· To the hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the way to happiness. The inability to see the light, the beauty of the world around him upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.

· At different stages of history, people treated people with disabilities differently. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed.

· In the esoteric thriller "Way of the Fool" S. Sekorisky writes that "physically strong by nature are rarely smart, since their minds are replaced by fists."

· The well-known Russian writer, publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space not known by man is so large that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.

· The novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very intelligent man with vast life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.

* The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex "is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve."

* F. Iskander in his essay "Soul and Mind" writes that humanity can be divided into "wretched" and "beasts". The fate of the first in this case is to do good during a short life, since "they are doomed to perish." The second has nothing left to do but to recognize the fidelity of the life position of the "wretched" and return back to the shell of self-defense.

* N. Gumilev in the poem "Excerpt" wrote:

Christ said: blessed are the poor,

The fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable,

I'll take them to the over-stellar villages,

I will make them knights of the sky

And I will call the most glorious of the glorious ...

The problem of the moral health of the nation

*Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of the nation depends on each of us. People should understand that there is no need to look for the causes of vices on the side. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society must begin with eradicating such things in oneself.

The problem of fathers and children

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the conflict of generations is inevitable. The reason often lies in the fact that young people are trying to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should take a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are able to analyze the situation better, because they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in the history of mankind.

* The problem of relationships between generations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The change of generations is always a complex and painless process. "Children" receive from the "fathers" as an inheritance the entire spiritual experience of mankind. In this case, there is a certain revaluation of values. The experience is being rethought. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the "fathers" is embodied in Bazarov's nihilism.

The problem of non-standard spiritual search of modern young people

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova, in one of her essays, wrote that the danger of a non-standard spiritual search for young people is that it can lead to spiritual and physical destruction of the individual.

The problem of juvenile delinquency

What statements contradict the content of the text?

1) Mankind is limited in its understanding of the world.

3) It is impossible to confuse the exact knowledge that a person possesses with his ideas about the outside world.

4) A person with great specific knowledge cannot be a limited person.

5) In our time of information technology, it is easy to find a wise man who would know as much as humanity knows.

Explanation.

Contradicting text:

4)A person with great specific knowledge cannot be a limited person. It is refuted by Proposition 24.

5) In our time of information technology, it is easy to find a wise man who would know as much as humanity knows. Proposition 14 refutes it.

Answer: 45

Answer: 45|54

Difficulty: normal

Which of the following statements are false?

1) Proposition 15 contains a conclusion from the reasoning contained in Propositions 1-14.

2) Sentences 18-23 do not include narration.

3) In sentences 1-4, reasoning is presented.

4) Propositions 24-25 contain a conclusion from the reasoning contained in sentences 18-23.

5) Sentences 10-11 present the narrative.

Explanation.

False statements

2) Sentences 18-23 do not include narration. The narration is in part of sentence 22 he swam in the Black Sea, flew on an airplane, picked flowers.

5) Sentences 10-11 present the narrative. Wrong, this is a discussion.

Answer: 25

Answer: 25|52

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: normal

From sentences 24-25, write out the word used in a figurative sense, which in one of the direct meanings means "arms depot"

Explanation.

In a figurative sense, the word "arsenal" is used. Knowledge arsenal = knowledge warehouse.

Answer: arsenal

Answer: arsenal | arsenal

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: normal

Determine the way the word PRESSEDIENTLY is formed (sentence 10).

Explanation.

The adverb "presumptuous" is formed from the adjective "presumptuous" with the suffix -o-.

Answer: suffix

Anastasia Smirnova (St. Petersburg)

Because it is formed from "presumptuous" with the suffix "-o-".

Among sentences 13-20, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one with the help of a union. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

(15) Therefore, it can be said about everyone that he is a limited person. (16) But It is very important to separate knowledge and ideas.

The conjunction "but" connects sentence 16 with sentence 15.

Answer: 16

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called a text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.

The wording of the task may be as follows:

Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the desired sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. Answers can be 1 or more. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often, we use this text construction model: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain link. (We will talk about the parallel connection below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's take a closer look at each type.

23.1. Communication with the help of lexical means.

1. Words of one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.

Word examples: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words related by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Word examples: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Suggestion examples: Under the window still grew birch. How many memories I have associated with this tree...

field chamomile become a rarity. But it's unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was a forest. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed on the shore. The beach was strewn with small pebbles.- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. lexical repetition in USE assignments the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Consider examples. We do not yet take into account additional means of communication, we look only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.

(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Root words

Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.

Word examples: Motherland, be born, birth, kind; break, break, break

Suggestion examples: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. History of my birth nothing remarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship is needed break but he couldn't do it himself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning.

Word examples: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; fun, joy, rejoicing

Suggestion examples: At parting, she said that will miss. I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... jubilation seemed to have no boundaries: Lina answered, answered at last!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for a connection only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union Same , this relationship will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that come together in meaning only in a given context, since they refer to the same object (feature, action).

Word examples: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Suggestion examples: Kitty recently lived with us. Husband took off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape from the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all efforts on my part to talk her.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning.

Word examples: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Suggestion examples: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were warm and burned. eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in this context.

Word examples: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe

Suggestion examples: On work this man was gray mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green it is better not to put, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: it is the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the help rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication by means of morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun link is a link in which ONE word or MULTIPLE words from the previous sentence is replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the ranks in meaning.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, point to objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them.

According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (oneself);

3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many);

5) defining(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);

6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (no one, nothing, no one);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, so "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT rank the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that play the role of CONNECTING elements. It must be clearly understood that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a link.

Let us turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some kind of strangers, others, not mine ....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun I, what is it replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun her? Word " school from the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way correlate with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the pronoun with the third They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this mode of communication? The fact that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but do not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "his", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the ranks in meaning.

Adverbs are invariable words that denote a sign by action and refer to the verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Suggestion examples: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: it was not possible to work in a team, there were no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Near clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are related to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Suggestion examples: I vacationed last summer in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a phone call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn't have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Connection with the help of unions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.

Communication with the help of coordinating unions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.

Details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Suggestion examples: By the end of the weekend, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversative union "but".

That's how it's always been... Or that's how it seemed to me...Communication with the help of a separating union "or".

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating unions: for, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex one. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Suggestion examples: I was in total despair... For I did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for matters because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t enter the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of the consequence.

4. Particles

Communication with particles always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.

Suggestion examples: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and so difficult at the same time - to love ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better share for us.

After the departure of her husband, it became empty in the soul and deserted in the house. Even the cat, which used to run like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here Whose hands should I lean on...Pay attention, connecting particles are at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using the word form consists in the fact that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on grade
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.

Suggestion examples: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise became uncomfortable.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: in the task, “word forms” can be written, and then this is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

The difference between word forms and lexical repetition is of particular complexity.

Information for the teacher.

Consider, as an example, the most difficult task of the real USE in 2016. We give the full fragment published on the FIPI website in " Guidelines for teachers (2016)"

Examinees found it difficult to complete task 23 when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the options for the USE in 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of lexical repetition. Write the number of this proposal.

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, an eccentric!

(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the forester's son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": a prepositional case form controlled by a verb, and a non-prepositional form controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of the object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to Proposition 16 by word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by means of personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

Correct answer in task 23 this option – 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").

It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there is no consensus, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house "National Education", "Exam", "Legion" (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very difficult cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered differently in manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, we will indicate the position of the RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks for the RESHUEGE: if the linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school cannot do it.

3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs can have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such personalities, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in nothing, if something was, as he said, below his level.

We give examples of the definition of means of communication in a small text.

(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me a little.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 by a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in offer 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "she" is the nominative form, "her" is the genitive form.

In addition, sentence 3 has other means of communication: it is a union Same, introductory word seemed, rows of synonymous constructions did not insist on meeting And didn't want to get close.

Vlad Ganin 05.05.2016 18:33

And the union so that in the 17th sentence ..

Karina Karpova 22.05.2016 18:33

The task does not indicate which union: coordinating or subordinating. Therefore, both 16 and 17 are suitable!

Tatiana Statsenko

Not every union that you see at the beginning of a sentence serves to connect it with the previous one. Get into the meaning. The answer and explanation are correct.

Read the review snippet. It examines language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Thinking about the problem posed, the author uses such syntactic means as (A) _____ (sentences 2, 11), (B) _____ (for example, in sentences 13, 22). In an effort to emphasize the limited knowledge of each person and the immeasurability of what is still unknown to mankind, V. Soloukhin resorts to the use of such tropes as (C) _____ ("capsule" of all mankind" in sentence 13) and (D) _____ ("mysterious" peace in sentence 8).

List of terms:

1) comparative turnover

2) parceling

3) rows of homogeneous members

7) interrogative sentences

8) dialectism

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the gaps.

“Thinking about the problem posed, the author uses such syntactic means as interrogative sentences(sentences 2, 11), rows of homogeneous members(in sentence 13 homogeneous subjects are observed, in sentence 22 a number of homogeneous predicates are observed). In an effort to emphasize the limited knowledge of each person and the immeasurability of what is still unknown to mankind, V. Soloukhin resorts to the use of such tropes as metaphor(the metaphor is a hidden comparison, in sentence 13 there is a hidden comparison of the amount of knowledge with a capsule) and epithet("mysterious" world in sentence 8)."

Answer: 7359.

Answer: 7359

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: high

Codifier Section: Speech. Language means of expression

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition epithet is different artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, features, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a relationship:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And marching importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have large expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. word combinations and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - permutation, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize semantic significance any element of the text (words, sentences), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of the voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by a family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not look for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(translated from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

31.12.2020 - On the site's forum, work on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko, has ended.

10.11.2019 - On the site's forum, work on writing essays on the collection of tests for the Unified State Examination in 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko, has ended.

20.10.2019 - On the site's forum, work has begun on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

20.10.2019 - On the site's forum, work has begun on writing essays on the collection of tests for the USE in 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

20.10.2019 - Friends, many of the materials on our website are borrowed from the books of the Samara methodologist Svetlana Yurievna Ivanova. Starting this year, all her books can be ordered and received by mail. She sends collections to all parts of the country. All you have to do is call 89198030991.

29.09.2019 - For all the years of operation of our site, the most popular material from the Forum, dedicated to the essays based on the collection of I.P. Tsybulko in 2019, has become the most popular. More than 183 thousand people watched it. Link >>

22.09.2019 - Friends, please note that the texts of the presentations at the OGE 2020 will remain the same

15.09.2019 - A master class on preparing for the Final Essay in the direction of "Pride and Humility" has started working on the forum site

10.03.2019 - On the site's forum, work on writing essays on the collection of tests for the Unified State Examination by I.P. Tsybulko has been completed.

07.01.2019 - Dear visitors! In the VIP section of the site, we have opened a new subsection that will be of interest to those of you who are in a hurry to check (add, clean up) your essay. We will try to check quickly (within 3-4 hours).

16.09.2017 - A collection of short stories by I. Kuramshina "Filial Duty", which also includes the stories presented on the bookshelf of the Unified State Examination Traps website, can be purchased both in electronic and paper form at the link \u003e\u003e

09.05.2017 - Today Russia celebrates the 72nd anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War! Personally, we have one more reason to be proud: it was on Victory Day, 5 years ago, that our website was launched! And this is our first anniversary!

16.04.2017 - In the VIP section of the site, an experienced expert will check and correct your work: 1. All types of essays on the exam in literature. 2. Essays on the exam in the Russian language. P.S. The most profitable subscription for a month!

16.04.2017 - On the site, the work on writing a new block of essays on the texts of the OBZ has ENDED.

25.02 2017 - The site began work on writing essays on the texts of OB Z. Essays on the topic “What is good?” you can already watch.

28.01.2017 - Ready-made condensed statements on the texts of the FIPI OBZ appeared on the site,

In this collection, we have collected interesting and frequently encountered problems regarding the personality and its relationship with the outside world. For each problem there are literary arguments to the composition for the exam in the Russian language. All of them are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article). Enjoy watching!

1. Society always seeks to suppress the individual. A similar example can be found on the pages comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Chatsky is perhaps the only sane person who speaks openly about his vices and false ideas. For him, Molchalin is an empty and hypocritical careerist; Famusov is a selfish and vicious gentleman; Skalozub is an ignorant martinet. However, everyone around does not want to listen to his revelations, on the contrary, the interlocutors convince the guest that he is not all right, and they live righteously. Alexander is unable to endure the "politics" of the Famusov house, so he leaves this swamp of limited people, thereby defending the individual's right to individuality. His example proves that you should not follow the lead of the majority, even if you are the only warrior in the field.
2. However, not every person can be strong in soul. Sometimes society still wins in the struggle for the right to "possess personality." Dmitry Startsev, main characterstory by A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", fell into the circle of selfishness, vulgarity and lies, called "the values ​​of county life." From a pleasant and kind young man, Dmitry turns into a kind of person, who is usually called "Ionych". He loses not only his name, but also his personality, forgetting that he dreamed of a different destiny - serving science and people. Therefore, in the finale, he is disappointed both in himself and in his former ideals, finding the world around him empty and banal. This is what happens when a person succumbs to the pressure of the majority.
3. To destroy a person's right to individuality is not the most terrible thing, it is much more terrible to kill in him the opportunity to follow the call of his heart. For example, the heroine story by A. Kuprin "Olesya"- a girl who has lived all her life away from the peasant village, not knowing either the behavior or the life of the people living there. She met true love, but chose to give up her feelings when faced with the threats of a raging mob. After beating the "witch" who came to the church, people thought that she sent them a spontaneous revelry as revenge, which ruined the harvest. Then they decided to storm the dwelling of the "sorceress". Olesya was forced to flee. But she knew that she could not connect her life with the master, because the peasants would turn their anger on him too, so she left without saying goodbye. In obedience to conventions and prejudices, she lost her personal happiness.

The problem of personality formation

1. A sense of responsibility helps a person develop the ability to sacrifice and self-confidence. The protagonist of the story possesses these qualities K. Vorobyova "Killed near Moscow". Aleksey Yastrebov brought up courage and exactingness in himself under the yoke of danger. Aleksey is well aware of the fact that a real person is able to save not only the Motherland, but also the right to personal interests and beliefs - that is why he rises towards the German tank and wins not so much over him as over his own "I".
2. The formation of a personality is a difficult and long process, but the cherished “finish” is worth the effort and patience expended. The path of mistakes, losses and moral experiences was experienced by the protagonist novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"— Pierre Bezukhov. He darted from side to side, like the wind, which does not know which direction it needs to reach its goal. Pierre survived betrayal, captivity and war, but this not only did not break him, but tempered his character for new victories. In the end, he matured, settled down and found happiness in love, and discovered his destiny in the family and the house, where the fate of his wife and children depends on his ability to navigate a great voyage.

The role of personality in history

1. Often the problem of personality in history presents a twofold situation: on the one hand, a person can be a hero, and on the other, a villain. However, in both cases, he makes an invaluable contribution to history, or a series of actions that led to a whole bunch of different interpretations. For example, in the work of A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» Emelyan Pugachev is a liberator for the rebellious peasants, and a killer for the nobles and soldiers of the Empress. The cruelty with which he cracks down on the nobility is not at all consistent with the mercy shown to Masha Grineva - this is the main problem of the role of an outstanding personality in history. It is difficult to assess it objectively and unambiguously, because the power of the rebel was sometimes more humane than the tyranny of the empress, and in their approaches to enemies they are completely indistinguishable. But the chronicles of the past years are written by the victors, and the image of the bloody Pugachevshchina was written out by the hand of Catherine the Great.
2. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" reveals the problem of the role of personality in history on the example of Kutuzov and Napoleon. There is no doubt that both military leaders were distinguished by unprecedented courage and courage, but they were distinguished by their commonality with the people. According to Tolstoy, Kutuzov was one with the interests of society, while Napoleon thought only about his own greatness. In addition, in the case of the Russian commander, the author's point of view on the problem posed is visible: history is made by the people, and not by their leader. The Russian field marshal only expresses the will to win common to all, he does not seek to personally get into the forefront of the historical arena. But the French emperor is trying to decide the fate of the world alone and suffers a well-deserved defeat. Tolstoy always gave the decisive role to the society, the collective, the ethnic group, and not to one representative of the human race. And this is right, because it was not two military leaders who fought and won victories, but two peoples.
3. In the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" the tsar's favorite insulted the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Then the man stands up for the honor of the family and strikes even before the battle, telling Kiribeevich about the upcoming battle. Naturally, he wins the duel, but dies from the “justice” of the king, refusing to give out the reason for his retribution, so as not to defame his wife. In this example, it is clear that a person cannot change the course of history, it goes on as usual: harsh times make an honest merchant a victim of arbitrariness. However, the heroism and courage of such people for decades still change the vector of development of society, because now morals are much softer, and the court is less biased. This means that a person can contribute to history, only he will be modest, and the result is gradual.

Loneliness of an individual in a crowd

1. A person can rebel against society and do it extremely successfully, if you look at it from the side of the "philistine". So, for example, Grigory Melekhov is the main the hero of the novel by M. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» - goes against the foundations of the society where the "fathers" rule, and not the younger generation; where marriage and work are valued above all else, and treason is considered an unacceptable "trick". Gregory violates everything that his family built, recognizing neither moral principles nor life values. He is alone in his views, but not in life. However, fate, crushed by war, still leads him to the tragedy of loneliness: he loses everyone who was dear to him. Because of the eternal throwing, he could not save any of the women, and in the final we see him driven and disappointed in everything.
2. Not all people who have "excommunicated" from society are able to be happy. He writes about it on the pages of his novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev, contrasting the "old" views on the structure of life with the "new" ones that Bazarov shares. He does not find support either among the nobility, or among such a "close" to him peasantry. Bazarov was lonely not only in his views, but also in his personal life, having been rejected by his beloved woman, moving away from his family and losing a friend. On his deathbed, Eugene realizes that the country does not need him either.
3. On the example of Pechorin, the protagonist of M.Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”, one can see how lonely the outstanding, but extra person. Pechorin is indeed an exceptional personality, but far from simple: he plays with the fates of other people, not taking into account either their feelings or the possibility of changing their destinies. And all these actions he performs only in order to separate himself from the concepts and stereotypes of society. He entertains himself in an attempt to appease the need for a really close and understanding person. He is very lonely, and we see confirmation in the scene where Grigory falls to his knees and sobs, having lost Vera forever. Of course, he himself is largely the cause of his misfortunes, but still we feel sorry for this lost wanderer, innocent of his fatal exclusivity that separates him from society.

Freedom and permissiveness of the individual

1. Does a person have a chance to break out of the vicious circle of social evils? This question was posed in the play "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky. By opposing the defender of truth - Sateen - and the new inhabitant of the rooming house - Luka, the author declares the high destiny of people, their strength, which is revealed only in the presence of truth. If the poor would open their eyes to what brought them to the bottom, what does not let them go out, then they would climb out into the light. But, drowning in fantasies and consolations, they become slaves to fictions and their own impotence. According to Gorky, it is necessary to soberly assess the situation, look for ways out of it, and not indulge yourself with illusions and excuses, inventing other chances and worlds. Only in this way does a person gain freedom and the proud right to be called a “man”.
2. The story of V. Bykov "Obelisk" contains the story of a real person who is ready to defend his moral convictions, despite life's circumstances. Teacher Frost, who has always taught children honesty and justice, stands on the verge of good and evil, where evil is the rejection of his own words, and therefore of himself. If the possibility of being saved meant limiting his principles, then the death he preferred was nothing more than "the moral freedom of the individual." He stepped over his fears, conquered his doubts, and became who he always wanted to be.
3. Answered the question about the freedom and permissiveness of the individual F.M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment", where the main character - Rodion Raskolnikov - killed an old pawnbroker in order to prove the correctness of his theory. He believed that he had the right to control the destinies of this world, but the writer does not recognize such a right even for a talented young man, because such a kind of justice on the blood opens the personality to permissiveness, anarchy, which destroys not only the person himself, but also the world around him. Independence ends where the freedom of another living being begins. This is the golden moral rule that defines the limits of our will.

Composition: What kind of person can be considered limited?

What kind of person can be considered limited? The question is very complex, and it is impossible to give a definite answer to it. If a person loves to read and learn new things about our amazing and multifaceted world, he cannot be limited, so to speak, “by default”.

But it is impossible to speak about the limitations of a person only on the basis of a small number of books read by him or acquired theoretical knowledge. After all, there are people who comprehend the foundations of everything that exists in our lives, including work, hobbies, the laws of morality, communication with other people, in a practical way, without resorting to quoting wise classics.

For example, one of the most valuable traditions of the peoples of the Caucasus is respect for the elders in the family and unquestioning obedience to their will. How, it would seem, the elder of the clan can know everything, and yet he says truly wise things, teaches young people, and resolves disputes between fellow tribesmen. In fact, we understand that this is knowledge, this ability to see the smallest, but such important details of life came to him not from books, but through the oral transmission of information from generation to generation, and, of course, from our own observations.

But there are also people who live in their own, artificially isolated world, not wanting to comprehend any other reality. They do not want to know the history of their country, they are not interested in how people live in other places, they have no hobbies; work, home, family are the only values ​​in life. Yes, the worldview of such a person is narrower and, according to an outside observer, can be considered rather limited.

Another essay example:

In our time, it is difficult to say for sure who is considered a limited person. Whether to take the level of education, erudition, horizons? But these levels of education with erudition today are so low among the majority that it is perhaps not entirely correct to judge by these criteria.
I believe that a limited person is a person who cannot understand the new and the old. A teenager who rejects all the experience of past generations from above, without trying to understand, will be limited. Who does not listen to advice, not because they seem stupid to him, but because they are given by those who "do not understand anything." An adult will be limited, unable to understand the aspirations of youth, not understanding progress, recognizing only the past.

I would call limited those who push away everything that does not fit into their understanding - without trying to figure it out. Those who see everything in the same light and will never change their minds - due to the fact that he is too lazy to think. He is limited by the already established opinion. This last is the most terrible and destructive limitation. From her all the misunderstanding in the relationship. From it, myriads of scientists and geniuses "died" - not recognized and punished for not recognizing the usual truths. She has many more troubles.

A person is also a person endowed with reason - to be able to understand and accept the new. And there is no need to illustrate the Mephistopheles "... he would have lived like this if you had not illuminated him with a divine spark from within - he calls this spark with reason, and cattle live with cattle with it."

Composition: What kind of person can be considered limited? (According to V. Soloukhin).

(1) We sometimes say about other people: "Limited person."
(2) But what can this definition mean?
(3) Each person is limited in his knowledge or in his idea of ​​the world.
(4) Humanity as a whole is also limited.
(5) Let us imagine a miner who has developed some space around him in a coal seam, surrounded by layers of impenetrable black stone.
(6) Here is its limitation.
(7) Each person in the invisible, but nevertheless impenetrable layer of the world and life, has developed a certain space of knowledge around him.
(8) He is, as it were, in a capsule surrounded by a boundless, mysterious world.
(9) "Capsules" are different in size because one knows more and the other knows less.
(10) A person who has read a hundred books presumptuously says of one who has read twenty books: "A limited person."
(11) But what will he say to one who has read a thousand?
(12) And there is no, I think, a person who would read all the books.
(13) Several centuries ago, when the information side of human knowledge was not so extensive, there were learned men whose “capsule” approached the “capsule” of all mankind and, perhaps, even coincided with it: Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci.
(14) Now such a wise man, who would know as much as humanity knows as such, cannot be found.
(15) Therefore, it can be said of everyone that he is a limited person.
(16) But it is very important to separate knowledge and ideas.
(17) To clarify my thought, I return to our miner in the coal seam.
(18) Let us conditionally and theoretically assume that some of the miners were born there, underground, and never crawled out.
(19) They have not read books, they have no information, no idea about the external, transcendental (located outside their slaughter) world.
(20) So he worked out a rather vast space around himself and lives in it, thinking that the world is limited by his slaughter.
(21) Another, less experienced miner, who has a smaller worked-out space, also works underground.
(22) That is, he is more limited by his slaughter, but on the other hand he has an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe external, terrestrial world: he swam in the Black Sea, flew in an airplane, picked flowers.
(23) The question is, which of the two is more limited?
(24) That is, I want to say that you can meet a learned person with great specific knowledge and soon be convinced that he is, in essence, a very limited person.
(25) And you can meet a person who is not armed with a whole arsenal of accurate knowledge, but with a breadth and clarity of ideas about the outside world.
(According to V. Soloukhin).

Main problems:

1. The problem of human limitations. What kind of person can be considered limited?

1. Limitation is a relative concept. A person can have great concrete knowledge and remain limited if he does not have a clear idea of ​​the external world. At the same time, the space not known by man is so large that each person and humanity as a whole can be considered limited.

What kind of person can we call limited - this is the problem raised by V. Soloukhin in the text.

The author, talking about which of us is limited in our knowledge or in our understanding of the world, draws an interesting parallel. He believes that today it is impossible to find a sage who would know everything, as it was in the time of Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, because the volume of human knowledge has grown immeasurably. So everyone these days can be called a "limited" person? Yes. But one, according to V. Soloukhin, is limited by knowledge of a topic that interests only him, but the other, "not armed with a whole arsenal of accurate knowledge," will have a broad and clear idea of ​​​​the outside world.
V. Soloukhin believes that a “limited person” is one who has become isolated in the study of only one kind of science, not noticing anything but it.

I agree with the opinion of the author. Indeed, ignoring everything except the topic that interests you, a person limits himself in many ways.
Let's take as an example the well-known literary heroes 19th century, characters in the novels by I.A. Goncharov and I.S. Turgenev. Which of them could be called a limited person: Ilya Oblomov or Evgeny Bazarov? Of course, the majority will name Oblomov. But I believe that Bazarov was truly "limited". He was only interested in his science, medicine, but preached nihilism. Neither painting nor poetry interested Turgenev's hero! But Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a well-known sloth, actually knew a lot and could support any topic in a conversation. Now judge which of them is more limited!

Thus, I can conclude that each person, deeply studying the topic chosen by him in life, should not focus only on it, but be interested in other issues of the outside world.