In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but dropped out after three years, as she quickly got bored. When Tolstoy was 23 years old, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During the service, the writer wakes up in Tolstoy, and he begins his famous trilogy cycle, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. And also Lev Nikolaevich writes several autobiographical stories and short stories (such as "Deforestation", "Cossacks").

Once on his allotment, Lev Nikolaevich creates his own system of pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to engage in educational activities. Entirely carried away by this type of activity, he leaves for Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy marries the young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately leaves with his wife for Yasnaya Polyana, where he is fully engaged in family life and household chores.

But by the fall of 1863, he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy's worldview is fully formed, which bears a telling name - "Tolstoyism", the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as "Kreutzer Sonata", "What is your faith", "Confession".

And in 1899, the novel "Resurrection" was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, together with his attending physician, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.

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Lev Nikolayevich was born on September 9 at the Yasnaya Polyana estate in the Tula province. By origin, he belonged to the most ancient aristocratic families of Russia. Received home education and upbringing.

L.N. Tolstoy with his brothers Was the fourth child in the family; he had three older brothers: Nikolai, Sergei and Dmitry. In 1830, sister Maria was born. His mother died with the birth of his last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old.

A distant relative T. Ergolskaya took up the upbringing of orphaned children. In 1837 the family moved to Moscow. But soon the father died suddenly, and the three younger children again settled in Yasnaya Polyana under the supervision of Yergolskaya and her paternal aunt, Countess A.M. Osten-Saken. Parents of Leo Tolstoy

He received his initial education at home, as was customary then in noble families. Then Lev Nikolaevich moved to Kazan with his brothers and sister. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent 2.5 years preparing to enter the university, at the age of 17 he entered there.

Lev Nikolayevich already at that time knew 16 languages, read a lot and studied philosophy, but despite this, at the age of 19 he left the university and went to Yasnaya Polyana, an estate that he inherited.

Here in Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy tries to find an application for his strength, takes up the study of many sciences, and seriously studies music.

In 1851 he entered military service in the Caucasus. In 1854 Tolstoy took part in the defense of Sevastopol.

In the autumn of 1856 he retired (“A military career is not mine…,” he writes in his diary) and returns to Yasnaya Polyana. He studies pedagogy and in 1859 opens a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, then helps to open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.

In the Yasnaya Polyana school, the children sat where they wanted, for as long as they wanted, and for as long as they wanted. There was no set curriculum. The teacher's only job was to keep the class interested. The lessons went well. They were led by Tolstoy himself with the help of several permanent teachers. He himself writes the "ABC" to teach children to read.

In 1862 Tolstoy marries the daughter of a Moscow doctor Sofya Andreevna Bers. The Tolstoys raised nine children. In the family circle With Sofia Andreevna

The 1860s - 70s were marked by the appearance of two works by Tolstoy, which immortalized his name: "War and Peace" (1863 - 1869), "Anna Karenina" (1873 - 1877).

But soon, Lev Nikolaevich lost all interest in life, he was tired of enjoying the prosperity he had achieved. He tries to be closer to the people: he does physical labor, plows, sews boots, switches to vegetarian food. He gives the family all his fortune, renounces the rights of literary property.

On November 10, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana, but on the way he became very ill. On November 20, 1910, at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway (now the Lev Tolstoy station), Lev Nikolayevich died. Museum at Astapovo Station

Artist, thinker, man. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivensky district of the Tula province in an aristocratic noble family. “I don’t remember my mother at all. I was 1.5 years old when she passed away. ... She was not pretty, but well educated for her time. She knew ... four languages ​​..., played the piano well, and ... was a great master of telling fairy tales ”“ Father was of medium height, well-built, lively sanguine, with a pleasant face and always sad eyes. Father never humiliated himself before anyone, did not change his lively, cheerful and often mocking tone. And this self-esteem that I saw in him increased my love, my admiration for him "Mother - Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya () Father - Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy ()

The Tolstoy clan The first annalistic references to the Tolstoy family refer to XVI century. Pyotr Andreevich, the first of the Tolstoy family to receive the title of count, was a comrade-in-arms of Peter I. The Tolstoys were related to the families of famous figures in Russian history and culture: Pushkin A.S., P.Ya. Chaadaev, Decembrists S.G. Volkonsky, S.P. Trubetskoy, A.I. Odoevsky

Childhood After the death of his father (1837), a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy, took up the upbringing of children: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, the first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".

Adolescence and youth Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children P. I. Yushkova. For two and a half years he was preparing to enter the university. Deciding to become a diplomat, Tolstoy took exams for the eastern branch.

In Kazan, he successfully passed the exams in history, geography, mathematics, statistics, Russian literature, logic, English, French, German, Latin, Arabic, Turkish and Tatar languages ​​and entered the Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages ​​of the Faculty of Philosophy, then transferred to the Faculty of Law faculty, where he studied for less than two years. Classes did not arouse a lively interest in him, and he passionately indulged in secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having filed a petition for dismissal from the university "due to frustrated health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana.

From the diary of L.N. Tolstoy What will be the purpose of my life in the countryside for 2 years? - 1) Study the entire course of legal sciences required for the final examination at the University. 2) Study practical medicine and part of the theoretical one. 3) Learn languages: French, Russian, German, English, Italian, Latin. 4) To study Agriculture both theoretical and practical. 5) Study History, Geography and Statistics. 6) Study Mathematics, Gymnasium course. 7) Write a dissertation. 8) Achieve an average degree of perfection in music and painting. 9) Write the rules. 10) Get some knowledge in the Natural Sciences. 11) Compose essays from all the subjects that I will study. 1847

Caucasus In 1851, elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was hired).

Crimean Campaign In 1854 Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube army in Bucharest. Boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a cycle of “Sevastopol stories”. At this time, Tolstoy writes: "The Crimean War showed the rottenness and impotence of serf Russia"

In the circle of writers In November 1855, after the war, L. Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately joined the Sovremennik circle, which included N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, A.N. Ostrovsky, I.A. Goncharov and others. L.N. Tostoy was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature.” However, in the journal L.N. Tolstoy did not work for long, and already in 1856 he left for Yasnaya Polyana, and then went on a trip abroad.

Opening a school In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village and helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy was so fascinated by this occupation that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe. Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be the "student's freedom" and the rejection of violence in teaching. In the early 1870s he compiled the "ABC" and "New ABC" for teaching children to read and write.

When I enter the school and see this crowd of ragged, dirty, thin children, with their bright eyes and so often angelic expressions, anxiety comes over me, the horror that I would experience at the sight of drowning people ... I want education for the people ... to save those Pushkins drowning there, ... Lomonosovs. And they teem in every school. L. Tolstoy - A. A. Tolstoy. December 1874 L.N. Tolstoy opened 26 public schools where children studied.

On the work of Leo Tolstoy For many years a stern and truthful voice sounded, denouncing everyone and everything; he told us almost as much about Russian life as the rest of our literature. The historical significance of Tolstoy's work ... is the result of everything experienced by Russian society over the entire 19th century, and his books will remain for centuries, as a monument to hard work done by a GENIUS ... M. Gorky

Let's summarize the lesson Interpret the words of L.N. Tolstoy and about L.N. Tolstoy within the framework of those discoveries that were made in the lesson. Without my Yasnaya Polyana, I can hardly imagine Russia and my attitude towards it. He is one of those geniuses of art, whose words - living water. K. Fedin

Biography of Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828 - 1910)

PEDIGREE

Great-grandfather Andrei Ivanovich served as president of the Main Moscow Magistrate.

His two sons served the Fatherland: Pyotr Andreevich - an associate of Peter I, Ilya Andreevich - an officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. He married the daughter of the Minister of War, Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova.

The son of Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a participant in the War of 1812, in 1820 married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the daughter of a retired general close to Catherine II. Children were born in the family

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana on August 28, 1828. When Lyovushka was 2 years old, her mother died. The closest person was a distant relative of the grandmother Pelageya Nikolaevna, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya.

Moving to Kazan in 1841.

Here in 1844 L. Tolstoy entered the Kazan University. For a year he attends classes at the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Arabic-Turkish Literature) and for two years at the Faculty of Law.

In 1847 Leo Tolstoy left the University

CAUCASUS AND CRIMEAN WAR

In 1851, together with his elder brother Nikolai L. Tolstoy, he left for the Caucasus in the army, where he served first as a volunteer, and then as a junior artillery officer.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, L. Tolstoy submits a memorandum on his transfer to the Danube army. As an artillery officer of the fourth bastion, he participated in the defense of Sevastopol.

He returned home at the end of 1855 with the Order of St. Anna "For Bravery" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol".

Literary activity the first half of the 1850s.

1852 - the story "Childhood", published in "Sovremennik", later "Boyhood" (1854) and

"Youth" (1856).

In 1855, L. Tolstoy completed work on " Sevastopol stories»

Literary activity of the second half of the 50s.

Returning from Sevastopol, Leo Tolstoy plunged into the literary environment of St. Petersburg.

In 1857 and 1860-61 L.N. Tolstoy traveled abroad in Europe. However, he did not find peace of mind here.

1857 - the stories "Albert", "From the notes of Prince Nekhlyudov", the story "Lucerne"

1859 - the story "Three Deaths"

Pedagogical activity

Back in 1849, L.N. Tolstoy began classes with peasant children.

In 1859 he opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana.

In 1872, L. Tolstoy wrote the "ABC", which was published 28 times during the life of the writer.

Life and creative maturity (1860-1870s)

1863-69 - "War and Peace"

1873-77 - "Anna Karenina".

According to the writer, in the first work he was fond of “folk thought”, in the second - “family thought”.

Shortly after publication, both novels were translated into foreign languages.

SPIRITUAL CRISIS

1882 Finished autobiographical work "Confession": "I renounced the life of our circle..."

In 1880-1890 L.N. Tolstoy created a number of religious works in which he outlined his understanding of the Christian dogma.

In 1901, the Holy Synod excommunicated Leo Tolstoy from the church.

Literary activity 1880-1890

In the early 1889s, Leo Tolstoy's views on art changed significantly. He came to the conclusion that he should not write "for the masters", but for "Ignats and their children"

1889-1899 - "Resurrection"

1886 - "Death of Ivan Ilyich"

1887-89 "Kreutzer Sonata"

1896 1904 - "Hadji Murad"

1903 - "After the ball"

FAMILY LIFE

In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich marries the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. After the wedding, the young immediately leave for Yasnaya Polyana.

Last years.

Relations with his wife and children were strained. Finally deteriorated after a secretly written will, according to which the family was deprived of the right to literary heritage writer.

On the night of October 27-28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home and went to the south of Russia, where he planned to stay with familiar peasants.

Biography of Leo Tolstoy Nikolayevich (1828 - 1910)

PEDIGREE
Great-grandfather Andrei Ivanovich served as president of the Main Moscow Magistrate. His two sons served the Fatherland: Pyotr Andreevich - an associate of Peter I, Ilya Andreevich - an officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. He married the daughter of the Minister of War, Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova.

The son of Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a participant in the War of 1812, in 1820 married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the daughter of a retired general close to Catherine II. Children Nikolai, Sergey, Dmitry, Lev (August 28, 1828) and Maria were born in the family.

CHILDHOOD
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana on August 28, 1828. When Lyovushka was 2 years old, her mother died. The closest person was a distant relative of the grandmother Pelageya Nikolaevna, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya.

STUDIES
Moving to Kazan in 1841. Here in 1844 L. Tolstoy entered the Kazan University. For a year he attends classes at the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Arabic-Turkish Literature) and for two years at the Faculty of Law. In 1847 Leo Tolstoy left the University

CAUCASUS AND CRIMEAN WAR
In 1851, together with his elder brother Nikolai L. Tolstoy, he left for the Caucasus in the army, where he served first as a volunteer, and then as a junior artillery officer.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, L. Tolstoy submits a memorandum on his transfer to the Danube army. As an artillery officer of the fourth bastion, he participated in the defense of Sevastopol. He returned home at the end of 1855 with the Order of St. Anna "For Bravery" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol".

Literary activity of the first half of the 1850s.
1852 - the story "Childhood", published in "Sovremennik", later "Boyhood" (1854) and "Youth" (1856) were published in it. In 1855, L. Tolstoy completed work on "Sevastopol Tales"

Literary activity of the second half of the 50s.
Returning from Sevastopol, Leo Tolstoy plunged into the literary environment of St. Petersburg. In 1857 and 1860-61 L.N. Tolstoy traveled abroad in Europe. However, he did not find peace of mind here. 1857 - the stories "Albert", "From the Notes of Prince Nekhlyudov", the story "Lucerne" 1859 - the story "Three Deaths"

Pedagogical activity
Back in 1849, L.N. Tolstoy began classes with peasant children. In 1859 he opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana. In 1872, L. Tolstoy wrote the "ABC", which was published 28 times during the life of the writer.

Life and creative maturity (1860-1870s)
1863-69 - "War and Peace" 1873-77 - "Anna Karenina". According to the writer, in the first work he was fond of “folk thought”, in the second – “family thought”. Shortly after publication, both novels were translated into foreign languages.

SPIRITUAL CRISIS
1882 The autobiographical work “Confession” was completed: “I renounced the life of our circle ...” In 1880-1890, L.N. Tolstoy created a number of religious works in which he outlined his understanding of the Christian dogma. In 1901, the Holy Synod excommunicated Leo Tolstoy from the church.

Literary activity 1880-1890
In the early 1889s, Leo Tolstoy's views on art changed significantly. He came to the conclusion that he should write not "for the masters", but for "Ignats and their children" 1889-1899 - "Resurrection" 1886 - "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" 1887-89 "Kreutzer Sonata" 1896 1904 - "Hadji Murad » 1903 - "After the Ball"

FAMILY LIFE
In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich marries the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. After the wedding, the young immediately leave for Yasnaya Polyana.

Sofia Andreevna in Yasnaya Polyana long years becomes a housekeeper, housekeeper, secretary to her husband, educator of children and keeper of the hearth.

Of the 13 children, seven survived. (In the photo: Mikhail, Lev Nikolaevich, Vanechka, Lev, Sasha, Andrey, Tatyana, Sofia Andreevna, Maria) Two losses were especially noticeable: the death of the last child of Vanechka (1895) and the beloved daughter of the writer Maria (1906).

Last years.
Relations with his wife and children were strained. They finally deteriorated after a secretly written will, according to which the family was deprived of the right to the literary heritage of the writer.

On the night of October 27-28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home and went to the south of Russia, where he planned to stay with familiar peasants. He died in the house of the head of the Astapovo station on November 7, 1910 at 6:55 in the morning.