Ugric group).
But I could not even imagine that they remained so close in
slowness ....
I once read interesting story from the career of L. I. Brezhnev, which,
maybe not many people know: In 1950, Joseph Vissarionovich allegedly accidentally
met the young and handsome Brezhnev in the Hall of Columns in Moscow and received
for the soloist of the Moldovan ensemble "Zhok", who had just performed on stage.
Accompanying Stalin, Secretary Poskrebyshev tried to tell him that
this young man is not a Moldovan at all, but the first secretary
Dnepropetrovsk Regional Party Committee. "You are behind the times, comrade
Poskrebyshev, "Stalin replied. The next morning, Leonid Ilyich woke up first
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Moldova.
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еУМЙ ЙУИПДЙФШ ЙЪ ФПЗП, ЮФП РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛПЕ ТХЛПЧПДУФЧП уПЧЕФУЛПЗП уПАЪБ ЧЩРПМОЙМП УЧПЙ ПВСЪБООПУФЙ РП РПДЗПФПЧЛЕ УФТБОЩ Л ПВПТПОЙФЕМШОПК ЧПКОЕ (УН. РТЙМПЦЕОЙС), ФП ФПЗДБ, ТБУУХЦДБС МПЗЙЮЕУЛЙ, РПМХЮБЕФУС, ЮФП ЗМБЧОЩН ЧЙОПЧОЙЛПН РПТБЦЕОЙК 1941-1942 ЗЗ. SCHMSEFUS CHPEOOPE THLPCHPDUFCHP uuut, ZPCHPTS VPMEE LPOLTEFOP, FPZDBYOYK UPCHEFULYK ZEOETBMYFEF.
ChRTPYUEN, FBLBS UYFKHBGYS YNEMB UCHPY YUFPTYUEULYE BOBMPZY. h YUBUFOPUFY, BOBMPZYUOPE RPMPTSEOYE DEM YNEMP NEUFP Y H GBTULPK tPUUY LBL OBLBOHOE, FBL Y CH IPDE RETCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH. LBL PFNEYUBM CH UCHPYI NENKHBTBI BOINBCHYKUS CH 1915-1917 ZZ. CHPRTPUBNY FSHCHMPCHPZP UOBVTSEOYS ABOUT TBMYUOSCHI HYUBUFLBI THUULP-ZETNBOULPZP ZHTPOFB y. e. dBMEE TO PFNEUBM:
"LBL UBNPE PVEEE RTBCHYMP, OBYB TPFB VIMB OENEGLHA TPPHKH, RPML VYM RPML, U DYCHYYEK DEMP PVUFPSMP HCE IHCE, B DBMSHY YUEN CHCHPKULPCBS EDYOYGB, FEN VPMSHIE X OBU VSHCHMP YTBUPCHOY OB RP y FBLYI ZHBLFPCH NPTsOP UDEMBFSH BLMAYUEOYE, UFP GENERAL CHCHUYEE LPNBODPCHBOYE RP LBYUEUFCHH HUFHRBMP RTPFICHOYLH. pDYO VSHCHCHYK OBYUBMSHOIL YFBVB PDOPC YЪ BTNYK about. O. uFPZCH, URPTS UP NOK CH 20-I ZPBI CH rBTYCE, FEN OE NEOEE, CHSHCHULBMBM UHTSDEOYE, LPFPTPE S IPTPYP BRPNOYM. tBUULBSHCHCHBS PV PDOPK LTHROPK CHPEOOPC PRETBGYY, ON ULBBM: “chPKUL OBCHEMY NBUUKH. OBEFE, LPZDB NOPZP CHPKUL, OBJOYOBEYSH VPSFSHUS: OE RPTCHETOEYSH. у ВПМША Ч УЕТДГЕ С ЮЙФБМ РПЪЦЕ УБНПХЧЕТЕООЩЕ ЪБСЧМЕОЙС ЧЩУЫЙИ ЧПЕООЩИ ЧМБУФЕК, ОБЮЙОБС У ЧПЕООПЗП НЙОЙУФТБ Й ОБЮБМШОЙЛБ зЕОЕТБМШОПЗП ЫФБВБ ОБ УЕЛТЕФОЩИ ЪБУЕДБОЙСИ 1912 З. , РПУЧСЭЕООЩИ ЧЩСУОЕОЙА ЧПРТПУБ ОБЫЕК ДЙРМПНБФЙЮЕУЛПК Й ЧПЕООПК РПДЗПФПЧЛЙ. GENERAL CHPEOOSH ZPCHPTYMY ABOUT OII P "RPMOPK ZPFPCHOPUFY OBYEK BTNYY". oBULPMShLP CHCHCHY CH FFPN PFOPIOYOY UFPSMY GENERAL NPTSLY U YI PUFPPTTSOSCHNY, BOE MEZLPNSHUMEOOOSCHNY "HTB-RBFTYPFYUEULYNY" BSCHMEOYSNNY ".
OP ZEOETBMBNY OE TPTSDBAFUS, YNY UFBOPCHSFUS, RTPIPDS, LBL RTBCHYMP, CHUA MEUFOIGKH PZHYGETULYI JSCHBOIK. rPFPNKh RPTPLY ZEOETBMYFEFB LPTEOSPHUS CH RPTPLBI PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB FPK YMYY YOPK UFTBOSHCH. ChPF LBL PRYUSCHCHBM UPUFPSOYE PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB tPUUYY LPOGB XIX CHELB Y'CHEUFOSHCHK THUULYK PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHK Y RPMYFYYUEULYK DESFEMSH, CH RTPYMPN LBDTPCHSCK PZHYGET, u. n. UFEROSL-lTBCHUYOULYK CH UCHPEK LOYSE "THUULBS ZTPPCHBS FHYUB" (1886 Z.):
“UPUFBCH THUULPZP PZHYGETUFCHB UYMSHOP PFMYYUBEFUS PF FPZP, UFP NSCH RTYCHCHLMMY UCHSSCHCHBFSH U RTEDUFBCHMEOYSNNY P CHPEOOPC LBUFE.Custom Pzhiget RTSNBS RTPFFICHPMPMPPSUFSH JUPRPTOPNH RTHUULPNH AOTEKH, YEBMH UPCHTENOOPZP UPMDBZHPOB, LPFPSHK Lyuyfus Ortyn Nkhiftpchle UPMDBF OBMDSHEPP OBMDSHESPUPS OPELASHESPUSP. h tPUUY BTNEKULYE PZHYGETSCH OERTYFSBFEMSHOSHOSCHE MADY, UCHETIEOOOP MYIEOOOSCHE YUHCHUFCHB LBUFPPCHPZP RTECHPUIPDUFCHB.
sing OE YURSCHFSCHCHBAF OH RTEDBOOPUFY, OH OEOBCHYUFY L UHEEUFCHHAEENKH UFTPA. sing OE RYFBAF PUPVPK RTYCHSBOOPUFY L UCHPEK RTPZHEUYY. sing UFBOPCHSFUS PZHYGETBNY, LBL NPZMY VSC UFBFSH YUYOPCHOYLBNY YMY CHTBYUBNY, RPFPNKH YUFP CH AOPN CHP-TBUFE TPDYFEMY PFDBMY YI CH CHPEOOHA, BOE CH ZTBTSDBOULHA YLPMH. th POY PUFBAFUS ABOUT OBCHSBOOPN YN RPRTYEE, YVP OBDP ZDE-FP UMHTSYFSH, YUFPVSH PVEUREYUYFSH UEVS UTEDUFCHBNY ABOUT TSYOSH, B CHPEOOBS LBTSHETB, CH LPOGE LPOGCH, OE IHCE MAVPK DTHZPK. sing DEMBAF CHUE, UFPVSCH URPLPKOP RTPTSYFSH TsYOSH, PFDBCHBS RP CHPNPTSOPUFY NEOSHIE READING Y FTHDB UCHPYN CHPEOOSHCHN PVSBOOPUFSN. tBHNEEFUS, POY TsBTsDHF RPCHSHCHIEOYS H CHBOYY, OP RTEDRPYUYFBAF PTSYDBFSH RTPY'CHPDUFCHB H UMEDHAEIK YUYO H DPNBYOYI FKHZHMSI Y CH IBMBFE. sing OE YUIFBAF RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPK MYFETBFHTSCH, Y EUMY RP DPMZH UMKhTSVSC RPDRYUBMYUSH ABOUT CHPEOOSHCH TSKHTOBMSCH, FP TsKHTOBMSCH LFY ZPDBNY X OYI METSBF OETBTEEBOOSHCHNY.
eUMMY GENERAL CHPEOOSHCH CHPPVEE YUFP-MYVP YUIFBAF, FP, ULPTEE, RETYPYUEULHA MYFETBFHTH. CHPEOOSHCHK "KhTB-RBFTYPFYYN" UCHETIEOOP YUKHTSD OBYEK PZHYGETULPK UTEDE. eUMMY CHSHCH HUMSHCHYFE, YUFP PZHYGET U IOFKHJYBNPN ZPCHPTYF P UCHPEK RTPZHEUYY YMY PDETSYN UFTBUFSHHA L NHYFTE, FP NPTsOP RPTHYUYFSHUS, YFP PO VPMCHBO. at FBLYNY PZHYGETULYNY LBDTBNY BTNYS OE URPUPVOB RTEDEMSHOP TBCHYCHBFSH UCHPY BZTEUUYCHOSCHE LBYUEUFCHB "(11) .
пДОБЛП ДБЦЕ ЬФПФ, РХУФШ Й ОЕРТПЖЕУУЙПОБМШОЩК РП ДХИХ, ОП, ФЕН ОЕ НЕОЕЕ, ЛБДТПЧЩК ПЖЙГЕТУЛЙК ЛПТРХУ ТХУУЛПК БТНЙЙ, РПМХЮЙЧЫЙК УЙУФЕНБФЙЮЕУЛПЕ ЧПЕООПЕ ПВТБЪПЧБОЙЕ, ВЩМ ЖБЛФЙЮЕУЛЙ ГЕМЙЛПН ЧЩВЙФ ЪБ ФТЙ ЗПДБ рЕТЧПК НЙТПЧПК ЧПКОЩ.
h YUBUFOPUFY, L PUEOY 1917 Z. THUULIE PZHYGETSCH, RPMHYUYCHYE CHPEOOPE PVTBCHBOYE, DP MEFB 1914 ZPDB UPUFBCHMSMY 4%, PUFBMSHOSHCHE 96% VSCHMY PZHYGETBNY CHPEOOZP READ. rTY LFPN DChPTSOE UTEDY PZHYGETPCH CHPEOOPZP READING UPUFBCHMSMY 5%, CHSHIPPDGSCH YLTEUFSHSO 80%.
* * *
L LPOGH 17-ZPDB PZHYEGETULPZP LPTRCHB THUULPK BNYY UPUFFBCHMSMYA CHCHULAYLY ELPM RTBRPTALPCH, LPFPTSHETSHETSHETSHETBCHBMYUSH at Puei Pueosh 1916 Z.
LFY YLPMSCH LPNRMELFPCHBMYUSH RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP MYGBNY, YNECHYNY IPFS VSC OERPMOPE UTEDOEE PVTBPCHBOYE YMY PFMYUYCHYNYUSH H VPSI UPMDBFBNY Y HOFET-PZHYGETBNY, YNETCHYYVSHCHNYOB IPFS h DBMSHOEKYEN CH YLPMSCH RTBRTEILPCH RTYOYNBMY Y U OBYUBMSHOSHCHN PVTBBPCHBOYEN, B UPMDBF-ZHTPOFPCHYLPC DBCE RTPUFP ZTBNPFOSHCHI. CHSHCHHRHULOYLY DBOOSCHI YLPM UYUYFBMYUSH PZHYGETBNY CHPEOOPZP READING OE NPZMY RTPYCHPDYFSHUS CH YUYOSCH CHCHYYFBVU-LBRYFBOB, B RPUME PLPOYUBOYS CHPKOSH RPDMETSBMY OENEDMEOOPNKH CHPMSHOEBROYA.
about RTBLFILE FFPF ЪBRTEF YUBUFP OE UPVMADBMUS, Y NOPZYE Y CHSHCHRHULOILPCH ILPM RTBRPTEYLPCH 1914-1916 ZZ. L LPOGH 1917 Z. YNEMY YUYOSCH LBRYFBOB YMY DBTSE RPDRPMLCHOYLB.
CHUEZP CH 1914-1917 ZZ. Ъ YLPM RTBRPTEILPCH VSCHMP CHSHCHRHEEP 81426 RTBRPTEILPC, OB HULPTEOOSHCHI LHTUBI RTY CHPEOOSHI HYUYMYEBI Y rBTSEULPN LPTRKHUE 53785 RTBRPTEYLPCH. rTPYCHEDEOP CH RTBRPTEYLY ABOUT ZHTPOFE BL VECHSCHE PFMYUYS 11494 UPMDBFB Y HOFET-PZHYGETB. pVEEE LPMYUEUFCHP RTPYCHEDEOOOSCHI CH RTBRPTEYLY CH 1914-1917 ZZ. 220 FCU. UEMPCHEL.
fBLYN PVTBBPN, UFBOCHYFUS RPOSFOSHCHN, RPYUENKh VPMSHYIOUFCHP PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB THUULPK BTNYY CHUFHRYMP CH TSDShch lTBUOPK bTNYY. UPOBFEMSHOP YMY VEUUPOBFEMSHOP, POI RPOYNBMY, UFP CH UMHYUBE RPVESCH VESSHI, TEUFBCHTBGYY DPTECHPMAGYPOOSCHI RPTSDLCH DBMSHOEKYBS UMHTsVB CH BTNYY DMS OYI VHDEF BLTSCHFB. b RPUME HCHPMSHOEOYS U ChPEOOOPK UMHTSVSHCH POY CH MKHYUYEN UMHYUBE RPRPMOSF UPVPK NBTZYOBMSHOOSCHE UMPY UEMSHULPK YOFEMMYZEOGIY Y YUYOPCHOYUEUFCHB, B CH IHDYEN UOPCHB VHDHF RBIBFSH ENMA.
yNEOOP LFB LBFEZPTYS HOFET-PZHYGETPCH Y PZHYGETPCH CHPEOOPPZP READING, 1890-1900 ZZ. ТПЦДЕОЙС, ЧЩИПДГЕЧ ЙЪ УТЕДЩ УТЕДОЕЗП ЛТЕУФШСОУФЧБ, У ОБЮБМШОЩН Й ЙЪТЕДЛБ ОЕРПМОЩН УТЕДОЙН ПВТБЪПЧБОЙЕН Ч 20-30-Е ЗПДЩ УПУФБЧЙМБ ПУОПЧОХА ЮБУФШ ЛПНБОДОПЗП УПУФБЧБ лТБУОПК бТНЙЙ, Б Л 1940 З. УПУФБЧМСМБ Й ПУОПЧОХА НБУУХ ЗЕОЕТБМПЧ лТБУОПК бТНЙЙ.
юЙУФП НХЦЙГЛБС ГЕРЛПУФШ Й ОЕХЕНОПЕ УФТЕНМЕОЙЕ РТПВЙФШУС ОБЧЕТИ, ОЕ УЮЙФБСУШ У ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧПН ЮХЦЙИ ПФДБЧМЕООЩИ УФХРОЕК, УПЮЕФБМЙУШ Х ОЙИ У РТЙУХЭЙН ТХУУЛПНХ ЪБЦЙФПЮОПНХ ЛТЕУФШСОУФЧХ РПДПВПУФТБУФЙЕН Л ОБЮБМШУФЧХ Й РТЕЪТЕОЙЕН Л ОЙЦЕУФПСЭЙН. чУЕ ЬФП, ЧЛХРЕ У ОЙЪЛЙН ХТПЧОЕН ПВЭЕЗП Й ЧПЕООПЗП ПВТБЪПЧБОЙС Й ЖЕМШДЖЕВЕМШУЛП-ХОФЕТУЛЙН ФЙРПН МЙЮОПУФЙ, ДЕМБМП ЙИ НБМПУРПУПВОЩНЙ Л УБНПУФПСФЕМШОПНХ РПЧЩЫЕОЙА УЧПЕЗП ПВЭЕПВТБЪПЧБФЕМШОПЗП Й ЧПЕООП-РТПЖЕУУЙПОБМШОПЗП ХТПЧОС. yI PUOPCHOSHE YOFETEUSCH METSBMY ЪB RTEDEMBNY CHPYOUULPK UMHTSVSHCH, UCHPDSUSH L UBNPHFCHETSDEOYA RPUTEDUFCHPN HUYMEOYS CHOEYOYI RTJOBLPCH CHMBUFY.
h ZHPODBI nHES ZETPYUEULPK PVPTPOSCH Y PCHPPVPTSDEOYS uechbufprpms ITBOYFUS NBYOPRYUOSCHKFELUF CHPURPNYOBOYK th. n. GBMSHLPCHYUB, LPFPTSCHK CH 1925-1932 ZZ. VSHCHM OBYUBMSHOILPN HRTBCHMEOYS VETEZPCHPZP UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB yuETOPNPTULPZP ZHMPFB. h PDOPN Y TBDEMPCH UCHPYI CHPURPNYOBOYK ON NETSDH RTPUYN PFNEYUBM, UFP H UETEDYOE 20-I ZPDCH LPNBODOSHK UPUFBCH south DEMYMUS ABOUT DCHE TBCHOSCHE YUBUFY. pDOB UPUFPSMB Y VSCHIYI LBDTPCHSCHI PZHYGETCH GBTULPZP ZHMPFB, DTHZBS Y VSCCHYI LPODHLFPTCH, ZHMPFULYI ZHEMSHDZHEVEMEK, HOFET-PZHYGETCH Y VPGNBOPC. pVE YUBUFY UYMSHOP CHTBTSDPCHBMY DTHZ U DTHZPN, EDYOUFCHEOOPE, YUFP YI PVYAEDYOSMP “UFTENMEOYE CHSHCHTSYFSH NBFTPUOA YUCHBUFPRPMSHULPZP DPNB ChPEONPTCH YN. R. R. yNYDFB (Vschchyee pzhygetulpe UPVtboye)".
rPOSFOP, YuFP U FBLYNY BDBYUBNY VSCHMP OE DP RPCHSHCHIEOYS UCHPEZP RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOPZP HTPCHOS. rty FBLPN ZEOETBMYFEFE YЪ YUYUMB VSCCHYI ZHEMSHDZHEVEMEK Y HOFETCH, OBYVPMEE STLYN Y CHUEUFPTPOOIN CHPRMPEEOYEN LPFPTPZP SCHMSEFUS MYUOPUFSH h. l. tsHLPCHB, ZEOETTBMB BTNYY CH 1941
LTBUOKHA bTNYA CHP NOPZPN URBUMP FP, YuFP HTPCHEOSH CHPEOOPZP YULKHUUFCHB ZYFMETPCHULPZP ZEOETBMYFEFB PLBBMUS FBLTSE OBNOPZP OYCE FPZP, LBLPK YNEMY LBKЪETPCHULYE CHPOETESCHPK CHP pV LFPN NYNPIPDPN HRPNSOHM H UCHPYI NENHBTBI l. l. TPLPUUPCHULYK.
fp rpdfchetzdbefus lpoltefoschny jblfbny. лПЗДБ Ч БРТЕМЕ 1918 З. ПДЙО ЙЪ ЗЕТНБОУЛЙИ ЛПТРХУПЧ, ОБРТБЧМЕООЩИ Ч лТЩН У ГЕМША ЕЗП ЪБИЧБФБ, УФПМЛОХМУС ОБ рЕТЕЛПРУЛПН РЕТЕЫЕКЛЕ У ЮБУФСНЙ лТБУОПК бТНЙЙ лТЩНБ, ФП ЛПНБОДПЧБЧЫЙК ЙН ЗЕОЕТБМ лПЫ ОЕ УФБМ ЫФХТНПЧБФШ ЪБОЙНБЕНЩЕ ЛТБУОПБТНЕКУЛЙНЙ ЮБУФСНЙ ЧЩЗПДОЩЕ РПЪЙГЙЙ Ч МПВ, Б РТЕДРПЮЈМ ПВПКФЙ ЙИ ЧВТПД , YUETE uYCHBYULPE PJETP, CHSHKDS FBLYN PVTBYPN H FSHM PVPTPOSCHYNUS.
URHUFS 33 ZPDB, CH UEOFSVTE-PLFSVTE 1941 Z., FBLPE TEYOYE RTPUFP OE RTYYMP CH ZPMPCH LPNBODHAEENH YFHTNPCHBCHYEK RETELPRULYE HLTERMEOYS 11-K OENEGLPK BTNYY ZEOETBM-RPMLPCHOYFKOH n. ON RTEDPYUEM ZOBFSH UCHPY DYCHYYY H MPV ABOUT RETELPRULYE HLTERMEOYS, RPFETSCH RTY YI CHSFIY ЪB DCHB NEUSGB 10 FSC. UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH HVYFSHNY, YMY UFPMSHLP TSE, ULPMSHLP CHUE ZETNBOULIE CHPPTKHTSEOOSCHE UIMSHCH RPFETSMY H 1939 NSCHUMSH P ChPЪNPTSOPUFY PVPKFY UPCHEFULYE RPYGYY CHVTPD Yuete Uychby OE RTYYMB CH ZPMPCH nBOYFEKOH Y URHUFS 10 MEF, LPZDB PO RYUBM NENKHBTSC "hFETSOOSCHE RPVESHCH".
ChRTPYUEN, FBLPE RPOYTSEOYE PRETBFICHOP-FBLFYUEULPZP HTPCHOS ZETNBOULPZP ZEOETBMYFEFB CHRPMOE PVYASUOYNP. YNES 16 MEF (1919-1934 ZZ.) BTNYA CH LPMYUEUFCHE 100 FSHCHUSYu YuEMPCHEL, VE VPECHPK BCHYBGYY, FBOLCH Y FTSEMPK BTFYMMETYY, OEMSH VSCHMP OE HFTBFIFSH PRTEDEMEOOSHCHCHSHCHLY L CHPTSDEOYL
* * *
rPVEDSH lTBUOPK btny UFBMY ChPЪNPTSOSCH FPMShLP FPZDB, LPZDB Ch 1941-1942 ZZ. RPD CHMYSOYEN CHPEOOSHHI OEHDBYU UHEEUFCHEOOP PVOCHYMUS HER ZEOETBMSHULYK LPTRHU. lPZDB ZOEETBMSHULYE JCHBOYS Y DPMTSOPUFY UFBMY RPMHYUBFSH TPDYCHYYEUS CH 1901-1910 ZZ. RPMLPCHOYLY, LPFPTSHCHE RPUFKHRYMY ABOUT UMHTsVH CH lTBUOKHA bTNYA TSDPCHSHNY LTBUOPBTNEKGBNY H ZPDSH ZTBTSDBOULPK CHPKOSHCH YMY H 20-E ZPDSHCH. OBYVPMEE Y'CHEUFOSHCHN Y LFPZP RPLPMEOYS ZOEETTBMPCH lTBUOPK bTNYY SCHMSEFUS d. d.
zeOETBMSCH, LPFPTSHCHE OBYUYOBMY UCHPA CHPEOOHA LBTSHETH LTBUOPBTNEKGBNY H ZPDSCH ZTBTSDBOULPK CHPKOSHCH YMY H 20-E ZPDSCH, PFOPUYMYUSH L RPDYUOYOEOOSHCHN VEJEMSHJEVEMSHULP-HOFETULPCHYBCHYYB ZNUFTCHYBYYIBNUFTCHYBY.
CHEUSHNB RPLBFEMSHOB CH FFK UCHSIY VYPZTBZHYS ZETPS UPCHEFULPZP uPAB th. l. rTPCHBMPCHB. h 1927 Z. PO TBVPYUK-YBIFET, CH ChP-TBUFE 21 ZPDB RTYYSHCHCHBEFUUS CH lTBUOKHA bTNYA. h 1929 Z. LPNBODYTPN RHMENEFOPZP TBUYUEFB RTYOYNBEF HYBUFYE CH VPSI U LYFBKGBNY ABOUT lchtsd. rPUME PLPOYUBOYS DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPK CHPEOOPC UMHTSVSHCH CH 1930 Z. RPUFHRBEF CH REIPFOPE HUYMYEE. h 1932-1936 ZZ. LPNBODHEF CHCHPDPN, TPFPK. h 1937 Z. PLBOYUYCHBEF LKhTUSCH UTEDOEZP LPNBODOPZP UPUFBCHB Y CH CHBOY LBRYFBOB OBOBYUBEFUS OBYUBMSHOILPN YFBVB UFTEMLPCHPZP RPMLB. URHUFS ZPD, Ch BCHZKHUFE 1938-ZP, PO, LPNBODHS 120-N UFTEMLPCHSCHN RPMLPN 40-K UFTEMLPCHPK DYCHYYY, HYUBUFCHHEF CH YFHTNE UPRLY bPETOBS CH IPDE UPCHEFULP-SRPOULPZF LPOZHMYL. ChP CHTENS PDOPZP Y VPEC RPMHYUBEF FSTCEMPE TBOEOYE Y CH ZPURYFBME HOBEF P RTYUCHPEOYY ENH CHBOYS ZETPS UPCHEFULPZP UPAB Y P DPUTPYUOPN RTPYCHPDUFCHE Y' LBRYFBOPC CHY RPMLCHOYL.
пДОБЛП ФБЛПК ЗПМПЧПЛТХЦЙФЕМШОЩК ЧЪМЕФ ОЕ ЧЩЪЧБМ Х ОЕЗП РЕТЕПГЕОЛЙ УЧПЙИ ЧПЪНПЦОПУФЕК, Й ЛПЗДБ РПУМЕ ЕЗП ЧЩИПДБ ЙЪ ЗПУРЙФБМС, ЛПНБОДХАЭЙК УПЧЕФУЛЙНЙ ЧПКУЛБНЙ ОБ дБМШОЕН чПУФПЛЕ ЛПНЛПТ ыФЕТО РТЕДМПЦЙМ ЕНХ ДПМЦОПУФШ ЛПНБОДЙТБ ДЙЧЙЪЙЙ, ФП 32-МЕФОЕЗП УЧЕЦЕЙУРЕЮЕООПЗП РПМЛПЧОЙЛБ ПИЧБФЙМЙ ФБЛЙЕ ТБЪДХНШС:
"YFBL, NOE RTEDMBZBMY LPNBODPCHBFSH DYCHYEK. with RPOYNBM, UFP VPECHPK PRSHCHF X NEOS EUFSH, OP PO OILBLOE NPZ LPNREOUYTPCHBFSH OEDPUFBFPYUOPUFSH NPEPZP CHPEOOPZP PVTBBPCHBOYS. RP UHFY DEMB, PRETBFICHOPE YULKHUUFCHP VSMP DMS NEOS ЪB WENSHA REYUBFSNY. rPRBCH CH ZPURYFBMSH, CH YЪVSHCHFLE YNES CHTENS DMS TBNSCHYMEOYS, S RTYYEM L CHSHCHCHPDH, UFP ZMBCHOBS NPS ЪBDBYUB HYUIFSHUS. TPDYMBUSH NEYUFB PV BLBDENY YN. zhTHOYE ".
lPZDB rTPCHBMPCH CH PFCHEF ABOUT RTEMPTSEOYE yFETOB RTYOSFSH LPNBODPCHBOYE DYCHYYEK ULBBM, YUFP TSEMBEF RPUFKHRIFSH CH BLBDENYA, FP FPF CHPURTYOSM FP LBL MYUOPE PULPTVMEOYE. ъBFEN BOBMPZYUOBS UGEOB RPCHFPTYMBUSH H TBZPCHPTE U OBYUBMSHOILPN HRTBCHMEOYS RP LPNBODOPNKH Y OBYUBMSHUFCHHAEENKH UPUFBCHKH olp BTNEKULYN LPNYUUBTPN 1-ZP TBOB EBDEOLP. th FPMSHLP RTPSCHMEOOOBS rTPCHBMPCHSHCHN CHPMS, OBUFPKYUYCHPUFSH RPCHPMYMY ENH OBUFPSFSH ABOUT UCHPEN Y RPUFHRIFSH CH BLBDENYA. UCHPK TBUULB PV LFPN rTPCHBMPCH BLMAYUYM UMEDHAEIN NOOYEN:
“lPZDB S MEFEM H uFBMYOP, S CHDTKhZ RTEDUFBCHYM UEVE, UFP 383-A UFTEMLPCHHA DYCHYYA RTYVSHM ZHPTNYTPCHBFSH FPF UBNSHCHK UCHETSEYUREYUEOOSCHK RPMLPCHOYL YЪ 1938 ZPDB. ChPF RPUME BLBDENYY CH UBNSCHK TBI.
h UCHEFE CHSHCHEULBBOOPZP MAVPRSCHFOP, YUFP Y RSFY NBTYBMPCH 1937 ZPDB MYYSH VKHDEOOSCHK, OECHYTBS ABOUT UMBCHH Y YUYOSCH, CH ChPtBUFE 49 MEF BLPOYUYM BLBDENYA. x PUFBMSHOSCHI "THLY OE DPYMY".
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"There was a personality - there was a cult ..."
(M.A. Sholokhov)What is the pop - such is the arrival. An old proverb, but accurate, especially for Russia. In Russia, the qualities of the personality of its ruler have always been reflected in the people, becoming, if not a mentality, then a fashion - in the good sense of the word.
The energy, mind, love for the Motherland, the tough management style of Peter the Great were imprinted in his era, became a style of behavior not only for the "chicks of Petrov's nest", but also for the best people Russia.
The gentle nature of his daughter, Elizabeth, softened morals throughout the camp - during her reign in Russia, not a single death sentence was pronounced.
The passion for order and bureaucracy, for the drill and discipline of Nicholas I turned Russia into a well-oiled machine, the smallest official tried to be "little Nicholas".
The lack of will and mediocrity of Nicholas II, his self-withdrawal from state affairs, gave rise to total laxity, theft, mediocrity of officials, led to the shameful defeat of Russia in two wars and, in the end, to the collapse of the Empire and the revolution.
Lenin managed to put forward the only slogan that could save the country from the final disintegration - "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" - and under this slogan he reunited the disintegrating country, resolutely suppressed the "parade of sovereignties." Great accomplishments have become a legend - the GOELRO plan, the development of science and education, social achievements, at the source of which were Lenin's associates. His ideas transformed the country, served as a foundation for further growth - and these ideas were picked up by the masses, all by the people.
But still, no one did as much for the country as Stalin did.“... And the Great Patriotic war we could only win thanks to the communist system. After all, I saw the war from the first day, I went through it all, I know what and how it happened. If not for Stalin, not for the Stalinist leadership, we would have been defeated already in 19141 ... "
- wrote Alexander Zinoviev, a soldier of the Great Patriotic War, a world-famous scientist, a dissident, exiled to the West - and returning to die in Russia. Unlike Solzhenitsyn, bursting with malicious stupidity, complacency and dollars, Zinoviev deeply repented of every word spoken against the Soviet government and said that if it were possible to change something, he would burn with his own hand everything written by him against the USSR.Will, energy, colossal capacity for work, encyclopedic knowledge, Stalin's mathematical brain became a role model at all levels.
The iron Stalinist people's commissars organized production in such a way that visiting American specialists were only amazed. By the horns of the locomotive, people synchronized their watches - the railway worked so clearly. Designers and technologists created new equipment that surpassed the world level. Workers worked with full dedication, offering and mastering new methods of production. And it was the personality, each person, who was in the center of attention - everyone knew that he himself was responsible for success (or failure). There was not a cult of personality, but a cult of every personality - because everyone could become a personality.
“Each accident has a surname, name and patronymic!” - said the people's commissar of railway transport Kaganovich. Each product - from a hammer to an airplane - was associated with the name, with the personality of its creator. The whole country knew the names of designers, geologists, architects, technical reference books of those times were full of names like “universal parquet hammer of carpenter Ivanov”, “boring cutter of turner Petrov”, “fire-tube steam boiler of engineer Sidorov”. I still remember the proud bronze plate on a simple Stalin-era screw press: "Press designed by technician So-and-so." And this means that both fame (if success) and shame (if failure) go specifically to the personality of the technician So-and-so. Now, today, can anyone name the chief designer of an aviation design bureau, or the creator of a turbine for a hydroelectric power station? But on the other hand, they will easily name the names of singers of both sexes, buffoons and jokers who blurred TV screens, talkers, grimacing in the State Duma, thieves who grabbed millions on all sorts of scams.
But the main thing, of course, was the moral, spiritual influence of Stalin.After the brilliant victory of the Prussian army over the Austrians at Sadovaya, the great Bismarck, the organizer of the victory, wisely and modestly said: "The Battle of Sadovaya was won by a Prussian schoolteacher." So it is so, the teachers of Prussia raised a new generation of soldiers - smart, disciplined, loving the Motherland, steadfast in battle. But after all, teachers had to be brought up, to teach them to teach children. And Bismarck did this by creating a new education system.
So did Stalin - he raised a new generation, a generation of winners. He created an education system that raised smart and educated patriots with a pure soul, ready for a feat in the name of ideas. The generation raised by Stalin built factories and hydroelectric power stations, created machines and complex systems, made new discoveries in science, reached the pole and rose above all into the sky. And most importantly - showed mass heroism in battles.
And at the same time, the moral and ethical qualities of this generation were the highest.
I remember a small military town in Ukraine where my father served. Training films for soldiers were constantly shown in the garrison club - in the USSR there was a powerful industry of training and educational films, because cinema will explain and show the essence of the issue better than any lecturer. And for the boys it was the most fun - to get into the hall, hide among the soldiers and watch everything that was shown in a row. And after all - it was remembered for a lifetime. Since then, I remember how glasses are made at a glass factory, how a battery works, how goods are packed for transportation in a freight car, how a kinescope works. And among the many films there was a tape about how opium is mined. Poppy field in different stages of growth, the best time and time of day for prey, girls in conical Asian hats. They walk across the field and cut poppy heads with tiny crescent-shaped knives. Close-up shows how the juice flows out and solidifies. And then, when the juice thickens, they go again and scrape it off with the same knives, collect it in jars - the whole process is in detail and with detailed comments. And then they showed tablets, ampoules, bottles - medicines that are made from this juice. Typical educational film. And no one could even imagine that opium is a drug, that it can be used for stupefaction. It was as wild as imagining that after a movie about making compost with manure, someone would start eating it, or after a movie about a battery, someone would start drinking sulfuric acid.
This was the moral level of the people in Stalin's time.Can you imagine such films being shown in Putin's "democratic" army? Immediately, the entire personnel would go into business - the extraction, sale, and consumption of opium.
That's why the Stalinist army was the whole of Europe - "for three smoke breaks." That is why Soviet heavy equipment was designed to fit the size of the narrowest tunnel in Europe. That's why Churchill knew that the Russian Channel was three days away.
And in our time, the level of morality among the people is set and determined by the level of morality of its rulers and ideologists of "democracy" - what is the priest, such is the parish.
I read an ad in which a prostitute offers services - oh, hello, Academician Likhachev, "the conscience of the nation"! You felt bad in the USSR, where "there was no sex" - now they have achieved their goal. Well, okay, ladies from your environment, from the environment of the “creative intelligentsia” have always been engaged in prostitution, they only took offense at the Soviet government that it did not allow such announcements. But now women are being pushed to engage in a shameful craft not by hypertrophied lust and the thirst for profit of "creative" females, but by unemployment organized by the "democrats" - including you.
I read about another scam, when thousands of gullible people suffered from a crook - hello, Academician Yakovlev! Is this the same "economic freedom" that you sought? Exactly, very accurately reproduced your subtle nature. Well, right you are a seal, he is an imprint. After all, this is about the same scam (only smaller) as yours: to deceive gullible people with the glorifications of communism, crawl through, crawling on a fat belly, higher - and then take it, and spoil everyone.
Statistics report seven hundred thousand extinct in Russia - hello, Nobel laureate Solzhenitsyn. Your work, your merit. Your "saving of the people" - under the Soviet regime, which you hate, the people grew, and you fought against it precisely in order to organize extinction. That's it, the semi-respectable "conscience of the nation No. 2." And do not be modest - your merit here is obvious to everyone, except for complete idiots. Every old man killed by capitalism (for which you fought), every unborn baby is on your “conscience of nation No. 2”. God marks the rogue - someone with a spot on the baldness, someone with a surname. Solzhenitsyn - it's from "lie - take cheap." Although, of course, bikes like "Arkhip and Lagulag" were not paid at dumping prices. Yes, plus a free PR - for graphomaniacs, this is a thrill.
Drug addiction is sweeping Russia - it's you, Academician Sakharov. You achieved this with your thoughtful bleeping from the stands, which were provided to you by the bloody and insidious Gorby. You did not like the state system, in which there was no drug addiction - you fought for something else, so that it was necessary with drug addiction. Will you say that you “did not know”, “could not foresee”? So what the hell are you, an academician, if all Soviet newspapers wrote that drug addiction is a social disease, an indispensable attribute of capitalism (sorry, “still freedom” in your opinion), but you didn’t understand this.
Russia is drinking too much - hic! Give me five, or whatever you have, our first popularly elected Yeltsin! Do you respect mine? Give a kiss to you on the lips, and you are mutually mine, in those with which I do not speak Flemish. Are you still drinking, or have you already switched to enemas, spine? You see, it's great - the Soviet government prevented us from drinking, but you did not interfere, you set an example. I respect you, fucking louse with a squiggle! What, you understand, popus, such is the parish (this is me in Latin, for squiggles). I’ll go around you a couple more times - and I’ll become twice as free. How you screwed up around that woman in the Closed Pants flew - and with every turn you became a swa-a-day, in kind.
In the subway, the "black" was stabbed again - good day, Gorby! Your merit. You feared the slogan "proletarians of all countries", began to spread nationalism in order to destroy the USSR - of course, warming your little hands tightly on this. How now, probably satisfied with the results of their education of the masses? All local wars, Baku and Sumgayit, Chechnya and Abkhazia, started with you, with your “perestroika with acceleration”. The blood stain from your respected baldness, the mark of the devil, has spread throughout the country. How now, kick your legs with excitement, seeing another puddle of blood on the TV box? It seems to me that for you it is already like a drug.
When the Kremlin is working day and night for the good of the country, the whole country is working and growing. When the Kremlin gets drunk day and night, the whole country gets drunk. The only difference is that Yeltsin is carefully lifted from the floor by the secret police, and there is no one to lift the peasant from under the fence. When they listen to the classics in the Kremlin, Oginsky's polonaise and Tchaikovsky's sentimental waltz are considered popular music in the country. When in the Kremlin they watch porn and listen to who knows what, as long as they come from the West, the “democratic” culture fills the whole country. When scams are started in the Kremlin with "privatization" - everyone strives not to work, but to speculate, snatch, deceive his neighbor, make him work for himself. When children are sent to the front in the Kremlin, all the people rise to fight to victory. When a war is started in the Kremlin, on which the sons and sons-in-law of the Kremlin profit, even tiny Chechnya, which Stalin dealt with bloodlessly in 72 hours, seems like a great military power.
What is the priest - such is the parish, what is the personality at the head of the country - such is the country.
And Russia will perish as long as the wormy ideas of Gorby and Yakovlev, Solzhenitsyn and Burbulis, Novodvorskaya and Sakharov, Likhachev and Yeltsin and other “democrats” in the execution of such a “personality” as Putin live in the Kremlin.Early autumn 1930. Stalin is already over fifty. He is resting in Sochi ...
“Hello, Joseph!
I am sending you the requested books, but, unfortunately, not all of them. I couldn't find an English textbook. Vaguely, but I remember, as if it should be in those books that are on the table in Sochi in a small room, among other books ... "
N. Alliluyeva - Stalin. September 5, 1930
"Got a letter. Books too. English self-instruction manual of Moscow (according to the Rosenthal method) I did not find here. Look well and come ... "
Stalin - N. Alliluyeva. September 8, 1930A year later... On vacation again...
“I send you the requested electrical engineering. I ordered additional editions, but they didn’t have time to send them by today, you will receive it by the next mail, also with a German book for reading - I am sending what we have at home, and I will send a textbook for an adult with the next mail ... "
N. Alliluyeva - Stalin. Not later than September 12, 1931
"Working College" in electrical engineering received. Send me, Tatka, "Working College" for ferrous metallurgy. Be sure to come (look at my library - you will find it there).»
Stalin - N. Alliluyeva. September 14, 1931This is how Stalin studied. And this - when he was already over fifty, and this - when he was solving the most difficult task of industrializing the country, he was working hard.
Is it possible to imagine that Gorbi in the luxurious residence he built in the Crimea could sit down for textbooks, that Yeltsin would exchange his favorite glass of vodka for a book, that Putin, instead of skiing, would master the basics of electrical engineering and ferrous metallurgy?
So should we be surprised at the results of their rule?And Stalin studied all his life, studied hard and persistently, skillfully and productively.
And his knowledge was not dead weight - he knew how to apply it.
“Both my father and Churchill knew history brilliantly. Stalin taught history and geography in his own way. He knew English, understood English perfectly, but did not show it. I found out about this when I interviewed him, and by that time I had already attended Russian language courses, and when sometimes Russian was spoken in my presence, I could understand what in question. ... Stalin listened attentively to everything that Churchill and my father said at these meetings, then waited for the translation and thus bought time, knowing perfectly well what was said. He had an advantage over both, but he never betrayed himself ... "
E. Roosevelt (son of F. Roosevelt).In one of Kuprin’s stories, engineer Butkovsky, who graduated from four institutes, not counting a foreign higher school, “freely and even without asking, spoke about navigation, aviation, botany, statistics, dendrology, politics, fossil brontosaurs, astronomy, fortification, seventh chords and dominants , on poultry farming, gardening, afforestation of ravines and city sewerage”.
Stalin possessed the same encyclopedic knowledge. The aircraft designer Yakovlev Stalin strikes with awareness, talking with him as an aviation specialist. Marshal Konev admired Stalin's knowledge of weapons systems, tanks and artillery systems. Artillery designer Grabin, whose guns were the best in the world, noted Stalin's deep understanding of the problems of design and production. And geologists and shipbuilders, metallurgists and chemists spoke the same way about Stalin.
And how can one govern a country without such knowledge?
In contrast, one of the leaders of the Khrushchev era comes to mind. In one of the design bureaus, the first stage of a rocket with characteristics close to ideal was developed; it was a masterpiece of design and technological thought. Among other parameters, there was an operating life of about 180 seconds - a good margin, significantly exceeding the real time of operation and existence of the stage. And now an envoy from the Kremlin arrives in the Design Bureau in order to personally inspect, understand, reward the deserving and indicate directions for further development. He was taken around the design bureau, around the plant, they showed the product, drawings and graphs, test results. The messenger walked around, nodded approvingly, and then spoke. Having noted in a short speech what had been achieved, he stated:
- Just what kind of resource do you have - 180 seconds? An ordinary tractor has a resource of ten thousand hours! This is the direction in which we must work, comrades!
Some of the comrades were in deep shock, some were already beginning to burst with laughter - the messenger was quickly sent to the banquet table, and his statement became the legend of the Design Bureau.
Of course, our land is not yet very poor in talents, there are people of encyclopedic knowledge who have a taste for self-education, for knowledge, for understanding the laws of the country's development. But the problem lies precisely in the fact that the system of electing the head of the country firmly and reliably closes their path to power.
And if a new Socrates comes now with his immortal formula "Those who know should rule" - in the very first round he will lose with a devastating score to some Zhirinovsky or another demagogue.Alexander Trubitsyn
