The concept of "Oblomov" in the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

lyrics by Pushkin Lermontov Goncharov

In the novel "Oblomov", Goncharov touched upon the problems that time put forward, and showed the real state of Russian noble society in post-reform period in Russia.

The novel "Oblomov" is a novel about a hero and about the phenomenon that gave birth to this hero - "Oblomovism".

The study of Oblomovism in all its manifestations made Goncharov's novel immortal. Main character- Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a hereditary nobleman, a smart, intelligent young man who received a good education and dreamed in his youth of disinterested service to Russia. To understand the reasons for the emergence of such a phenomenon as Oblomovism, you need to remember "Oblomov's Dream". In him, Ilya Ilyich sees his parents, his family estate and all its life. It was a way of life that had not changed for decades; everything seemed to freeze, fell asleep in this estate; life went slowly, measuredly, lazily and sleepily. Nothing disturbed Oblomovka's life. When describing the life of the landowner's estate, Goncharov often uses the words "silence", "stagnation", "peace", "sleep", "silence". They very accurately convey the very atmosphere of the house, where life went on without changes and unrest from breakfast to lunch, from afternoon sleep to evening tea, from dinner - again until morning, where the most memorable event was how Luka Savelich unsuccessfully slid down the hill in winter on a sled and hurt his forehead. We can say that the life of the Oblomovites was defined by one word - “stagnation”, it was a typical existence of a Russian provincial landowner's estate, and Goncharov did not invent it: he himself grew up in such a family.

Goncharov is stern and adamant in analyzing the fate of his hero, although the writer does not hush up his good qualities. “Began with the inability to put on stockings and ended with the inability to live.”

Oblomovism is not only Ilya Ilyich Oblomov himself. This is the fortress Oblomovka, where the hero began his life and was brought up; this is “Vyborgskaya Oblomovka” in the house of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna, where Oblomov ended his inglorious career; this is the serf Zakhar, with his slavish devotion to the master, and a host of swindlers, rogues, hunters for someone else's pie (Tarantiev, Ivan Matveevich, Zated), scurrying around Oblomov and his free income. The serfdom that gave rise to such phenomena, spoke with all its content of Goncharov's novel, was doomed to death, its destruction became an urgent requirement of the era.

She could not awaken Oblomov's interest in life and the love of a beautiful girl, Olga Ilyinskaya. The "poem of love" with its passions, ups and downs seems to the hero "a difficult school of life." Oblomov is frightened by those high properties of the soul that he must possess in order to become worthy of a girl's love. Olga, trying in vain to save her lover, asks him: “What ruined you? There is no name for this evil ... ”-“ There is ... Oblomovism, ”Ilya Ilyich answers. Oblomov is much more satisfied with another version of the relationship. He finds his “ideal” in the person of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsa-na, who, without demanding anything from the object of her love, tries to indulge him in everything.

Perhaps the origins of the tragedies of both heroes lie in their upbringing. The fault of Stolz's unnaturalness is the “correct”, rational, burgher upbringing.

Life, like a dream, and a dream, like death - this is the fate of the protagonist of the novel.

Oblomov's "pigeon soul" resolutely denies the world of false activity, hostile to man, life, nature - first of all, the world of active bourgeois business, the world of all predatory and meanness. But this soul itself, as Goncharov shows, in its weakness acts as an element hostile to life. In this contradiction lies the real immortality of the tragic image of Oblomov.

The concept of "Oblomovism" has become a household word for all kinds of inertia, inertia and stagnation.

Introduction

Ivan Goncharov for the first time in his novel "Oblomov" introduces the concept of "Oblomovism" new to Russian literature, by which he designated a special social trend, characteristic, first of all, for the Russian people, concluded in complete lack of will, apathy, constant laziness and excessive daydreaming, when illusions replace real life, and the person degrades. The very word "Oblomovism" came from the name of the protagonist of the work - Oblomov and the name of his native village - Oblomovka, which was the focus of everything that led to the gradual extinction of Ilya Ilyich as a person, his complete isolation from the world and final escapism. The image of Oblomov and “Oblomovism” in Goncharov’s novel is a reflection of the process of gradual change, the “breakdown” of a person who is instilled with unnatural values ​​and desires, which ultimately leads to tragic consequences - gaining a false meaning of life, fear of the real world and the early death of the hero.

Oblomovka and "Oblomovism"

The roots of the emergence of "Oblomovism" in Oblomov lie in the childhood of the hero - Ilya Ilyich grew up in a remote village - Oblomovka, literally cut off from the real world and the center of Russia. The Oblomov estate is located in a picturesque, quiet, peaceful area, where the climate pleased with its moderation and tranquility, where there were no heavy rains, hurricanes or winds, a raging sea or majestic mountains, instead of which gentle hills spread, even the sky "closer to the earth", “to hug her tighter, with love: it stretched out so low above your head, like a parent’s reliable roof, in order to protect, it seems, the chosen corner from all sorts of adversity.”

Everything here promised "a calm, long-term life to the yellowness of the hair and an imperceptible, sleep-like death." Even the seasons changed each other according to the calendar, without destroying the crops with spring snows - everything in Oblomovka went according to its usual way, not changing for decades. In such a semblance of paradise on earth, Oblomov and the Oblomovites developed, even protected by nature from all sorts of adversities, experiences and losses.

People in Oblomovka lived from rite to rite - from birth to wedding and from wedding to funeral. The pacifying nature pacified their temper, making them quiet, harmless and indifferent to everything: the most terrible atrocities in the village were associated with the theft of peas or carrots, and once found dead man from a neighboring village, they decided to forget about it, since the life of other communities did not concern them, which means that the dead person is not their problem. A similar situation was with a letter from a neighboring estate, where the recipe for beer was described, but the Oblomovites were afraid to open it right away, fearing bad news that could disturb the usual calm of the village. They did not like work in Oblomovka, considering it a duty and trying to do the job as quickly as possible or even shift it onto the shoulders of another. On the estate, all the work was done by the courtyards, who, as can be seen from the example of Zakhar, were also not the most responsible and hardworking people, but at the same time remained devoted servants of their bar.

The days of the Oblomovites passed in calmness and idleness, and most important event there was a choice of dishes for dinner, when everyone offered their own options, and then everyone consulted, approaching the menu with particular seriousness: “care for food was the first and main life concern in Oblomovka. After the meal, everyone fell into a sleepy state, sometimes they carried on lazy meaningless conversations, but more often they were completely silent, gradually falling asleep: “it was some kind of all-consuming, invincible dream, a true likeness of death,” which little Ilya observed from year to year, gradually adopting model of behavior and values ​​of parents.

Oblomov's childhood in Oblomovka

As a child, Ilya was an inquisitive, active child who tried his best to learn the world. He wanted, like other children, to run through the fields, climb trees, walk where it is forbidden, or, climbing into the hayloft, admire the river and magnificent landscapes from a height. Oblomov liked to watch animals, to inspect the surrounding area. However, overprotective parents, who from infancy surrounded Ilya with continuous care and control, forbade the boy to actively interact with the world and study it, instilling in him completely different, "Oblomov" values ​​​​and behavior patterns: constant laziness, unwillingness to work and study, weak will and fear of the real peace.

Deprived of the need to fight for his desires, getting everything he wants at the first request, Oblomov is used to idleness. He did not have to decide or do anything on his own - there were always parents who "knew better" what their son needed, or servants who were ready to bring him any food, help him get dressed or clean up the rooms. Ilya was raised as an exotic "indoor flower", protecting him from the outside world with all his might and sheltering him in the pacifying nest of Oblomovka. Parents did not even demand academic success from their son, since they did not consider science to be something really important and useful, they often left him at home on holidays or in bad weather. That is why studying at school, and then at the institute, became for Oblomov something like an indication of parents, and not the realization of his own will. In the classroom, Ilya Ilyich was bored, he did not understand how the knowledge gained could be applied in later life, in particular, in Oblomovka.

The destructive influence of fairy tales on Oblomov's life

In the novel, Ilya Ilyich appears as a very sensitive, dreamy person who knows how to see beauty and subtly experience any manifestations of the outside world. In many ways, the formation of these qualities in the hero was influenced precisely by the picturesque nature of Oblomov and the fairy tales that his nanny told the boy. Myths and legends carried Oblomov into a completely different world - a fantastic world, beautiful and full of miracles: “He involuntarily dreams of Militris Kirbityevna; everything pulls him in that direction, where they only know that they are walking, where there are no worries and sorrows; he always has the disposition to lie on the stove, walk around in a ready-made, unearned dress and eat at the expense of a good sorceress. Even in adulthood, realizing that "milk rivers" do not exist, Ilya Ilyich "unconsciously sad sometimes, why is a fairy tale not life, and life is not a fairy tale." That is why in Oblomov continued to live that, instilled with fairy tales, the feeling of being abandoned in a terrifying and frightening world, where you need to blindly make your way forward, not seeing a goal or a road, from which only a true miracle can save.

Fairy, Magic world legends and myths becomes an alternative reality for Oblomov, and already in adulthood he himself invents a fairy tale for himself about a future life in heavenly Oblomovka, about endless calm family happiness, prosperity and tranquility. However, the tragedy of Ilya Ilyich does not even consist in total escapism, fear of society, unwillingness to do anything and fight for his happiness, and not in the understanding that he has already replaced real life with an illusory one. Before his death, for Oblomov, his dreams are more real and important than his son, wife, friend and people around him, even more important than himself, because in his dreams everything is in order with health, he is full of strength and energy. However, Goncharov himself in the novel briefly gives the reader one of the explanations for this substitution: “maybe a dream, the eternal silence of a sluggish life and the absence of movement and any real fears, adventures and dangers forced a person to create another, unrealizable world in the natural world, and in it to look for revelry and fun to idle imagination or unraveling the ordinary chains of circumstances and the causes of the phenomenon outside the phenomenon itself”, emphasizing that life itself should be a continuous striving forward, and not an endless sleep in the “comfort zone”.

Conclusion

The concept of "Oblomovism" in the novel "Oblomov" is introduced by Goncharov not as a single characteristic of the main character's life motives and nature, but as a typical and especially attractive phenomenon for Russian society - the archetype of Emelya the Fool, lying on the stove and waiting for his finest hour. According to the author himself, this is “an evil and insidious satire on our great-grandfathers, and maybe even on ourselves” - a fairy tale that everyone wants to believe in, but which has nothing to do with reality, where in order to achieve heights it is necessary to stand up with stoves and work, work on yourself. On the example of Oblomov, Goncharov showed how excessive care and guardianship, protection from stress and loss, leading to complete disappointment in a sensitive, dreamy person, can adversely affect real life and replacing it with illusions.

The characteristics of the concept of “Oblomovism”, the history of its appearance and the connection with the main character of the novel will be useful to 10 classes during the preparation of an essay on the topic “Oblomov and “Oblomovism” in the novel “Oblomov”.

Artwork test

The novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" was published in 1859, at a time when the issue of abolishing serfdom was extremely acute in the country, when Russian society was already fully aware of the perniciousness of the existing order. A deep knowledge of life and the accuracy of the social analysis of characters allowed the writer to find a surprisingly correct definition of the way of Russian life of that time - “Oblomovism”.
The main task of the author in the novel is to show how a person gradually dies in a person, how unadapted to life a landowner is, not used to doing anything. The main qualities of the kind, sweet Ilya Ilyich Oblomov are his inertia, apathy, and aversion to any activity. Faithful to the traditions of realism, I. A. Goncharov shows that these qualities were the result of Oblomov's upbringing, they are born of the confidence that any desire will be fulfilled and no effort is needed for this. Oblomov is a nobleman, he does not have to work for a piece of bread - hundreds of serfs Zakharov work for him on the estate and fully ensure his existence. This means that he can lie on the couch all day long, not because he was tired, but because "that was his normal state." He almost merged with his soft, comfortable dressing gown and long, wide shoes, which he masterfully hit the first time, as soon as he hung his legs off the sofa.
In his youth, Oblomov "was full of all sorts of aspirations, hopes, expected a lot from fate and himself, everything was preparing for some kind of field, for some kind of role." But time passed, and Ilya Ilyich was getting ready to start new life, but did not move a single step towards any goal. In Moscow, he received a good education, but his head "was like a library, consisting of some knowledge scattered in parts." Entering the service, which had previously seemed to him in the form of some kind of family occupation, he did not even imagine that life would immediately be divided into two halves for him, one of which would consist of work and boredom, which were synonymous for him, and the other - out of peace and peaceful joy. He realized that "one must at least have an earthquake in order not to come healthy person to the service, ”and therefore he soon resigned, then stopped going out into the world and completely closed himself in the room. If Oblomov recognizes some kind of work, then only the work of the soul, since dozens of generations of his ancestors “endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love, and where there was a case, they always got rid of it, finding it possible and proper."
There were moments in Oblomov’s life when he thought about the reasons that prompted him to lead such a life, when he asked himself the question: “Why am I like this?” In the climactic chapter of the novel The Dream of Oblomov, the writer answers this question. He creates a picture of a provincial landowner's life and shows how lazy hibernation is gradually becoming a normal state of a person.
In a dream, Oblomov is transferred to the estate of his parents Oblomovka, “to a blessed corner of the earth”, where there is no “sea, no high mountains, rocks, abysses, no dense forests - there is nothing grandiose, wild and gloomy. Before us appears an idyllic picture, a series of beautiful landscapes. “Rightly and calmly the yearly cycle is completed there. A deep silence lies in the fields. Silence and tranquility of life also reign in the morals of people in that region, ”writes I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov sees himself as a little boy, seeking to look into the unknown, ask more questions and get answers to them. But only concern for food becomes the first and main concern of life in Oblomovka. And the rest of the time takes "some
an all-consuming, invincible dream", which I. A. Goncharov makes a symbol that characterizes people like Oblomov, and which he calls "the true likeness of death." From childhood, Ilya was accustomed to the fact that he should not do anything, that for any work there is “Vaska, Vanka, Zakharka”, and at some point he himself realized that it was “much calmer” this way. That is why all the “seekers of manifestations of strength” in Ilyusha “turned inward and drooped, fading away.” Such a life deprived the hero of the novel of any initiative and gradually turned him into a slave of his position, his habits, and even a slave of his servant Zakhar.
In his article “What is Oblomovism?” N. A. Dobrolyubov wrote: “Oblomov is not a stupid apathetic figure without aspirations and feelings, but a person who is also looking for something in life, thinking about something.” He is endowed with many positive qualities, and not stupid. There is a sad truth in his judgments - also a consequence of Russian life. What are all these Sudbinskys, Volkins, Penkovs striving for? Indeed, is it worth getting up from the couch for the sake of the petty fuss that his former comrades are busy with?
In the spirit of the tradition created by Russian writers, I. A. Goncharov subjects his hero to the greatest test - the test of love. A feeling for Olga Ilyinskaya, a girl of great spiritual strength, could resurrect Oblomov. But I. A. Goncharov is a realist, and he cannot show the happy ending of the novel. “Why did everything die? Who cursed you, Ilya? What ruined you? - bitterly tries to understand Olga. And the writer gives an answer to these questions, quite accurately defining the name of this evil - Oblomovism. And not only Ilya Ilyich became its victim. "Our name is legion!" he says to Stolz. And indeed, almost all the heroes of the novel became its victims: Zakhar, Agafya Pshenitsyna, Stolz, and Olga.
The greatest merit of I. A. Goncharov lies in the fact that he surprisingly accurately portrayed the disease that struck Russian society in the middle of the 19th century, which N. A. Dobrolyubov described as “the inability to actively want something,” and pointed out the social causes of this phenomenon.

The novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is a socio-psychological novel depicting the destructive influence of the nobility and landlord environment on the human personality. "Oblomov" appeared when the feudal system more and more revealed its failure. Goncharov worked on this work for many years. The novel was published in 1859 in the magazine " Domestic notes and immediately attracted the attention of readers.

Goncharov, like few others, managed to touch the innermost strings of the "Russian soul" with the artist's pen. The writer created a hero who, oddly enough, embodies the main features of the Russian national character, although in a form not the most attractive, but at the same time causing love and sympathy. Goncharov's merit lies in the fact that he revealed the socio-historical reasons for the emergence of such a character as Oblomov. That is why in the novel an important place is occupied by the image of those conditions and the environment in which the formation of his hero took place.

The writer with amazing depth reproduced the life of a provincial noble estate, the life of middle-class landowners, their psychology, mores, customs, views. In the chapter "Oblomov's Dream", the author draws immobility, lulling the peace and silence of a "peaceful corner". "The annual cycle is being performed there correctly and calmly"; "neither terrible storms nor destruction can be heard in that land"; "life, like a calm river, flowed past them" such phrases characterize the life of the hero and his environment.

By the age of 32, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov had turned into a "babaka", an apathetic and inert creature, whose life was limited to an apartment on Gorokhovaya Street, a dressing gown made of Persian fabric and lying on a sofa. Such a state kills positive human qualities in Oblomov, of which there are many in him. He is honest, humane, smart. The writer repeatedly emphasizes in it "pigeon meekness." Stolz recalls that once, about ten years ago, he had spiritual ideals. He read Rousseau, Schiller, Goethe, Byron, did mathematics, studied English language, thought about the fate of Russia, wanted to serve the motherland. Stolz reproaches Oblomov: “In the same corner lie your plans to“ serve ”as long as you have strength, because Russia needs hands and heads to develop inexhaustible sources.”

The ideological confrontation between Andrei Ivanovich and Ilya Ilyich is one of the main semantic elements of Oblomov. The last meeting of the two friends mirrors their first meeting in the novel. Their dialogue develops in the following generalized form: Stolz's questions about health, Oblomov's complaints, Stolz's reproaches about the wrong way of life, calls for change. But the outcome of the conversation differs significantly: at the beginning of the novel, Ilya Ilyich succumbs to the persuasion of a friend and goes out into the world, but in the finale he remains in his familiar place.

The German Stolz is "incessantly on the move". His credo is an active life position, distrust of the "dream, the enigmatic, the mysterious." The character of Stolz is associated with a new, bourgeois-entrepreneurial reality and embodies the features of a businessman. Andrei Ivanovich is hardworking, intelligent, honest, noble, but he does not work for a lofty goal, but for personal success. To Oblomov's question: "What are you working for?" he finds nothing to say except: "For the labor itself, for nothing else." Stolz does not pull on goodie, because he is "weak, pale an idea peeps out of him too nakedly."

It is very important that we actually look at what is happening through the eyes of Stolz. But after all, this character does not represent the author's position at all, and he does not convince us of everything. In essence, Oblomov is a mystery even for the author himself.

The tragedy of Oblomov is not in the absence of general education and not in the desolation of his family estate. The break with Olga Ilyinskaya led to the loss of the content of his life. The best moments of the life of Ilya Ilyich were connected with Olga. This loss leads him to the house of Agafya Pshenitsyna. At the end of the novel, Oblomov "... was a complete and natural reflection of peace, contentment and serene silence."

Energetic Stolz tried to bring Oblomov out of a state of dead rest, to include him in life. Unfortunately, nothing came of this, because Ilya Ilyich had grown too strong to rest: "I have grown to this pit with a sore spot: try to tear it off - there will be death."

Oblomov understands his spiritual fall, the stronger his spiritual drama. “He painfully felt that some good, bright beginning was buried in him, as in a grave, perhaps now dead, or it lies like gold in the bowels of a mountain ... But the treasure is deeply and heavily littered with rubbish, superficial rubbish". Oblomov also understands the reasons for his spiritual death. When Olga asked him: "Why did everything die?.. Who cursed you, Ilya?.. What ruined you? There is no name for this evil..."

Perhaps, Goncharov managed to embody positive features in Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga nature is independent, strong, resolute. It is characterized by the desire for an active and meaningful life. Therefore, having fallen in love with Oblomov, she is imbued with a desire to revive him, to save him from spiritual and moral death. Realizing that Oblomov will not be able to throw off apathy and laziness, she irrevocably breaks with him. The farewell words that Olga addresses to Oblomov speak of her high demands on the one she loves: "You are meek, honest, Ilya; you are gentle ... dove, you hide your head under your wing and do not want anything more; you I’m ready to coo all my life under the roof ... yes, I’m not like that: that’s not enough for me ... ”It is interesting that Olga becomes Stolz’s wife. But, of course, this marriage does not bring her happiness.

The unconscious motives and aspirations that determine Oblomov's behavior are a kind of "abyss". In many ways, Oblomov's personality remains unsolved.

N. A. Dobrolyubov in the article "What is Oblomovism?" gave a brilliant and still unsurpassed analysis of the novel. He notes that public importance The novel "Oblomov" lies in the fact that it shows Russian life, created the "modern Russian type" and in one word defined the characteristic phenomenon of the nobility and serf reality: "This word is Oblomovism; it serves as a key to unraveling many phenomena of Russian life."

Dobrolyubov showed that the image of Oblomov is a socio-psychological type, embodying the features of a landowner of the pre-reform period. The state of nobility gives rise to moral slavery in him: "... the vile habit of obtaining satisfaction of his desires not from his own efforts, but from others developed in him apathetic immobility and plunged him into a miserable state of moral slavery. This slavery is intertwined with Oblomov's nobility, as they mutually penetrate into each other and one is conditioned by the other. The Oblomovs are all those whose words disagree with their deeds, who in words only want the best and are not able to translate their desire into action.

This is the genius of Goncharov, that in his wonderful work he raised one of the most important questions of Russian life. Answering this question means changing life radically for the better.

"In Gorokhovaya Street, in one of the big houses<…>Ilya Ilyich Oblomov was lying in bed in his apartment in the morning, ”so I. A. Goncharov introduces us to the main character of the work, a gentleman a little over 30 years old, who does not know and does not want to know about work. An old, worn dressing gown (sleeping dressing gown) and slippers are his usual attire. These are symbols of laziness and apathy, which run like a red thread through the whole life of the character.

“Yes, I’m a gentleman and I don’t know how to do anything!” - says Oblomov about himself.

N. A. Dobrolyubov understood "Oblomovism" as something social, "a sign of the times." In his understanding, the image of Oblomov is a strictly minted type of Russian person, "spoiled" by the opportunity to shift all responsibility onto other people's shoulders. From the critic's point of view, "Oblomovism" is an allegory of serfdom.

(A still from N. Mikhalkov's film A Few Days in the Life of II Oblomov. Ilya Oblomov - Oleg Tabakov)

Where did "Oblomovism" come from? The reader learns about this from the chapter "Oblomov's Dream", which tells about Ilyusha's childhood. The life of a serf estate is divided into two worlds: a lazy, amorphous lordly world, where there is nothing more important than delicious food and a sound, like a dream, and a peasant one - filled with work aimed at solving the everyday problems of the masters. We see a world ossified, closed in traditions and customs that do not encourage living aspirations and, moreover, labor. And why, if there is "Zakhar and even 300 Zakharov"?

Moving away from Dobrolyubov's concept of serfdom, one can see in the "Oblomovism" a phenomenon that is often encountered today. Fear of being sent to a "big life", persistently nurtured by parents in offspring, life "on the knurled" and beaten by generations path of following traditions and foundations. Excessive guardianship from work and the creation of a social vacuum destroy the slightest manifestations of curiosity and the urge to independence: "Seeking manifestations of strength turned inward and drooped, withering."

Oblomov's whole life is a desire to plunge into a utopia, where everything is easy and there is no need to make decisions. Ilya Ilyich does not want to leave the house, he is always immersed in dreams about rebuilding the estate, but dreams remain dreams, and Oblomov’s world is still limited to a sofa, because “a fairy tale is not life, and life is not a fairy tale.”

"Oblomovism" is contrition, "primitive laziness", time spent in dreams and empty dreams. The time that is created for action.

No external force can awaken even a single spark in Ilya Ilyich. The desire of Andrei Stolz to bring him back to life collapsed under a heap of fears, foundations and the notorious shabby robe, which enveloped not only the body, but also the mind, the soul of Oblomov. Olga's aspirations to return Ilya to society did not come true either. Decadence consumed his essence.

("The same Oblomov - yesterday and today")

Everything that captures a person infected with "Oblomovism" is doomed. Everything around him perishes, because there is no fire inside, no desire to live, and not drag out existence, lying on the couch and hiding from any "external stimuli".

The last refuge of Ilya Ilyich was the house of Agafya Pshenitsina, where he found echoes of his "cradle" - Oblomovka, to which all his nature aspired.