The structure and functions of the human body. General overview of the human body: systems, structure and functions. How a person works The value of knowledge of the structure of the life of the human body

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2 Man and his health Introduction to human sciences The importance of knowledge about the features of the structure and life of the human body for self-knowledge and maintaining health. A complex of sciences that study the human body. Scientific methods for studying the human body (observation, measurement, experiment). The place of man in the system of the animal world. Similarities and differences between humans and animals. Features of man as a social being. The origin of modern man. Races. General properties of the human body The cell is the basis of the structure, life and development of organisms. Structure, chemical composition, vital properties of the cell. Tissues, organs and systems of organs of the human body, their structure and functions. The human body as a biosystem. The internal environment of the body (blood, lymph, tissue fluid). Neurohumoral regulation of body functions Regulation of body functions, methods of regulation. Mechanisms of regulation of functions. Nervous system: central and peripheral, somatic and autonomic. Neurons, nerves, nerve nodes. The reflex principle of the nervous system. Reflex arc. Spinal cord. Brain. Large hemispheres of the brain. Features of the development of the human brain and its functional asymmetry. Violations of the nervous system and their prevention. Glands and their classification. Endocrine system. Hormones, their role in the regulation of physiological functions of the body. Endocrine glands: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands. Glands of mixed secretion: pancreas and gonads. Regulation of the functions of the endocrine glands. Support and movement

3 Musculoskeletal system: structure, functions. Bone: chemical composition, structure, growth. Connection of bones. Human skeleton. Features of the human skeleton associated with upright walking and labor activity. Influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on skeletal development. Muscles and their functions. The importance of exercise for the proper formation of the skeleton and muscles. Physical inactivity. Injury prevention. First aid for injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Blood and circulation Functions of blood and lymph. Maintaining the constancy of the internal environment. Homeostasis. The composition of the blood. Formed elements of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Blood groups. Rh factor. Blood transfusion. Blood clotting. Immunity. Factors affecting immunity. The significance of the works of L. Pasteur and I.I. Mechnikov in the field of immunity. The role of vaccinations in the fight against infectious diseases. Circulatory and lymphatic systems: structure, functions. The structure of the vessels. The movement of blood through the vessels. Structure and function of the heart. Cardiac cycle. Pulse. Blood pressure. The movement of lymph through the vessels. Hygiene of the cardiovascular system. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Types of bleeding, methods of first aid for bleeding. Respiration Respiratory system: structure and functions. stages of breathing. Lung volumes. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Breathing regulation. Respiratory hygiene. Harm of smoking. Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and compliance with preventive measures to protect your own body. First aid for respiratory arrest, rescuing a drowning person, carbon monoxide poisoning. Digestion Nutrition. Digestion. Digestive system: structure and functions. Enzymes, the role of enzymes in digestion. Processing food in the mouth. Teeth and their care. Saliva and salivary glands. swallowing.

4 Digestion in the stomach. Gastric juice. Appetite. Digestion in the small intestine. The role of the liver and pancreas in digestion. Absorption of nutrients. Features of digestion in the large intestine. The contribution of Pavlov I.P. to the study of digestion. Food hygiene, prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Metabolism and energy Metabolism and energy conversion. The two sides of metabolism and energy. Exchange of organic and inorganic substances. Vitamins. The manifestation of hypovitaminosis and avitaminosis, and measures for their prevention. Energy metabolism and nutrition. Food rations. Nutrition standards. regulation of metabolism. Maintaining body temperature. Thermoregulation under different environmental conditions. Body covers. Skin, hair, nail care. The role of the skin in the processes of thermoregulation. First aid for injuries, burns, frostbite and their prevention. Isolation Urinary system: structure and functions. The process of formation and excretion of urine, its regulation. Diseases of the urinary system and measures for their prevention. Reproduction and development Reproductive system: structure and functions. Fertilization and intrauterine development. Childbirth. The growth and development of the child. Puberty. Inheritance of traits in humans. Hereditary diseases, their causes and prevention. The role of genetic knowledge in family planning. Reproductive health care. Sexually transmitted infections and their prevention. HIV, AIDS prevention. Sensory systems (analyzers) Sense organs and their significance in human life. Sensory systems, their structure and functions. Eye and vision. Optical system of the eye. Retina. Visual receptors: rods and cones. visual impairments and

5 warning. Ear and hearing. The structure and functions of the organ of hearing. Hearing hygiene. Organs of balance, muscular sense, touch, smell and taste. Interaction of sensory systems. The influence of environmental factors on the senses. Higher nervous activity Human higher nervous activity, works by I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Ukhtomsky and P. K. Anokhin. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, their meaning. cognitive activity of the brain. Emotions, memory, thinking, speech. Sleep and wakefulness. The meaning of sleep. Prevention of sleep disorders. Features of the human psyche: the meaningfulness of perception, verbal and logical thinking, the ability to accumulate and transfer information from generation to generation. Individual personality traits: abilities, temperament, character, giftedness. Psychology and human behavior. Goals and motives of activity. The value of intellectual, creative and aesthetic needs. The role of training and education in the development of the psyche and human behavior. Human health and its protection Human health. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and rules of a healthy lifestyle. Health promotion: auto-training, hardening, physical activity, balanced nutrition. Influence of physical exercises on organs and organ systems. Protective and adaptive reactions of the organism. Factors that impair health (physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet, stress). A culture of attitude towards one's own health and the health of others. Man and the environment. The value of the environment as a source of matter and energy. Social and natural environment, adaptation to them. Brief description of the main forms of labor. Rational organization of work and rest. Compliance with the rules of conduct in the environment, in dangerous and emergency situations, as the basis of safety

6 own life. The dependence of human health on the state of the environment. An approximate list of laboratory and practical work on the section "Man and his health":. Identification of structural features of cells of different tissues; 2. Studying the structure of the brain; 3. Identification of structural features of the vertebrae; 4. Identification of a violation of posture and the presence of flat feet; 5. Comparison of the microscopic structure of human and frog blood; 6. Counting the pulse in different conditions. Measurement of blood pressure; 7. Measurement of the vital capacity of the lungs. Breathing movements. 8. The study of the structure and work of the organ of vision. Man and his health The graduate will learn: to highlight the essential features of biological objects (animal cells and tissues, organs and systems of human organs) and vital processes characteristic of the human body; argue, provide evidence of the relationship between man and the environment, the relationship of man with animals; argue, provide evidence of the differences between humans and animals; to argue, provide evidence of the need to comply with measures to prevent diseases, injuries, stress, bad habits, postural disorders, vision, hearing, infectious and colds; explain the evolution of the species Homo sapiens using examples of comparison of biological objects and other material artifacts;

7 identify examples and explain the manifestation of hereditary diseases in humans, the essence of the processes of heredity and variability inherent in man; to distinguish by appearance, schemes and descriptions of real biological objects (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems) or their images, to identify the distinguishing features of biological objects; compare biological objects (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems), life processes (nutrition, respiration, metabolism, excretion, etc.); draw conclusions and conclusions based on comparison; establish relationships between structural features and functions of cells and tissues, organs and organ systems; use the methods of biological science: observe and describe biological objects and processes; conduct research with the human body and explain their results; know and argue the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle, rational organization of work and rest; analyze and evaluate the impact of risk factors on human health; describe and use first aid techniques; know and follow the rules of work in the biology classroom. The graduate will have the opportunity to learn: to explain the need for the use of certain techniques in the provision of first aid in case of poisoning, burns, frostbite, injuries, rescuing a drowning person, bleeding; find information about the structure and life of a person in popular science literature, biological dictionaries, reference books, an Internet resource, analyze and evaluate it, translate it from one form to another; navigate the system of moral norms and values in relation to their own health and the health of other people;

8 find information about the human body in educational, popular science literature, Internet resources, arrange it in the form of oral messages and reports; analyze and evaluate the target and semantic attitudes in their actions and actions in relation to their health and those around them; the consequences of the influence of risk factors on human health. create your own written and oral reports about the human body and its life activity based on several sources of information, accompany the presentation with a presentation, taking into account the characteristics of the peer audience; work in a group of peers in solving cognitive problems related to the structural features and life of the human body, plan joint activities, take into account the opinions of others and adequately assess their own contribution to the group's activities.

9 Thematic planning Grade 8 2 hours per week (68 hours) Content Formulation of the topic Number of hours Man and his health Introduction to human sciences The importance of knowledge about the structural features and vital activity of the human body for self-knowledge and maintaining health. A complex of sciences that study the human body. Scientific methods for studying the human body (observation, measurement, experiment). 2 The place of man in the system of the animal world. Similarities and differences between humans and animals. Features of man as a social being. Human sciences and their methods The place and role of man in the system of the organic world 3 The origin of modern man. Races. Anthropogenesis. Races of man. 4 Regulation of body functions, methods of regulation. Mechanisms of regulation of functions. Regulation of vital processes 5 General properties of the human body The structure of the human body. 6 The cell is the basis of the structure, life and development The structure of the human body.

10 7 organisms. Structure, chemical composition, vital properties of the cell. Tissues, organs and systems of organs of the human body, their structure and functions. The human body as a biosystem. The internal environment of the body (blood, lymph, tissue fluid). 8 Support and movement The human body as a biosystem Ex. "Identification of structural features of cells of different tissues" 9 0 Musculoskeletal system (ODS): structure, functions. Bone: chemical composition, structure, growth. Connection of bones. Human skeleton. Features of the human skeleton associated with upright walking and labor activity. Human skeleton. Skeleton of the head, torso, limbs. Structure and function of skeletal muscles. Muscle work and its regulation. 2 Influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on the development of the skeleton. Muscles and their functions. The importance of exercise for the proper formation of the skeleton and muscles. Physical inactivity. Identification of violations of posture and the presence of flat feet. Injury prevention. First aid for injuries of the musculoskeletal system. 3 Blood and circulation ODS. Composition, structure, growth and joints of bones. The composition of the internal environment of the body and its functions. 4 Functions of blood and lymph. Maintaining Constancy Composition of the blood. internal environment. Homeostasis. The composition of the blood. 5 formed elements of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Blood clotting. Blood groups.

11 6 Blood types. Rh factor. Blood transfusion. Lab.r. 2 Comparison of the microscopic structure of human and frog blood; Blood clotting. Immunity. Factors affecting 7 Structure and work of the heart. Circles of blood circulation. immunity. The significance of the works of L. Pasteur and I.I. Mechnikov in the 8th area of immunity. The role of vaccinations in the fight against the structure and work of the heart. Cardiac cycle. 9 infectious diseases. Blood and Immunity. 20 lymphatic system: structure, functions. Structure Factors affecting immunity. vessels. The movement of blood through the vessels. Structure and function of the heart. Cardiac cycle. Pulse. Blood pressure. Movement Lymph movement. Lymphatic circulation. 2 lymph vessels. Hygiene of the cardiovascular system. First aid for bleeding. 22 Prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Types Testing on the topic: "Blood and lymphatic bleeding, first aid techniques for the system" bleeding. 23 Breathing Breathing. The meaning of breathing. 24 Respiratory system: structure and functions. stages of breathing. Lung volumes. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Regulation The structure of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. 25 breaths. Respiratory hygiene. Harm of smoking. Breathing movements. Breathing regulation. 26 Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning, saving 27 diseases and taking preventive measures to protect your own body. First aid to stop a drowning person. Testing on the topic: "Breathing" breathing, saving a drowning man, carbon monoxide poisoning. 28 Digestion Nutrition. Food as the biological basis of life.

12 29 Nutrition. Digestion. Digestive system: structure Digestive organs. Digestion in the mouth. 30 and functions. Enzymes, the role of enzymes in digestion. Digestion in the stomach and intestines. Absorption 3 Processing of food in the oral cavity. Teeth and their care. Saliva and salivary glands. swallowing. Digestion into nutrients. The role of enzymes in digestion. 32 stomach. Gastric juice. Appetite. Digestion in the small intestine. The role of the liver and pancreas in the regulation of digestion. 33 digestion. Absorption of nutrients. Food hygiene, prevention of gastrointestinal 34 Peculiarities of digestion in the large intestine. The contribution of Pavlov I.P. to the study of digestion. Food hygiene, diseases. Testing on topics: "Digestion" prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. 35 Metabolism and energy Metabolic processes in the body. 36 Metabolism and energy conversion. The two sides of metabolism and energy. Exchange of organic and inorganic Nutritional norms. Lab.r 3 "Compilation of the diet of adolescents" 37 substances. Vitamins. The manifestation of hypovitaminosis and Vitamins. avitaminosis, and measures for their prevention. Energy metabolism and nutrition. Food rations. Nutrition standards. regulation of metabolism. 38 Excretion Urinary system. The structure and function of the kidneys. 39 Urinary system: structure and functions. The process of formation and excretion of urine, its regulation. Diseases Genitourinary infections, measures for their prevention of the organs of the urinary system and their measures

13 warnings. 40 Maintenance of body temperature. Thermoregulation in different integuments of the body. 4 environmental conditions. Body covers. Skin, hair, nail care. The role of the skin in the processes of thermoregulation. First aid for injuries, burns, frostbite and their prevention. Lab.r. 4 "Features of the structure of the squamous epithelium" The role of the skin in thermoregulation. Skin care. 42 First aid for burns and frostbite. 43 Neurohumoral regulation of body functions Testing on the topic: “Metabolism. Skin» 44 Nervous system: central and peripheral, Hormones, their role in metabolism, somatic and vegetative. Neurons, nerves, nerve nodes. The reflex principle of the nervous system. Reflex arc. Spinal cord. Brain. Large Significance and structure of the nervous system. The autonomic nervous system, its structure and functions. 47 hemispheres of the brain. Features of development Lab.r 5 "Structure of the spinal cord" of the human brain and its functional asymmetry. 48 Parts of the brain, their meaning. Disorders of the nervous system and their 49 Testing on the topic: "Endocrine and nervous system" warning. Glands and their classification. Endocrine system. Hormones, their role in the regulation of physiological functions of the body. Endocrine glands: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands. Glands of mixed secretion: pancreas and gonads. Regulation of the functions of the endocrine glands. Glands of internal and external secretion.

14 5 Sensory systems (analyzers) Sense organs and analyzers, their role in human life. 52 Sense organs and their importance in human life. Sensory organ of vision and visual analyzer. Diseases and 53 systems, their structure and functions. Eye and vision. Optical system of the eye. Retina. Visual receptors: rods and damage to the eyes, their prevention Organs of hearing and balance. their analyzers. 54 cones. Visual impairments and their prevention. Ear and hearing. The structure and functions of the organ of hearing. Hearing hygiene. Organs of balance, muscular sense, touch, smell and taste. Interaction of sensory systems. The influence of environmental factors on the senses. Organs of smell, touch and taste and their analyzers. 55 Higher nervous activity Congenital and acquired forms of behavior. 56 Higher nervous activity of a person, work Patterns of the brain. 57 I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Ukhtomsky and P. K. Anokhin. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, their biological rhythms. Sleep and its meaning. 58 value. cognitive activity of the brain. Emotions, Features of higher nervous activity of a person. 59 memory, thinking, speech. Sleep and wakefulness. The meaning of sleep. cognitive activity of the brain. 60 Prevention of sleep disorders. Features of the psyche Individual personality traits. 6 people: meaningfulness of perception, verbal-logical thinking, the ability to accumulate and transfer from the dynamics of working capacity. Daily regime. 62 generations in a generation of information. Individual Generalization on the topic: "Higher nervous activity" personality traits: abilities, temperament, character, giftedness. Psychology and human behavior. Goals and

15 motives of activity. The value of intellectual, creative and aesthetic needs. The role of training and education in the development of the psyche and human behavior. 63 Reproduction and development Reproductive system: structure and functions. Fertilization and 64 intrauterine development. Childbirth. The growth and development of the child. Lab.r. 6 "Sex cells" 65 Puberty. Inheritance of traits in humans. Intrauterine development of the organism. Development of the organism Hereditary diseases, their causes and prevention. after birth. The role of genetic knowledge in family planning. Caring for 66 Sexually transmitted infections. reproductive health factors. Infections transmitted by stress. sexual contact and their prevention. HIV, AIDS prevention. 67 Human health and its protection Human health. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic The human reproductive system. hereditary and congenital diseases. 68 norms and rules of a healthy lifestyle. Strengthening Man and the environment. health: auto-training, hardening, motor activity, balanced nutrition. Influence of physical exercises on organs and organ systems. Protective and adaptive reactions of the organism. Factors that impair health (physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet, stress). Culture of attitude to one's own health and health Human health. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and rules of a healthy lifestyle.

16 surrounding. Man and the environment. The value of the environment as a source of matter and energy. Social and natural environment, adaptation to them. Brief description of the main forms of labor. Rational organization of work and rest. Compliance with the rules of behavior in the environment, in dangerous and emergency situations, as the basis for the safety of one's own life. The dependence of human health on the state of the environment.

Calendar-thematic planning of the FC GOS UMK: Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Biology. Man and his health. 8th grade. M.: Bustard, 2006 Study section, topic of the lesson Number of hours PERSON AND HIS HEALTH

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“Reviewed” “Agreed”: “Approved” Head of the Ministry of Defense Deputy Director Director of MBOU Secondary School 73 for Water Resource Management MBOU Secondary School 73 Makarova G.I. Mityukova Zh.G. Vysotskaya E.V. Minutes 1 of 08/30/17, 2017 order 217

Section Number of the lesson Theme of the lesson Dates of the plan Date of the fact Equipment INTRODUCTION 1h 1 Introduction. biosocial nature of man. HUMAN ORGANISM. GENERAL REVIEW 5h 2 Sciences about the human body.

“I approve” Director of the MOU “Pomar Secondary School” N.V. Pavlova 2015 "Agreed" Deputy. Director for water resources management of the MOU "Pomar Secondary School" I.V. Vasilyeva 2015

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Knowledge of the anatomical structure of the human body helped to identify and cure various ailments, brought clarity to the understanding of normal physiological processes in the body.

The concept of the structure of the human body in the past

Special attention of scientists has always attracted the structure of the human brain, which is still fraught with riddles. At the beginning of the 19th century, a famous doctor named Gal created a scientific doctrine called Phrenology. This science studied the relationship of the external structure of the skull with the structure of the brain and human character traits. Later, this area of scientific research turned out to be untenable, but some of the discoveries that the scientist made are still valid today.

War is the engine of progress

Oddly enough, such a terrible grief for mankind as war helped to expand human knowledge of anatomy. The famous neurologist, who also has a psychological education, based on the study of various injuries of the skull and the loss of functions corresponding to these injuries, made a number of discoveries in the field of localization in the brain of centers responsible for higher mental functions and created the science of neuropsychology.

The most important discovery in the field of anatomy and medicine

A person owes a modern comfortable and carefree life to many scientists. Here are some discoveries made by scientists:

Harvey in the area of the circulatory system;
Leeuwenhoek sites in the ovaries where the eggs are located and scientific research in the field of microbiology;
Jenner's vaccination against smallpox, which led to the death and blindness of a huge number of people;
Fleming's most important discovery of antibiotics, which made it possible to cure many hitherto deadly ailments.

The human body is unique in nature. Nowhere else is there such a universal and at the same time complex system capable of supporting itself. Many body cells are combined into tissues, tissues - into organs, organs into organ systems, which form a single whole: a person.

The structure and functions of the human body: cells and tissues

The structural unit of every organ is a cell. A huge number of cells, reaching up to 200 trillion cells of various sizes and shapes, make up the human body.

Human cells have a different shape, content and size depending on the task it performs. However, the composition of each cell has common features, i.e. similar cellular elements (for example, mitochondria, which carry the energy supply of the cell).

Cells similar in purpose are combined into bundles of cells, which, in turn, are combined into tissues. Tissues also contain the amount of fluid and electrolytes (intercellular substance) necessary for life.

The human body consists of 4 types of tissues: epithelial, muscle, neural (nervous) and connective tissue.

Epithelial tissue is designed to cover the outer and inner integuments. The epithelium can be flat (skin surface, oral cavity), glandular (intestines, salivary glands) and ciliated (respiratory tract).

Connective tissue is also divided into several types: dense fibrous (tendons, skin proper), loose fibrous (subcutaneous fatty tissue, heart bag), cartilage (intervertebral discs, auricle), bone, blood and lymph. All types of connective tissue have a different composition depending on the function they perform. Connective tissue connects any organs or organ systems.

Muscle tissue is divided into smooth and striated. The striated muscles are the muscles of the skeleton and myocardium. Smooth muscle tissue lines the walls of internal organs. The muscle canal is designed to ensure that the human body has the opportunity to make any movements.

Nervous tissue is a collection of nerve cells (neurons), due to which the impulse is transmitted to the center and the stimulation is analyzed. Nervous tissue is the mediator and ruler of all other types of tissues.

The structure and functions of the human body: organs

Tissues combine to form organs. Each organ has its specific structure, shape, size, purpose. Organs are hollow (that is, having a cavity) and parenchymal (dense, not having a cavity). Each organ can consist of several types of tissues. Organs are external and internal. Individual bodies, by virtue of their purpose, are combined into systems.

The structure and functions of the human body: apparatuses and organ systems

Certain bodies can work without merging with others. For example, the skin covers the entire human body and performs several functions. First of all, it is protection from the influences of the surrounding world, excretory function (through sweat, skin respiration), metabolic (participation in metabolism), etc. However, not all organs are able to act alone. Therefore, individual organs are combined into organ systems.

Many understand the words “apparatus” and “system” to have the same meaning. However, this is not quite true. For example, the musculoskeletal system consists of bones and muscles, and the respiratory apparatus consists of the bronchi of the lungs and upper respiratory tract. ways. But bones and muscles can be considered as a skeletal system and a muscular system. Those. speaking of the system, we understand that it consists mainly of one type of tissue. For example, the nervous system consists primarily of one tissue, the nervous system.

Apparatuses and systems of the body closely interact with each other and are interdependent. Those. without the normal functioning of one system, the normal operation of another system is impossible. The main apparatuses and systems perform various tasks: the digestive system is responsible for the proper digestion of incoming food and extracting the most necessary nutrients from it, as well as getting rid of toxic substances and waste material; the circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen in the body, delivering blood to all corners of the body; the respiratory system works so that a sufficient amount of oxygen and nitrogen enters the body and carbon dioxide is removed in time; the musculoskeletal system is responsible for movement, movement, maintaining balance, the possibility of support; the endocrine system enriches the body with biologically active substances (hormones) necessary for the regulation of metabolism in the body; so you can briefly list all the main systems and apparatus of the body.

The circulatory system, consisting of vessels of large and small caliber (venous and arterial channels) and the heart, performs a vital function. The heart, like a powerful pump, constantly drives blood throughout the body through the two main circles of blood circulation. One task of the cardiovascular system is to supply organs and tissues with oxygenated arterial blood. Another task can be called to carry away from the periphery venous blood rich in carbon dioxide.

Blood constantly circulates through vessels under pressure, supplying the cells of the body with nutrients and ridding them of metabolic products.

The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral. The central system consists of the brain and spinal cord, protected by the bones of the skull and spine. The peripheral system consists of large and small nerve trunks and nerves distributed throughout the body. The nervous system, through impulses similar to electrical, controls the activities of the entire body, including metabolism, blood pressure and other vital processes. In addition, the emotional-volitional sphere is also dependent on the nervous system.

The digestive system provides the body with the necessary nutrients that come from outside in the form of food. Food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract to a consistency in which the body can absorb the nutrients. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. In addition, there are immune cells in the intestines, so the intestines are important in the formation of strong immunity.

The musculoskeletal system consists of muscle tissue, bones and joints. Muscle tissue is represented by white and red fibers. White fibers provide endurance to stress, and red fibers with regular physical activity create the necessary volume. The skeletal system consists of many large and small bones, both tubular and flat. Bones perform both a supporting and protective function for various organs. The joints are also both mobile, inactive, and multiaxial. Thanks to the joints, a person has the ability to move, move his body in space, and also move various parts of the body.

The reproductive system is responsible for an important function - the reproduction of their own kind, and also determines the level of sexual activity of the individual.

The endocrine system is the most mysterious and incomprehensible of all existing body systems. It is a set of certain organs that produce special substances (hormones) that can affect the body as a whole.

A person has five main sense organs, through which he fully perceives the world around him. These are eyes (sight), ears (hearing), smell (nose), taste (tongue) and touch (skin).

The urinary system is the main one in terms of removing harmful substances from body fluids. Thanks to the glomerular system in the kidneys, both primary and final urine are filtered. As a result, urine is formed, containing all the waste and toxins necessary for excretion from the body.

The lymphatic system is a vascular system that removes various infections and toxins from the body. It is a representative of the immune system.

The immune system is represented by a number of cells in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic vessels. The immune system is the body's defense against various infections. With the normal status of the immune system, the body is able to cope with most dangerous infections on its own.

Basic concepts and key terms: HUMAN BIOLOGY. Health. Disease.

Remember! What does biology study?

Meet!

René Descartes (1596-1650) French mathematician, philosopher, physicist and physiologist. This scientist owns such statements: “Cogito, ergo sum (Cogito, ergo sum) - I think, therefore I exist”, “Watch your body if you want your mind to work correctly.” Think about the meaning of the statements and offer an answer to the question of how important knowledge about the human body is in our life.

How and why is the human body studied?

HUMAN BIOLOGY is a science that studies the structure, life activity and behavior of a person in order to apply knowledge in various fields of his activity. Knowledge of many sciences is used to study the human body. These are, first of all, natural (chemistry, physics, geography), biological (embryology, genetics), social (philosophy, history), medical (cardiology, neurology), technical (cybernetics, informatics) sciences. The foundation for human biology are the oldest sciences about our body - anatomy and physiology. Anatomy studies the structure of the human body, and physiology studies its vital functions. The knowledge of the human body is applied in various fields of human activity.

Table 1. APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN HUMAN PRACTICE

	Examples of application of biological knowledge
rural economy	For growing plants, breeding animals, pest control, pesticide poisoning prevention
laziness	For obtaining food products, natural tissues, antibiotics
Medicine	For the treatment and prevention of diseases, maintaining and strengthening human health, increasing life expectancy
Psychology	To understand the characteristics of human behavior
	To create devices, devices for surgery, prosthetics, cybernetics
Art	To create art paintings, sculptures
	To develop the physical capabilities of the human body

The human body is studied through observation and experimentation. Conclusions about the state of the body are made on the basis of anthro

pometric (for example, height, weight), physiological (for example, blood pressure) and biochemical (for example, hemoglobin content in the blood) studies. Many processes in the body are bioelectrical, which led to the emergence of such methods as electroencephalography (study of the electrical activity of the brain), electrocardiography (study of heart activity), etc. Microscopy, ultrasound, and radiography are used to study the structure of the human body. Modern methods of studying the human body are the method of nuclear magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, scanning electron microscopy, etc.

The foundations of modern human biology were laid by such prominent scientists as Hippocrates, Avicenna, Paracelsus, A. Vesalius,

V. Garvey, I. Pavlov, K. Bernard and many others.

A significant contribution to the development of human biology was made by Ukrainian scientists A. Shumlyansky,

I. Mechnikov, N. Pirogov A. Bogomolets, V. Filatov, V. Chagovets, N. Amosov, P. Kostyuk and others.

So, biological knowledge about a person is applied in various fields of human activity.

What is the direction of modern biological research of the human body?

Modern human biology directs its research towards solving many problems of the 21st century, among which the most important are: overpopulation of the Earth as a whole and population decline in certain regions, the spread of infectious diseases (for example, AIDS, prion infections), the treatment of diseases, the determination of the possibilities of using genetically modified organisms (GMOs), etc.

The main directions of modern biological research of the human body are: 1) research on

life processes for the purpose of creating biotechnologies (for example, for the treatment of infertility, obtaining tissues and organs for transplantation); 2) the study of heredity and variability in order to develop methods for diagnosing and treating human hereditary diseases; 3) study of the patterns of aging to increase life expectancy; 4) study of the mechanisms of brain activity (for example, to create bio-cybernetic systems for perceiving and storing information); 5) study of the influence of space on the human body (for example, to create new materials that protect against the effects of space factors); 6) study of the body in order to design new technical systems (for example, to create android robots, nanotransistors that monitor human health, artificial intelligence systems).

So, the biological studies of the human body are extremely diverse, but the determining factor is the focus on the study of the structure, physiological functions and behavior in order to maintain health and increase life expectancy.

What is the importance of knowledge about a person for maintaining his health?

As you know, human health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, which determines the high performance and social activity of a person.

Human health is the subject of study of the science of valeology (from the Greek valeo - health, logos - teaching) and the field of medicine - hygiene (from the Greek hygienos - healing).

Valeological research concerns health, and sanitary hygiene concerns the environment and living conditions of a person.

Get to know your body

Live in harmony with nature

Be kind and merciful

Build confidence that you are healthy

Wish health to everyone around you

harden yourself

Eat Right

Give the body a load

Limit the use of "artificial" drugs

Find your faith

In case of non-compliance with recommendations for maintaining health, diseases can develop. A disease is a violation of the normal functioning of the body, as a result of which its adaptive capabilities are reduced. Diseases are classified according to various criteria: according to the causes of occurrence - infectious (viral, bacterial) and non-infectious, according to physiological functions - respiratory, circulatory, digestive diseases, etc., according to gender and age - women's, childhood diseases, diseases of old age, etc. The main causes of human disease is hypodynamia,

stress, bad habits, malnutrition, violation of the regime of work and rest, the state of the environment, the influence of pathogens, etc.

The occurrence of diseases is caused by a variety of factors, but it is estimated that in 50% of cases the onset of the disease is associated with the lifestyle of the person himself. Therefore, each of you must know your body and take care of your health, which is the first human need.

So, biological knowledge about the human body will help each of you understand your capabilities, lead a healthy lifestyle and reach the top in a certain area.

ACTIVITY

Learning to know

Compare the sciences that study the human body and their definitions. If you answer correctly, you will get the name of an outstanding scientist - one of the founders of space biology.

1 Cytology	In The science of human germinal development
2 Histology	E The science of the life processes of the human body
3 Anatomy	And t The science of the structure and functions of tissues
4 Physiology	I 2 The science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment
5 Embryology	The science that studies the human brain
6 Genetics	G The science of the structure of the body, its organs and systems
7 Valeology	K The science of human health
8 Ecology	C The science of the laws of heredity and variability
9 Neurobiology	CH The science of the structure and functions of cells

Biology + Physics

Having finished his work, he turned off the lamp and suddenly froze in surprise. In complete darkness, a slight greenish glow could be seen. On the table was a jar of fluorescent substance, and from which this beautiful glow emanated. But the radiance must arise under the influence of light! Looking around, the scientist saw that he forgot to turn off one device - an electronic vacuum tube. He turned off the current - the glow disappeared, turned it on - appeared. So, the scientist decided, some unknown radiation comes from the device. Prepare a report on the method of studying the human body using these rays.

Biology + Culture

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - the great Italian artist and scientist, a prominent representative of the "universal man" type (Latin homo universale). “One should understand what a person is, life, health, and how the balance, coordination of the elements maintain health, and their discord destroys and destroys it,” he wrote. Compare the expression of L. da Vinci with the definition of health and offer your opinions about the importance of knowledge about a person for maintaining his health.

RESULT

	Questions for self-control
	1. What does human biology study? 2. In what areas of life is biological knowledge about the human body applied? 3. Name the sciences that study the human body. 4. Name the directions of modern human biological research. 5. What is the importance of knowledge about a person for maintaining his health? 6. What is a disease?
	7. How and why is the human body studied? 8. Tell us about the direction of modern biological research of the human body. 9. What are the main recommendations for maintaining and strengthening human health.
	10. Prove the importance of biological knowledge about a person for maintaining health.

The organism, and with it every living cell, tissue and organs, is constantly adapting to changing conditions of existence.

From a biology textbook

Generalization of the topic "INTRODUCTION"

HUMAN ORGANISM -

it is a holistic open biological system in which molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and system levels of organization are distinguished and which is characterized by metabolism, energy and information, self-regulation, self-renewal and self-reproduction.

Table 2. HUMAN ORGANISM AS A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

		vital functions
Skull, spine, chest, limb girdle, free limbs. Skeletal and muscles of internal organs	Connective (bone, cartilage, dense fibrous) and muscle (striated and smooth)	Body support, protection, movement, blood formation
Four-chambered heart. Arteries, veins, capillaries	Connective (dense and loose fibrous), muscular (striated and smooth), endothelium	Transport of substances and heat
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs	Epithelial (squamous and ciliated epithelium), connective (dense fibrous, cartilaginous), smooth muscle	Gas exchange, CO 2 release, thermoregulation, sound production
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas and salivary glands	Epithelial (glandular, integumentary), connective (loose and dense fibrous, cartilaginous), smooth muscle	Digestion, absorption of digested food and elimination of residues
Epidermis, skin proper, subcutaneous fat	Epithelial (integumentary), smooth muscle, connective (loose and dense fibrous)	Protective, barrier, thermoregulatory, excretory, sensual
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra	Epithelial (integumentary), connective (loose and dense fibrous), smooth muscle	excretory, protective, hormonal, hematopoietic
Internal and external genitalia	Integumentary epithelium. Smooth muscle. Loose and dense fibrous	Formation of gametes and hormones
Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads	glandular epithelium	Humoral regulation of body functions
Brain and spinal cord, nerves, nerve nodes	nervous tissue	Communication with the environment. Nervous regulation of functions
Organs of sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch	Epithelium, nervous, connective tissue	Perception of stimuli

Self-control of knowledge

Test Design 1. INTRODUCTION

I. Choose one correct answer from those offered.

1. The temperature of +36.6 °С is constantly maintained in the human body. Name the set of processes that ensure this stability:

P self-renewal C self-regulation T self-reproduction

2. What class does the organic compound CaCO 3, which is part of the bones, belong to?

And salts K bases J acids

3. Name the physiological systems involved in the regulation of the stomach: L endocrine, immune, excretory

M immune, reproductive, digestive H nervous, endocrine, immune

4. What is the name of the nutrient breakdown function?

A digestion B nutrition C excretion

5. What cell organelles provide protein synthesis in the human body?

L mitochondria H ribosomes M lysosomes

6. What system carries out the transport of substances in the body of chimpanzees and humans?

C respiratory T circulatory Y excretory

7. Indicate the sign by which a person is similar to bacteria, plants, fungi and animals:

O active movement P heterotrophic nutrition P cellular structure

8. Specify the name of substances involved in endocrine regulation:

M antibiotics H enzymes O hormones

9. Specify the science that studies the embryonic development of man:

O Cytology P Embryology P Histology

II. Design the correct answer.

10. Indicate the correct answers to tasks 1-9 and get the name of the fossil person depicted in the figure who lived in China:

11. Construct the correct sequence of letters that indicate the levels of organization of the human body below and get the name of an outstanding doctor, the founder of military field surgery: n - atomic; g - organ; o 1 - fabric; o 2 - systemic; in - organism; and - molecular; p - cellular.

12. Match the names of the parts of the cell with their functions and get the Latin name of the organ shown in the figure.

Elements of the cell structure: 1 - mitochondria; 2 - cell center; 3 - core; 4 - lysosomes; 5 - endoplasmic reticulum.

Functions of structural elements: p - preservation of hereditary information; a - splitting of complex substances into simple ones; r - transport of substances in the cell; h - cellular respiration; e - participation in cell division.

This is textbook material.

Gurnaya Tatyana Vladimirovna

biology teacher, MOAU "Secondary School No. 11 of Orsk"

Item Biology

Class 8

WMC Biology: Grade 8: a textbook for students of educational institutions / Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D.: - 3rd ed., revised. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2012. - 272 p.: ill.

Level of study base

Lesson topic: The value of knowledge about the features of the structure and life of the human body for self-knowledge and maintaining health. A complex of sciences that study the human body. Scientific methods for studying the human body (observation, measurement, experiment).

The total number of hours devoted to the study of the topic 1

The place of the lesson in the system of lessons on the topic 1

The purpose of the lesson

Creating conditions for the formation of a scientific worldview among studentsabout the sciences that study the human body and the importance of knowledge of human anatomy and physiology for maintaining health.

Lesson objectives

organize independent cognitive activity of students in studying the history of the development of sciences about the structure and functions of the human body;

fostering self-confidence in students by increasing interest in the subject;

the formation of the ability to work with text, independently extract information, highlight the main thing;

develop group work skills.

Planned results

mastering knowledge about a person as a biosocial being; about the role of biological science in the practical activities of people; methods of knowledge of living nature;

Mastering the ability to apply biological knowledge to explain the processes and phenomena of wildlife, the life of one's own organism; use information about modern achievements in the field of anatomy and physiology, about health and risk factors; work with additional information; conduct observations of the state of one's own body, biological experiments;

Development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of working with various sources of information;

Education of a positive value attitude towards wildlife, one's own health and the health of other people;

Using the acquired knowledge and skills in everyday life to take care of one's own health, provide first aid to oneself and others; assessment of the consequences of their activities in relation to the natural environment, their own body, the health of other people; norms of a healthy lifestyle, prevention of diseases, injuries and stresses, bad habits, HIV infection.

Technical support of the lesson

TV Samsung CS 21z45zQQ

ASUS laptop

Additional methodological and didactic support for the lesson

Cards for group work. (Annex 1)

Additional sources of information. (Annex 2)

Lesson type

Introduction to new material.

Lesson content

Organizational moment.

The teacher greets the students. Checks the readiness of the class for the lesson.

Psychological attitude to work.

I am glad to see your faces, your smiles, and I think that this day will bring you joy, communication with each other. Sit comfortably, close your eyes and repeat after me: “I'm at school, I'm in class. I rejoice in this. My attention is growing. I, as a scout, will notice everything. My memory is strong. The head thinks clearly. I want to learn. I'm ready to go. I am working.

Motivational stage

Hello guys, listen to F. Fellini's statement: "Of all the adventures prepared for us by life, the most important and interesting is to go inside ourselves, to explore the unknown part of ourselves." How do you understand these lines? What is the statement about?

(Slide #1)

Students' responses.

I suggest you listen carefully to the information about scientists and answer the question - What unites these people?

(Slide number 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Hippocrates. (Another Greece)

Ideas about the structure of the body of man and animals, the "father of medicine",

Hippocratic oath - the moral code of the doctor

Claudius Galen (Rome, anatomist - physiologist)

The work "On Parts of the Human Body", described the bones, many muscles, tendons, blood vessels, in pairs of 12 cranial nerves, studied the physiology of respiration.

Abu Nasr al-Farabi

Proceedings "On the organs of the human body", City of Mercy, information about the heart.

Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicena)

Work "Introduction to anatomy and physiology".

Leonardo da Vinci

He knew the structure of the human body. The work "Treatise on Painting" - patterns of proportions of the human body.

William Harvey (eng. doctor)

Founder of modern physiology. Investigated the movement of blood through the vessels. Discovered the laws of blood circulation.

Work "Anatomical study of the movement of the heart and blood in animals."

N.I. Pirogov - surgeon, anatomist, doctor

Atlas "Topographic Anatomy". Pathological anatomy. For the first time he used iodine and alcohol to prevent suppuration of wounds, he used ether. Introduced a fixed plaster bandage. The founder of military - field surgery.

I.M. Sechenov

Created the Russian school of physiologists. He discovered the phenomena of inhibition in the central nervous system. Work "Reflexes of the brain".

I.I. Mechnikov

Nobel Prize winner (1908) - for the theory of immunity. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, created a theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.

He studied the problems of aging and death (“Etudes on the Nature of Man”) - “the father of gerontology”.

10.

I.P. Pavlov

Physiologist Nobel laureate (1904) - for research in the field of physiology

circulation and digestion. Theory of conditioned reflexes. The doctrine of GNI, two SS.

Students' responses. (Conclusion. All these people were engaged in the study of the human body and made a huge contribution to the development of human sciences.)

Guys in the 8th grade, we will continue studying the biology course. Man is a part of living nature. To maintain health, each person needs knowledge about how his body works and how it works. Today we will get acquainted with the sciences that study the human body.

The teacher announces the topic of the lesson.

Students write the topic of the lesson in a notebook.

Stage familiarization with new material

Introduction to the textbook. Group work. The class is divided into three groups. Students receive task cards.

1 group

Using textbook material (§1.p.6-7) and additional sources of information, complete the table

Anatomy is the science of………………………………………………………..

Research methods used in anatomy

Method Essence

2 group

Using textbook material (§1.p.7-8) and additional sources of information, complete the table

Physiology is the science of………………………………………………………..

Research methods used in physiology

Method Essence

3 group

Using textbook material (§1.pp.8-9) and additional sources of information, complete the table

Hygiene - section………………………………………………………..

Hygienic research methods

Method Essence

Group work to study new material.

Students distribute information resources among themselves, discuss information, highlight the main thing, jointly fill out the table.

The teacher observes and corrects the work of the group and individual students.

Mutual verification and control over the performance of the task in the group.

The report of students on the call of the teacher about the results, a general discussion in the class under the guidance of the teacher, additions and corrections, additional information from the teacher and the formulation of final conclusions.

Combining information into a common table. Fill in the table in the workbook.

(Slide #7, #8)

The stage of primary understanding and consolidation of connections and relationships in the objects of study

Working with terms

The science of the structure of man and his organs ...... ..

The science of the vital functions of the organism and its organs…….

Section of medicine about creating conditions for maintaining and strengthening health…….

Stage. Setting a homework assignment.

Study the text from the textbook §1. pp.6-10; answer questions 1-4 p.9 (orally).

The stage of summing up the lesson.

Individual assessment of the work of groups and the class as a whole.

Reflection "Three M".

Students are asked to name three things they did well during the lesson and suggest one action that will improve their performance in the next lesson.