LiveJournal Media continues to translate interesting and informative notes from American newspapers of the past and the century before last, which are dedicated to events in Russia and the life of Russians. Today, the editors are studying publications dated September 5, 1902.
The Hawaiian star and The Jennings daily record: about the persecution of writers Tolstoy and Gorky
Note dated September 05, from The Hawaiian Star, 1902From London: Some Hungarian publications, according to the correspondent of the London Times, claim that Count Tolstoy intends to move to Bucharest, since after excommunication by the Holy Synod, he can no longer count on a Christian burial in Russia.
Note dated 05 September, from The Jennings daily record, 1902From today, Russian publications have been banned from publishing interviews with Count Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky.
Historical reference:
One of the most difficult, controversial and discussed moments in the biography of the great Russian writer Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy is his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church. Many believe that the Church anathematized the writer, but in fact there was no anathema. The most common these days is the point of view according to which Tolstoy himself separated from the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Church had only to state this fact.
V. I. Lenin wrote: “ The Holy Synod excommunicated Tolstoy from the church. All the better. This feat will be credited to him at the hour of the people's reprisal against officials in cassocks, gendarmes in Christ, with dark inquisitors who supported Jewish pogroms and other exploits of the Black Hundred royal gang».
The statement of the British journalist about Tolstoy's intention to be buried according to Christian rites looks doubtful, because the count himself in his will indicated:
Among the various forms of repression that were applied to M. Gorky by the tsarist government, a large place is occupied by the persecution of his works, organized by censorship, vigilantly guarding all the foundations of autocracy. Censorship persecution, in the form of the prohibition and seizure of certain works, as well as the prosecution of persons "guilty" of their publication, was usually accompanied by statements and characteristics that were supposed to justify and legitimize the measures carried out by censorship. These statements clearly reflect the attitude of the agents of the tsarist government towards M. Gorky and are a convincing illustration of the importance that M. Gorky had as a fighter for the liberation of the working people.
In addition to the works of M. Gorky himself, all foreign publications that contained reviews of him as the largest Russian writer, enjoying great popularity and authority, as well as news about him, the distribution of which was unprofitable or inconvenient for the Russian government, were subject to the same ban. The second part of the documents we publish belongs to this group of foreign writings.
The Florida star: New Archaeological Museum
Note dated September 05, from The Florida star, 1902
The Russian government decided to open an archaeological museum in the city of Sevastopol. The building will be erected in the style of a Christian basilica, it will have three rooms: one dedicated to Greece, one to Rome and the third to the Byzantine period of history. The implementation of the project was entrusted to the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich.
Historical reference:
We are talking about the construction of new buildings for the historical and archaeological museum-reserve Tauric Chersonese. Before that, the territory was built in 1892 K.K. Kostsyushko-Valyuzhinich on the territory of the Chersonese museum called "The Warehouse of Local Antiquities of the Imperial Archaeological Commission". It was a small building on the bank of the Quarantine Bay.
National Reserve "Tauric Chersonese" in Sevastopol From the history of the Khersones Museum:
The emergence of the Warehouse of Local Antiquities dates back to 1892, when a small shed near St. Volodymyr's Cathedral, where Kostsyushko kept the finds, was demolished during the redevelopment of the monastery territory. Having hastily erected several simple buildings on the shore of the Quarantine Bay, he arranged an exposition in them, which was divided into ancient (classical) and medieval (Byzantine). The buildings of the “Warehouse” formed a spacious courtyard where large finds were exhibited, and from various architectural details, the head of the excavations, Kosciuszko, built a Christian basilica in the courtyard, in the form in which they are exhibited today, being found in situ. Sheds were arranged nearby, under which huge clay barrels, millstones, ceramic water pipes, etc. were placed.
In the course of deciding the fate of the Chersonese excavations, the Archaeological Commission discussed the possibility of organizing a museum, but it was rejected. I.I. Tolstoy remarked that it was impossible to hide finds from the eyes of the educated public in a "provincial storehouse." Apparently, considering as such the brainchild of Kosciuszko, Baron V.G. Tiesenhausen wrote to him in 1895: “ Keep in mind at all times that the current collection in your warehouse has a temporary value.". It seemed to the baron that the museum was visited only by pilgrims who knew nothing about archeology. An interesting note by Kosciuszko in the margins: “ The view of an armchair scientist who has never been to Chersonesos ... I am sure that the question of a local museum is only a matter of time».
Most of the members of the Commission, including its chairman, Count A.A. Bobrinsky, treated Karl Kazimirovich with great respect and warmth, and therefore did not prevent him from equipping the "Warehouse" at his own discretion. Very soon, the museum became cramped in unsightly buildings. Kosciuszko dreamed of building a new building. He wanted to build a museum in the form of an ancient basilica and even commissioned a project from a local architect.
The museum project that K.K. Kosciuszko-Valyuzhinich His dreams were by no means unfounded. Not far from Sevastopol, on the southern coast of Crimea, Russian tsars and their retinue lived in their summer palaces. Sometimes they made long excursions to Chersonese, where they visited the St. Vladimir Monastery, examined the excavations and the museum. In 1902, on one of his visits to Chersonese, Nicholas II promised Kosciuszko to think about a new building, saying that " valuable finds have no place in a barn like the current one". He immediately ordered the museum project to be handed over to the Minister of the Court. The project was stuck in the ministry, and the Russian-Japanese war that began soon after did not allow this idea to be implemented.
Thanks to the interest in the case on the part of the royal family, the Archaeological Commission paid close attention to the state of the antiquities in the Warehouse. The results of the survey were disappointing - the storage system of the finds almost completely deprived them of their scientific value. Kosciuszko did not connect the found objects with the place of discovery!
Archeology occupied an important place in the life of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich, he became especially interested in it in the Crimea. He carried out excavations at the site of the ancient Roman fortress of Kharaks on Cape Ai-Todor. He found interesting things, transferred a significant part of the valuables to the Chersonesos Museum of Antiquities. Regular field work on Ai-Todor began only in 1896 with the participation and leadership of Alexander Mikhailovich. The archeological collection of antiquities, which belonged to the prince, amounted to 500 items.
the site decided to recall some foreign writers who not only visited the USSR, but also met with the leaders of this state.
H. G. Wells
English writer and publicist . Author of famousscience fiction novels "Time Machine", " Invisible Man", " War of the Worlds » etc. Representativecritical realism. Supporter of Fabian socialism.
H.G. Wells was three times Russia . For the first time in 1914, then he stayed in the St. Petersburghotel "Astoria" on sea street , 39. The second time in September 1920 he had a meeting with Lenin . At this time, Wells lived in an apartment M. Gorky V tenement house E. K. BarsovaKronverksky prospect, 23.
H. G. Wells visited Russia three times
Interest in Russia accompanied Wells throughout most of his creative life. It arose in 1905 in connection with the events of the first Russian revolution. Acquaintance with Gorky, which took place in America in the same year, strengthened Wells' interest in the life and fate of the Russian people (Gorky would later become good friend English writer). Among the writer's Russian friends are Alexei Tolstoy, Korney Chukovsky; scientists - Ivan Pavlov, Oldenburg; Soviet Ambassador to England Maisky. In addition, Wells was married to a Russian woman, Maria Ignatievna Zakrevskaya.
Bernard Show
Show and Lady Astor in front of the Museum of the Revolution
Probably the first of the well-known writers in the West, whom Stalin met and talked with, was the famous English writer and playwright Bernard Shaw, Nobel laureate 1925. In 1931, the 75-year-old Shaw made a trip around the world, during which he visited and Soviet Union. Bernard Shaw considered himself a socialist and a friend of Soviet Russia, he welcomed the October Revolution of 1917. A very warm welcome awaited the writer in Moscow, and on July 29, 1931, Stalin received him in his Kremlin office. We do not know the details of their conversation, but it is known that Shaw's entire journey around the country and his trip along the Volga passed in the most comfortable conditions..
Shaw wrote that all the rumors about the famine in Russia are fiction.
Bernard Shaw and Lady Astor with party and cultural figures of the USSR; far left - Karl Radek
In Western countries at that time there was a severe economic crisis, and a lot was written about the crisis in Russia. There were rumors of famine and cruelty in the Russian villages. But B. Shaw, returning to the West, wrote that all the rumors about the famine in Russia were fiction, he was convinced that Russia had never been so well supplied with food as at the time when he was there.
Emil Ludwig
On December 13, 1931, in the Kremlin office, Stalin received Emil Ludwig, who had arrived in the USSR. E. Ludwig's books "Genius and Character", "Art and Fate" enjoyed great popularity in the 1920s. The conversation between Stalin and Ludwig lasted several hours, it was carefully recorded in shorthand. Stalin talked a lot about himself, he talked about his parents, about his childhood, about studying at the Tiflis Seminary, about how, at the age of 15, he began to participate in the revolutionary movement in the Caucasus and joined the Social Democrats.
Stalin's conversation with Emil Ludwig was published as a separate pamphlet.
Stalin's conversation with Emil Ludwig was published not only in newspapers; a year later it was published as a separate brochure and then reprinted many times.
The choice of interlocutor in this case was not accidental. At that time, the question arose in the Kremlin about writing a popular biography of Stalin.
Roman Roland
On June 28, Stalin received Rolland in his Kremlin office (Stalin tried to use meetings with representatives of foreign creative intelligentsia to strengthen his authority abroad). The meeting was attended by Rolland's wife, as well as A. Ya. Arosev, who translated the conversation. The meeting lasted two hours. The typewritten text of the translation was presented to Stalin, edited by him and sent to Rolland in Gorki, where he rested with A. M. Gorky. On July 3, Stalin, K. E. Voroshilov and other Soviet leaders visited Gorki. Together with Gorky, Rolland attended the All-Union Physical Culture Parade on Red Square.
The conversation with Stalin made a strong impression on Rolland and his wife.
Meetings and conversations with Stalin made a strong impression on Rolland and his wife. I. G. Ehrenburg noted that Stalin, being a man of great intelligence and even greater cunning, "knew how to charm the interlocutor." However, Rolland's euphoria from the meeting with Stalin did not last long. Gorky's death, the publication of André Gide's book "Return from the USSR" and the reaction of the Soviet authorities to it, the events of 1937 helped Rolland to free himself from the charm of the owner of the Kremlin office. The writer, probably feeling the vicissitudes of his previous judgments about Stalin, did not want to publish the conversation and hid it for fifty years in the archive.
Lion Feuchtwanger
At the end of 1936, the German writer arrived in the Soviet Union, where he stayed for several weeks
At that time, Feuchtwanger, like many other prominent Western writers, saw in the Soviet Union the only real power able to withstand the Nazi threat. “To be for peace,” said Feuchtwanger, “means to stand up for the Soviet Union and the Red Army. IN this issue there can be no neutrality."
The result of Feuchtwanger's trip to the USSR was the book "Moscow 1937"
In Moscow, Feuchtwanger visited the trial of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc” and declared that “the guilt of the defendants already now appears to be largely proven.” A few days later, he clarified that this guilt was "proven exhaustively." Feuchtwanger can hardly be reproached for failing to understand the falsity of this and other Moscow political trials organized by Stalin to strengthen his personal power. After all, in all the newspapers that Feuchtwanger read in Moscow with the help of translators, he met speeches by prominent Soviet writers demanding that the defendants be shot.
Feuchtwanger was received by Stalin, the conversation lasted more than three hours and left, according to Feuchtwanger, "an indelible impression." The result of the trip to the USSR was the book "Moscow 1937. Report on the trip for my friends", published in the summer of 1937 in Amsterdam. In the chapter “One Hundred Thousand Portraits of a Man with a Mustache,” the writer talks about his meetings and conversation with Stalin. Soon, on the personal instructions of Stalin, this book was translated and published in the USSR.
In the fall of 1958, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak received the Nobel Prize in Literature, largely thanks to Doctor Zhivago. In an instant, this novel in the Soviet Union was considered "slanderous" and discrediting the dignity of the October Revolution.
Pasternak was put under pressure on all fronts, because of which the writer was forced to refuse the prize.
Fatal October
Boris Pasternak is often called the Hamlet of the 20th century, because he lived amazing life. The writer managed to see a lot in his lifetime: revolutions, world wars, and repressions. Pasternak repeatedly came into conflict with the literary and political circles of the USSR. For example, he rebelled against socialist realism- an artistic movement that received a special and widespread distribution in the Soviet Union. In addition, Pasternak was repeatedly and openly criticized for the excessive individuality and dullness of his work. However, little compares to what he had to do after October 23, 1958.Pasternak received the Nobel Prize in Literature on October 23, 1958. It is known that he was awarded one of the most prestigious literary awards for his work Doctor Zhivago with the wording "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." Prior to this, only Ivan Bunin was nominated for the Nobel Prize among Russian writers. And the candidacy of Boris Pasternak in 1958 was proposed by the French writer Albert Camus himself. By the way, Pasternak could win the award from 1946 to 1950: he was annually listed as a candidate at that time. Having received a telegram from Anders Esterling, secretary of the Nobel Committee, Pasternak replied to Stockholm with the following words: "Grateful, glad, proud, embarrassed." Many of the writer's friends and cultural figures have already begun to congratulate Pasternak. However, the entire writing team reacted extremely negatively to this award.
Chukovsky on the day when Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize
The beginning of bullying
As soon as news of the nomination reached the Soviet authorities, Pasternak immediately began to be pressured. Konstantin Fedin, one of the most active members of the Writers' Union, who came the next morning, demanded defiantly to renounce the prize. However, Boris Pasternak, having entered into a conversation on raised tones, refused him. Then the writer was threatened with expulsion from the Writers' Union and other sanctions that could put an end to his future.But in a letter to the Union, he wrote: “I know that under pressure from the public, the question of my expulsion from the Writers' Union will be raised. I don't expect justice from you. You can shoot me, send me out, do whatever you want. I forgive you in advance. But take your time. It will not add to your happiness or glory. And remember, anyway, in a few years you will have to rehabilitate me. This is not the first time in your practice.” From that moment on, public persecution of the writer began. All sorts of threats, insults and anathemas from the entire Soviet press rained down on him.
I haven't read it, but I
At the same time, the Western press actively supported Pasternak, when, like anyone else, he did not mind exercising insults against the poet. Many saw the prize as a real betrayal. The fact is that Pasternak, after the unsuccessful publication of the novel in his country, decided to transfer his manuscript to Feltrinelli, a representative of the Italian publishing house. Soon Doctor Zhivago was translated into Italian and became, as they say now, a bestseller. The novel was considered anti-Soviet, as it exposed the achievements of the October Revolution of 1917, as its critics said. Already on the day the prize was awarded, October 23, 1958, on the initiative of M. A. Suslov, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution “On the slanderous novel of B. Pasternak”, recognizing the decision of the Nobel Committee as another attempt to be drawn into the Cold War.
On the cover of one of the American magazines in 1958
Picked up the baton " Literary newspaper”, which, with particular predilection, took up the persecution of the writer. On October 25, 1958, it wrote: “Pasternak received“ thirty pieces of silver ”, for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was rewarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda ... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt. The issue of the newspaper that came out that day was entirely "dedicated" to Pasternak and his novel. Also, one of the readers wrote in one revealing note: “What Pasternak did - he slandered the people among whom he himself lives, handed over his fake to our enemies - only an outright enemy could do. Pasternak and Zhivago have the same face. The face of a cynic, a traitor. Pasternak - Zhivago himself has incurred the wrath and contempt of the people.
Because of Nobel Prize Pasternak was dubbed the "resurrected Judas"
It was then that the well-known expression “I didn’t read, but I condemn!” appeared. The poet was threatened with criminal prosecution under the article “Treason to the Motherland.” Finally, Pasternak could not stand it and sent a telegram to Stockholm on October 29 with the following content: “Due to the significance that the award awarded to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it, not take my voluntary refusal as an insult. But this did not alleviate his situation. Soviet writers turned to the government with a request to deprive the poet of citizenship and send him abroad, which Pasternak himself feared most of all. As a result, his novel Doctor Zhivago was banned, and the poet himself was expelled from the Writers' Union.
The writer was left almost alone
Unfinished story
Soon after the forced refusal, a flurry of criticism again fell upon the exhausted poet. And the reason was the poem "Nobel Prize", written as an autograph to the English correspondent of the Daily Mail. It hit the pages of the newspaper, which again did not please the Soviet authorities. However, the history of the Nobel Prize did not remain unfinished. Thirty years later, Pasternak's son Yevgeny "received" it as a token of respect for the writer's talent. Then, and this was the time of glasnost and perestroika of the USSR, Doctor Zhivago was published, and Soviet citizens were able to familiarize themselves with the text of the banned work.“Memory is like an oath, forever,
Yellow flame stings and burns
That's why infinity lives
What a long memory lives in it!
Anatoly Safronov
October 30 is the Day of Remembrance of Victims of Political Repressions. In the USSR, both ordinary citizens and prominent figures of science and art fell under Stalinist repressions. Very often, the cases were fabricated and based on denunciations, without any other evidence. The theme of repression was described in their works by A. Rybakov (“Children of the Arbat”), A. Solzhenitsyn (“The Gulag Archipelago”), V. Shalamov (“ Kolyma stories”), A. Akhmatova (“Requiem” poem)… Let's remember our writers, poets who felt the full horror of repressions. Lyubov Prikhodko, head of library No. 17, will tell us about them.
1 Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008) - Russian writer, playwright,publicist , poet, public and political figure who lived and worked in the USSR, Switzerland, the USA and Russia. LaureateNobel Prize in Literature(1970). Dissident , for several decades (1960-80s).
In October 1941 Solzhenitsyn was mobilized; after graduating from the officer school (end of 1942) - at the front.
On February 9, 1945, Solzhenitsyn was arrested for harsh anti-Stalinist statements in letters to his childhood friend N. Vitkevich. He was stripped of his military rank. He was held in the Lubyanka and Butyrka prisons. On July 27, he was sentenced to 8 years in labor camps (under Article 58, paragraphs 10 and 11).
Impressions from the camp in New Jerusalem, then from the work of prisoners in Moscow (building a house near the Kaluga outpost) formed the basis of the play "Republic of Labor" (originally titled "Deer and Shalashovka", 1954). In June 1947, he was transferred to the Marfinskaya Sharashka, later described in the novel In the First Circle. Since 1950, in the Ekibastuz camp (the experience of "general work" is recreated in the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"). Since February 1953, Solzhenitsyn has been in the “eternal exile settlement” in the village of Kok-Terek (Dzhambul region, Kazakhstan).
In 1974 - arrested (for the novel "The Gulag Archipelago"), accused of treason, deprived of citizenship, expelled from the country.
The Gulag Archipelago is a historical work by Alexander Solzhenitsyn about repressions in the USSR from 1918 to 1956. Based on eyewitness accounts from all over the USSR, documents and personal experience of the author. GULAG is an abbreviation for the Main Directorate of Camps. The Gulag Archipelago was secretly written by Solzhenitsyn in the USSR between 1958 and 1968; the first volume was published in Paris in 1973. The royalties from the sale of the novel were transferred to the Alexander Solzhenitsyn Russian Public Fund, from where they were subsequently transferred secretly to the USSR to assist former political prisoners.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated in 1957.
2 Varlam Shalamov (1907-1982) - Russian Soviet prose writer and poet . Creator of one of the literary cycles about the life of prisonersSoviet forced labor camps in 1930-1956.
February 19, 1929Shalamov was arrested for participating in an underground Trotskyist group and for distributing an addendum to " Lenin's testament". How " socially harmful element' was sentenced to three years forced labor camps.
Served time in Vishera camp (Vishlag) in Solikamsk. In 1932, Shalamov returned to Moscow, worked in departmental journals, published articles, essays, feuilletons.
In January 1937, Shalamov was again arrested for " counter-revolutionary Trotskyist activities". He was sentenced to five years in the camps.
June 22, 1943 he was again sentenced to ten years for anti-Soviet agitation, followed by a loss of rights for 5 years, which, according to Shalamov himself, consisted in what he called I. A. Bunina Russian classic: "... I was sentenced to war for the statement that Bunin is a Russian classic". After being released from the camp, he lived inKalinin region, worked in Reshetnikov . The results of the repressions were the disintegration of the family and poor health. IN 1956 after rehabilitation returned to Moscow.
One of the main works of V. Shalamov was "Kolyma stories"- these are the details of the camp hell through the eyes of the one who was THERE. This is the undeniable truth of real talent. The truth is shocking and poignant. The truth that awakens our conscience makes us rethink our past and think about the present.
In 1938 he was illegally repressed and sentenced to 5 years in a camp, then from 1944 to 1946 he served a link, working as a builder in the Far East, in the Altai Territory and Karaganda. In 1946 he returned to Moscow. In the 1930s and 40s, the following were written: "Metamorphoses", "Forest Lake", "Morning", "I am not looking for harmony in nature", etc.
In 1946, N. A. Zabolotsky was reinstated in the Writers' Union and received permission to live in the capital. A new, Moscow period of his work began. Despite all the blows of fate, he managed to maintain inner integrity and remained faithful to the cause of his life - as soon as the opportunity arose, he returned to unfulfilled literary plans. Back in 1945 in Karaganda, working as a draftsman in the construction department, during non-working hours, Nikolai Alekseevich basically completed the arrangement of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, and in Moscow resumed work on the translation of Georgian poetry. He also worked on the poetry of other Soviet and foreign peoples.
4 Nikolai Gumilyov (1886 - 1921) - Russian poet Silver Age, creator of the school of acmeism, translator, literary critic, traveler, officer.
On August 3, 1921, Gumilyov was arrested on suspicion of participating in the conspiracy of the Petrograd Combat Organization of V.N. Tagantsev. For several days, Mikhail Lozinsky and Nikolai Otsup tried to help their friend out, but despite this, the poet was soon shot.
On August 24, a decision was issued by the Petrograd GubChK on the execution of the participants in the "Tagantsevsky plot" (a total of 61 people), published on September 1, indicating that the sentence had already been carried out. Date, place of execution and burial are unknown.
I would show you, mocker,
And the favorite of all friends,
Tsarskoye Selo merry sinner,
What will happen to your life
Like a three hundredth, with a transmission,
Under the Crosses you will stand
And with my hot tear
New Year's ice to burn.
There the prison poplar sways,
And not a sound - but how much is there
Innocent lives are ending...
(from A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem")
Only in 1992 Gumilev was rehabilitated.
Nikolai Gumilyov - exotic acmeist
5 Osip Mandelstam (1891-1938) - Russian poet, prose writer and translator, essayist, critic, literary critic. One of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century.
The first time Osip Mandelstam was arrested in May 1934. But the times were still quite "vegetarian". The poet and his wife were sent into exile in the Perm region. Thanks to the intercession of the then all-powerful Nikolai Bukharin, the Mandelstam family was allowed to move to Voronezh.
In May 1937, the term of exile ends, and the poet unexpectedly receives permission to leave Voronezh. He and his wife return briefly to Moscow. In 1938, Osip Emilievich was arrested a second time. After that, he was sent by stage to a camp in the Far East. Osip Mandelstam died on December 27, 1938 from typhus in the transit camp Vladperpunkt (Vladivostok).
He was rehabilitated posthumously: in the case of 1938 in 1956, in the case of 1934 in 1987. The location of the poet's grave is still unknown.
"Man... strange... difficult... touching... and brilliant!" V. Shklovsky about Mandelstam
6 Yaroslav Smelyakov - Russian Soviet poet, translator. LaureateUSSR State Prize (1967 ).
Participant Great Patriotic War . From June to November 1941 he was a private in the Northern and Karelian fronts. He was surrounded, was in Finnish captivity until 1944. Returned from captivity.
In 1945, Smelyakov was again repressed and ended up near Stalinogorsk (now the city of Novomoskovsk, Tula Region) in a special check-filtration camp.
Special (filtration) camps were created by the decision of the State Defense Committee in the last days of 1941 in order to check the soldiers of the Red Army who were in captivity, surrounded or lived in the territory occupied by the enemy. The procedure for passing the state check (“filtering”) was determined by the Order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 001735 dated December 28, 1941, according to which military personnel were sent to special camps, where they temporarily received the status of “former” military personnel or “special contingent”.
He served his term in the camp department at mine No. 19 of the Krasnoarmeyskugol trust. The mine was located between the modern cities of Donskoy and Severo-Zadonsk. At the mine he worked as a bath attendant, then as an accountant.
Through the efforts of journalists P. V. Poddubny and S. Ya. Pozdnyakov, the poet was released. His brother was with him in the camp. Alexander Tvardovsky, Ivan. After the camp, Smelyakov was banned from entering Moscow. Stealthily went to Moscow. Thanks to Konstantin Simonov, who put in a word for Smelyakov, he managed to return to writing again. In 1948, the book "Kremlin Fir" was published.
In 1951, following a denunciation of two poets, he was again arrested and sent to the polar Inta.
Smelyakov stayed until
1955 , having returned home under an amnesty, not yet rehabilitated.Rehabilitated in 1956.
7 Lydia Chukovskaya (1907 - 1996) - editor, writer, poet, publicist, memoirist, dissident. Daughter of Korney Chukovsky.
IN In 1926, Chukovskaya was arrested on charges of compiling an anti-Soviet leaflet, the so-called "anarcho-underground". As Chukovskaya herself recalled: “ I was charged with compiling one anti-Soviet leaflet. I gave a reason to suspect myself, although in fact I had nothing to do with this leaflet(in fact, the flyer was composed by her friend, who, unbeknownst to Lydia, used her typewriter). Chukovskaya was exiled to Saratov, where, thanks to her father's efforts, she spent only eleven months.
In her story "Sofya Petrovna" Chukovskaya told how mass terror is gradually realized by a simple person who is not involved in politics. "Sofya Petrovna" is the story of "Yezhovshchina", presented through the perception of a non-party Leningrad typist, whose son is arrested.
8 Daniil Kharms (1905-1942) - Russian Soviet writer and poet.
For the first time, three people were arrested in 1931 - Kharms, Bakhterev and Vvedensky on charges of participating in an "anti-Soviet group of writers". The most surprising thing is that the formal reason for the arrest was work in children's literature. Harms received three years in the camps, replaced by exile in Kursk.
The next time Harms was arrested in August 1941 - for "slanderous and defeatist sentiments." The poet died in St. Petersburg "Crosses" in February 1942.
To avoid being shot, the writer feigned insanity; the military tribunal determined "by the gravity of the crime committed" to keep Kharms in a psychiatric hospital. Daniil Kharms died on February 2, 1942 during blockade of Leningrad, in the most difficult month in terms of the number of starvation deaths, in the psychiatry department of the prison hospital "Crosses" (St. Petersburg, Arsenalnaya street, building 9).
July 25, 1960 at the intercession of sister Kharms E. I. Gritsina General Prosecutor's Office found him innocent and he was exonerated.
Daniil Kharms: “I am the world. But the world is not me
9 Boris Pilnyak (1894-1938) - Russian Soviet writer.
In 1926 Pilnyak wrote "
Tale of the Unextinguished Moon» - based on widespread rumors about the circumstances of death M. Frunze with a hint of the participation of I. Stalin. It was on sale for two days, it was immediately withdrawn.October 28, 1937 was arrested. On April 21, 1938, he was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on a trumped-up charge of state crime - spying for Japan (he was in Japan and wrote about this in his book "The Roots of the Japanese Sun" - and sentenced to death. Shot on the same day in Moscow.
Rehabilitated in 1956.
10 Boris Kornilov (1907- 1938 )- Soviet poet and public figure, Komsomol member, author of several collections of poems, as well as poems, poems for Soviet films, including the famous "Song of the Counter".
IN 1932the poet wrote about the liquidation of the kulaks, and he was accused of "furious kulak propaganda." He was partially rehabilitated in the eyes of Soviet ideologists by the poem "Trypillia", dedicated to the memory of Komsomol members killed during the kulak uprising.
In the mid-1930s, a clear crisis came in Kornilov's life, he abused alcohol. For "anti-social acts" he was repeatedly criticized in the newspapers.
In October 1936 he was expelled
from Union of Soviet Writers. On March 19, 1937, Kornilov was arrested in Leningrad.February 20, 1938 Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR Kornilov was sentenced
to extreme punishment. The verdict contains the following wording: Kornilov since 1930 was an active participant in the anti-Soviet, Trotskyist organization, which set as its task terrorist methods of struggle against the leaders of the party and government". The sentence was carried out on February 20, 1938 in Leningrad.He was posthumously rehabilitated on January 5, 1957 "for lack of corpus delicti".
11 Yuri Dombrovsky (1909-1978 ) – Russian novelist, poet , literary critic of the Soviet period.
In 1933 he was arrested and expelled from Moscow to Alma-Ata. He worked as an archaeologist, art critic, journalist, and was engaged in pedagogical activities. The second arrest - in 1936, was released a few months later, managed to publish the first part of the novel "Derzhavin" before the next arrest. Published in "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda" and magazine "Literary Kazakhstan". The third arrest - in 1939: he served his term in the Kolyma camps. In 1943 he was released ahead of schedule due to disability (returned to Alma-Ata). Worked in theatre. Read a course of lectures on V. Shakespeare. Wrote the books The monkey comes for his skull"and" Swarthy Lady.
The fourth arrest came in 1949. On the night of March 30, the writer was arrested in criminal case No. 417. Testimony played a key role Irina Strelkova, at the time a correspondent Pionerskaya Pravda s". Place of detention - Sever and Ozerlag.
After his release (1955) he lived in Alma-Ata, then he was allowed to register in his native Moscow. Engaged in literary work. In 1964 in magazine "New World" The novel "Keeper of Antiquities" was published.
The pinnacle of the writer's work is the novel " Faculty of unnecessary things”, started by him in 1964 and completed in 1975. This is a book about the fate of the values of the Christian-humanistic civilization in an anti-Christian and anti-humanistic world - and about people who have taken on the mission of loyalty to these ideals and values, "unnecessary things" for the Stalinist system. The main "anti-heroes" in the novel are employees of "organs", security officers - stainless gears of an inhuman regime.
12 Boris Ruchev (1913-1973) – Russian Sovietpoet , pioneer builder Magnitogorsk , author of three dozen books of poetry. Dedicated a significant part of his work Magnitogorsk - the city of metallurgists, in the construction of which he happened to participate.
On December 26, 1937, Ruchiov was arrested in Zlatoust on slanderous charges of a counter-revolutionary crime and repressed. July 28, 1938 he was condemned by the visiting session of the Military Collegium Supreme Court of the USSR for 10 years in prison with confiscation of property under Article 58.
From 1938 to 1947 Ruchiov served his term of imprisonment in Northeast Labor Camps The NKVD of the USSR in the Far North - at the "pole of cold" in Oymyakon. Despite the hard labor, poor health and depressing morale, during these years the poet did not put down his pen: in exile he created the poems “The Invisible Woman”, “Farewell to Youth” and the cycle of poems “Red Sun”. In the camps, the poet also created the unfinished poem "Pole", which tells about the hardships of exile and was published only after his death, during the years of perestroika.
Some researchers do not exclude that it was the Magnitogorsk poet who was present at the last moments of his life. O. E. Mandelstam. For obvious reasons, during the life of Ruchyev, these facts were not published.
At the end of his term, Ruchiov was deprived of the opportunity to live in large cities, as well as in the places of his former settlement. After the expiration of the exile, he remained in the Sevvostlag of the NKVD for another two years as a civilian. In 1949, Ruchiov moved to the city of Kusu to his ex-wife S. Kamenskikh, where he worked as a foreman of the loading and unloading team of the Stroymash plant, a garage storekeeper and a technical supply merchandiser.
In 1956 Ruchiov was rehabilitated. On January 30, 1957, he sent an application to the Chairman of the Writers' Union of the USSR A. A. Surkov for the restoration of his writer's card, and in the same year his request was granted. Full of hopes and creative ideas, the poet returned to the city of his youth - Magnitogorsk.
).
In 1954 he returned to Leningrad, in 1955 he was completely rehabilitated.
The story “From the Capercaillie” to the “Firebird” and most of the stories of his autobiographical prose are dedicated to these difficult years.
All books, poems that are mentioned in the story can be found in the library number 17 at the address: Tchaikovsky street, 9a.
Lyubov Prikhodko
