(3) And he who one day puts his own effort into one of these things will be rewarded in time.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Art is rather revealed to those who, first of all, seek to know it themselves.

2) In the society of students, it was not customary to pretend and portray feelings that you do not experience.

3) Friends tried to introduce their friend to musical culture.

4) At the heart of all outstanding artistic discoveries, masterpieces of art are youthful impressions.

Explanation.

Answer number 1 is confirmed by sentence number 4.

Answer number 2 - sentence number 25.

Answer number 3 - sentences No. 28-31.

Answers numbered 4 and 5 do not correspond to the content of the text.

Answer: 123.

Answer: 123

Relevance: Current academic year

Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

3) Sentences 28-30 present reasoning.

4) Sentences 37-39 contain a narrative.

Explanation.

1) Sentences 12-14 clarify the content of what is said in sentence 11.

2) Sentence 26 contains a description of the state of the narrator.

3) Sentences 28-30 present narrative, not reasoning.

4) Sentences 37-39 contain reasoning, not narration.

5) Sentences 32-34 contain reasoning.

Answer: 125.

Answer: 125

Among sentences 36-42, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a conjunction, a particle and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

Sentence 38 is connected to the previous one with the help of the union A, the particle FACT and the personal pronoun HER (this is a form of the pronoun SHE)

Answer: 38.

Answer: 38

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called a text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.

The wording of the task may be as follows:

Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the desired sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. Answers can be 1 or more. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often, we use this text construction model: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain link. (We will talk about the parallel connection below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's take a closer look at each type.

23.1. Communication with the help of lexical means.

1. Words of one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.

Word examples: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words related by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Word examples: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Suggestion examples: Under the window still grew birch. How many memories I have associated with this tree...

field chamomile become a rarity. But it's unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was a forest. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed on the shore. The beach was strewn with small pebbles.- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. lexical repetition in USE assignments the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Consider examples. We do not yet take into account additional means of communication, we look only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.

(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Root words

Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.

Word examples: Motherland, be born, birth, kind; break, break, break

Suggestion examples: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. History of my birth nothing remarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship is needed break but he couldn't do it himself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning.

Word examples: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; fun, joy, rejoicing

Suggestion examples: At parting, she said that will miss. I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... jubilation seemed to have no boundaries: Lina answered, answered at last!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for a connection only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union Same , this relationship will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that come together in meaning only in a given context, since they refer to the same object (feature, action).

Word examples: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Suggestion examples: Kitty recently lived with us. Husband took off poor guy from the tree where he climbed to escape from the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all efforts on my part to talk her.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning.

Word examples: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Suggestion examples: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were warm and burned. eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in this context.

Word examples: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe

Suggestion examples: On work this man was gray mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green it is better not to put, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: it is the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the help rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication by means of morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun link is a link in which ONE word or MULTIPLE words from the previous sentence is replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the ranks in meaning.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, point to objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them.

According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (oneself);

3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many);

5) defining(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);

6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (no one, nothing, no one);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, so "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT rank the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that play the role of CONNECTING elements. It must be clearly understood that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a link.

Let us turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some kind of strangers, others, not mine ....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun I, what is it replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun her? Word " school from the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way correlate with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the pronoun with the third They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this mode of communication? The fact that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but do not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "his", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the ranks in meaning.

Adverbs are invariable words that denote a sign by action and refer to the verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Suggestion examples: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: it was not possible to work in a team, there were no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Near clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are related to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Suggestion examples: I vacationed last summer in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a phone call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn't have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Connection with the help of unions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.

Communication with the help of coordinating unions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.

Details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Suggestion examples: By the end of the weekend, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversative union "but".

That's how it's always been... Or that's how it seemed to me...Communication with the help of a separating union "or".

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating unions: for, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex one. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Suggestion examples: I was in total despair... For I did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for matters because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t enter the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of the consequence.

4. Particles

Communication with particles always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.

Suggestion examples: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and so difficult at the same time - to love ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better share for us.

After the departure of her husband, it became empty in the soul and deserted in the house. Even the cat, which used to run like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here Whose hands should I lean on...Pay attention, connecting particles are at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using the word form consists in the fact that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on grade
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.

Suggestion examples: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise became uncomfortable.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: in the task, “word forms” can be written, and then this is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

The difference between word forms and lexical repetition is of particular complexity.

Information for the teacher.

Consider, as an example, the most difficult task of the real USE in 2016. We give the full fragment published on the FIPI website in " Guidelines for teachers (2016)"

Examinees found it difficult to complete task 23 when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the options for the USE in 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, an eccentric!

(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the forester's son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": a prepositional case form controlled by a verb, and a non-prepositional form controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of the object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to Proposition 16 by word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by means of personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

Correct answer in task 23 this option – 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").

It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there is no consensus, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house "National Education", "Exam", "Legion" (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very difficult cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered differently in manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, we will indicate the position of the RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks for the RESHUEGE: if the linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school cannot do it.

3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs can have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such personalities, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in nothing, if something was, as he said, below his level.

We give examples of the definition of means of communication in a small text.

(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me a little.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 by a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in offer 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "she" is the nominative form, "her" is the genitive form.

In addition, sentence 3 has other means of communication: it is a union Same, introductory word seemed, rows of synonymous constructions did not insist on meeting And didn't want to get close.

Inga Markarova (Moscow) 15.09.2015 00:54

Sorry why 41 sentences are not suitable

First, there is a union (or)

Secondly, a particle (something)

Third, personal pronoun(s)

All conditions are in that, and in that proposals.

Tatyana Yudina

Inga, you are making a gross mistake ... Is it possible to search for the necessary unions, or particles, or pronouns in this way?

The presence of these words in a sentence does not automatically mean that it is with these words that the sentence is connected with the previous one. Look here. Proposition 38 her." With her=music from sentence 37. There is no such connection between 40 and 41... This is the first one.

Second. The -something particle will never bind anything, since it is always attached to a pronoun.

“The author of the text speaks very emotionally about the introduction to art, to real music. The living author's feeling is conveyed by the techniques: (A) _______ ("I was bored, languished, tormented" in sentence 23), (B) _______ (sentences 21-22). Trope (C) _______ (“fire of creativity” in sentence 2), as well as a lexical means - (D) _______ (“sooner or later” in sentence 5) the author's intonation of the text.

List of terms:

1) question-answer form of presentation

2) metaphor

3) gradation

4) phraseological unit

5) parceling

6) lexical repetition

7) opposition

8) epithets

9) contextual synonyms

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“The author of the text speaks very emotionally about the introduction to art, to real music. The living author's feeling is conveyed by the techniques: (A) GRADATION (“I was bored, languished, tormented” in sentence 23), (B) PARCELLATION (sentences 21-22). Trope (C) METAPHOR ("fire of creativity" in sentence 2), as well as a lexical means - (D) PHRASEOLOGY the author's intonation of the text.

3) GRADATION - the arrangement of a number of expressions related to one subject, in a sequential order of increasing or decreasing) semantic or emotional significance of the members of the series.

5) PARCELLATION - the intentional division of a text connected intonation and writing into several punctuation-independent segments.

2) METAPHOR is a hidden comparison.

4) PHRASEOLOGISM is a stable phrase that is extracted from our memory in finished form and has an indivisible meaning.

Answer: 3524.

Answer: 3524

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition epithet is different artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, features, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And marching importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have large expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. word combinations and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - permutation, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize semantic significance any element of the text (words, sentences), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of the voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by a family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not look for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(translated from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic relationship between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite original text without any comments, then such work is rated 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation.

Problems:

1. The problem of true and feigned.

2. Problem spiritual impoverishment, loss of interest in culture.

1. Any business submits to those who make efforts. These efforts are sure to bear fruit.

2. Valuable is not the one who is interested in culture, paying tribute to fashion or for the sake of his own ambitions, but the one who is sincerely interested in cultural heritage, enjoys getting to know the new, unknown, beautiful.

Explanation.

Phraseologism is a stable phrase that is extracted from our memory in finished form and has an indivisible meaning.

In the indicated sentence, the phraseological unit is WAVING THE HAND.

Answer: waved.

Answer: wave your hand | wave your hand | don't wave your hand | don't wave your hand

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Lexical meaning of the word