What is sound? Sound is a vibration that affects any object, a living organism, including a human one.

In physics, such an experiment is known: sand is poured onto a sheet of iron and different sounds act on it - at the same time, the sand begins to take on various forms, each one has its own. Why? Yes, because each sound has its own unique features. They - then add up, as in a kaleidoscope, a variety of patterns. According to these features, we can distinguish one sound from another and, if necessary, recognize, determine, single out from the entire sound variety the one that is important and necessary for us at the moment.

The ability to distinguish between these features, or, as teachers say, the properties of sound, is the basis for the development of musical abilities. What are the mysterious properties of sound?

First of all, let's divide all the sounds around us into two important groups: noise sounds (from the word "noise", "make noise") and musical sounds (from the word "music"). Musical sounds make up any song, any musical composition, any tune. Such sounds have a special name - melodic.

Please read the poem by E. Koroleva with the children.

All children in the world know:

Sounds are different.

Cranes farewell scream,

Aircraft loud murmur.

The rumble of cars in the yard,

Barking dog in a kennel

The sound of wheels and the noise of the machine,

Quiet breeze.

These are noise sounds.

There are only others:

Not rustling, not knocking -

There are musical sounds.

Do the following task with the children: look at the pictures and ask the child to name when he hears noise sounds, and when he hears music.

The noise of leaves and the sound of drops,

The splashing of the waves and the howl of the wind ...

How many sounds were sung to us

These sounds do not

Your exact height

That's why they call it noise

You cannot sing them.

And there are sounds

That weave a pattern of melodies

Songs, waltzes, polka marches,

Minuets and rhapsodies.

These sounds, you know

They are called musical.

musical sounds

They live in houses.

What are these houses?

Try it, guess!

think hard

And give us an answer.

Right! Musical sounds live in musical instruments. Remember what musical instruments you know.

Sound is a physical phenomenon caused by vibrations of an elastic body. Such a body can be a stretched string, the plasticity of a drum, a column of air in a wind instrument. When you pull a string or hit a drum, they vibrate and create a sound wave in the air. The wave reaches our ears and causes irritation of the auditory nerve - this is how we hear sounds.

Sounds are divided into musical and noise. Musical sounds are distinguished by the fact that you can accurately determine their pitch and repeat them with your voice or on a musical instrument. Noise sounds do not have an exact height, but have their own expressive meaning: roar, impact, rumble, buzz. In classical music leading role musical sounds play, and noise ones emphasize them. In modern academic and pop music, in folk music, noise sounds are of greater importance, the entire work can only be performed on percussion instruments.

The main characteristics of musical sound: pitch, volume, duration and timbre.

Pitch depends on the frequency of air vibrations. Frequency is measured in hertz, which is the number of vibrations per second. A person can perceive sounds with a frequency of 16 to 20,000 hertz. If the sound has a frequency of less than 16 hertz, it is called infrasound, if more than 20,000, then ultrasound. Perceived sounds can be divided into 3 registers: low, medium and high. Low sounds have a frequency of 16 to 200 hertz, they make the sound heavy, gloomy, dark. High sounds, on the contrary, give the melody lightness and transparency. Their frequency is above 800 hertz. The range from 200 to 800 hertz sets the middle register. It is closest to the human voice, so melodies in this register are perceived more warmly.

Loudness or strength of sound depends on the amplitude of oscillations. The more the string vibrates, the louder the sound is. Gradually, the string vibrates less and less, and the volume of the sound decreases and fades completely. The strength of the sound affects the character of the musical image. Heroic, resolute images require high volume, the sonority of lyrical images should be soft and gentle.

Sound duration depends on the duration of the oscillations. Oscillations can decay independently or be muffled by the performer, or, on the contrary, they can be supported by the movement of the bow or breathing. The change of duration forms the rhythm of the piece.

Timbre- this is the color of the sound, which depends on the emerging overtones or overtones. The more of them, the brighter and richer the sound. By timbre, we distinguish instruments from each other, the same note sounds differently on the piano, violin or flute. Overtones appear at a frequency that is a multiple of the frequency of the main sound. Lower sounds have more audible overtones, so low-pitched instruments differ more.

The first, brightest overtone appears at a frequency twice the fundamental frequency. This is how an octave is formed - the most merging sounds. In European music, it is customary to divide an octave into 12 equal parts, called semitones. This is called equal temperament.

About temperament.

The second overtone sounds three times higher than the main sound and forms a natural fifth. The tempered fifth consists of 7 semitones and differs from natural. For example, the frequency of the sound "la" is 220 Hz. A sound an octave higher sounds at a frequency of 440 Hz, an octave and a natural fifth higher - at a frequency of 660 Hz, two octaves - at a frequency of 880 Hz. To find the frequency of a tempered fifth, you need to divide the octave interval into 12 parts and take 7. We get 440 + (880-440) * 7/12 = 696.67 Hz. A natural fifth would sound cleaner, but this would severely limit the number of sounds that fit the main. In music, only a few keys that are close to each other could be used. Equal temperament allows you to use more sounds, but with a small margin of error. Tempered instruments appeared in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote the Well-Tempered Clavier cycle of pieces in all 24 keys, major and minor from each of the 12 notes. Overtones and temperament are described in slightly more detail in

1. Acquaintance with the student.

2. Talking to a child about meaning literature, music and painting in people's lives.

The teacher explains to the student how uninteresting it would be for him to live if he had never heard beautiful music, had not seen paintings by artists and had no books. Then the teacher reveals the expressive possibilities of the three types of art, what is common and what is the difference between them. It is suggested to do it like this:

The teacher shows reproductions from paintings by I. Levitan " Golden autumn", I. Ostroukhova "Golden Autumn", reads A. Pushkin's poem "A sad time! charm of the eyes!" and performs a fragment of "Autumn Song" by P. Tchaikovsky. After that, the child should be prompted that the poet, the writer use the word in their work, the artist uses colors, and the composer uses sounds, but all of them, using their own artistic means and techniques, tell about someone or something.

3. Explanation of the concepts of "musical and noise sounds". In the poem given to this topic, the noise sounds are explained, and the musical ones are deliberately only mentioned at the end.

4. Task 1. When completing the task, it is important to bring the child to an independent understanding of what musical sound is.

Turn. Listening to D. Kabalevsky's play "Clowns". The play is performed by a teacher. In the 1st and 3rd parts, for each strong beat, the child makes a loud clap, and in the 2nd part, strong beats are noted with quiet claps. You can use children's musical instruments (metallophone, maracas, rumba, rattle, etc.).

Sad time! Oh charm!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -
I love the magnificent nature of wilting,
Forests clad in crimson and gold,
In their canopy of the wind noise and fresh breath,
And the heavens are covered with mist,
And a rare ray of sun, and the first frosts,
And distant gray winter threats.
A. Pushkin

Musical and noise sounds

All children in the world know
Sounds are different.
Cranes farewell scream,
Aircraft loud roar.

The rumble of cars in the yard,
Barking dog in a kennel
The sound of wheels and the noise of the machine,
Quiet breeze.

These are noise sounds.
There are only others:
Not rustling, not knocking -
There are musical sounds.

Exercise 1
Consider the drawings. Name when noise sounds are heard, and when they are musical.

HOMEWORK
1. Think of examples of musical and noise sounds.
2. Learn by heart any poem about autumn, or A. Pushkin's poem "A sad time! Eyes charm!", Be able to read it expressively and draw a picture for it.
3. Bring game cards to the next lesson, make them with your parents.

Task for parents
Cut out the animal cards (see Lesson 2). Stick them on cardboard or thick paper. Cut along the contour lines. Do the task with your child.

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Let's start studying sound in music from the simplest and most accessible - from the sounds that surround us. By its physical nature, sound is vibrations of an elastic body that form sound waves in the air. Having reached the ear, the air sound wave acts on the eardrum, from which vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear and further to the auditory nerve. This is how we hear sounds.

If everything is not yet clear, it does not matter. Because music lessons are not about that How we hear. Our task is to figure out What we hear and distinguish from the whole variety of audible sounds in music.

All sounds can be divided into musical and noise. In musical sounds, the human ear can pick out a certain frequency that sounds louder than others. Noise sounds contain many different frequencies, from which we cannot distinguish any individual frequency by loudness by ear. Sounds of different frequencies merge in noise with approximately the same or floating volume.

Listen to noise and musical sounds:

• noise sounds

Some noise sounds are used in music. Of the three noise sounds presented, the first two are the sounds of musical instruments. The big drum sounds first, then the triangle.

The third noise sound is the so-called "white noise". It has a lot of components that change randomly. In the picture, white noise would look like this:

Noise sounds will not be studied, but we will proceed immediately to musical sounds.

• musical sounds:

If we select the loudest component from the musical sound and draw it, we get something like this picture:

In real sound, the picture would be more complicated, but, nevertheless, the main thing is that in musical sound there is the loudest sound with one (certain) frequency. Melodies can be composed from such sounds.

Music lessons. So, in musical sounds, a certain frequency can be distinguished. What are we talking about? imagine tight stretched string. Let's hit it with a hammer. The string will begin to vibrate:

The frequency at which a string vibrates determines the frequency of the sound heard.
The frequency is measured in hertz: one hertz (1 Hz) is equal to one oscillation per second. A person is able to hear sound in the range from 16 Hz to 20 thousand Hz (kHz) when vibrations are transmitted through the air. With age, hearing deteriorates and the sound range narrows. The upper limit of sounds heard by an adult is approximately 14 thousand Hz. In addition, a person hears an even narrower range of sounds most accurately and clearly: from about 16 to 4,200 Hz. Musical instruments also sound in this range.

Sound in music. Sound pitch.

Depending on the frequency of the sound, we distinguish between low and high sounds. In fact, any adjectives could be used here, for example, fat and skinny. However, the designation of sounds by height was not chosen by chance. It turns out that it is very convenient to draw musical sounds on paper. This is described on the "music notation" page.

The lower the frequency of the sound, the lower it seems. So, a sound with a frequency of 200 vibrations per second (200 Hz) seems low:

Higher frequency sounds sound high.
A sound with a frequency of 4000 vibrations per second (4000 Hz) seems high:

Pitch is one of the characteristics of sound in music. Each sound in music has its own pitch (frequency) and its own name. Sounds in music in height were selected empirically over the centuries. Different nations have different systems of musical sounds and their names. We will consider only the European system, which is the most common in the world and is used in Russia. The scale of the European system will be discussed on the next page, and now let's move on to another characteristic of the sound.

Sound in music. Sound duration.

Duration refers to the amount of time the sound lasts.

For example, a sound at 440 Hz for 6 seconds:

The same sound for 2 seconds:

I hope everything is clear with the duration. Let me clarify that in music, duration is not measured in seconds or minutes. Duration in music is measured in rhythmic units that can be counted, such as one, two, three, four. This is described in detail on the page about the tempo, meter and rhythm of music.

Sound in music. sound amplitude.

Amplitude is the range of vibration of a sound source (for example, a string). The greater the range of oscillations, the greater, they say, their amplitude. In direct proportion to the amplitude of the sound is its loudness - the greater the amplitude, the greater the volume. Less amplitude means less volume. In addition to the amplitude, the distance for the sound source affects the loudness - the closer the sound source, the (with the same amplitude) it sounds louder. The sound volume is also affected by the peculiarity of human hearing - so with the same amplitude and distance to the sound source, the loudest sounds will be heard in the middle register.

Here are two examples, the same tone. Louder and Quieter:

The volume of sound is also influenced by such a factor as the type of oscillation. Vibrations can be damped (strike on a guitar string). In this case, along with the extinction of vibrations, the sound of the string will also die down. There may also be undamped vibrations - in this case, the vibrations are supported artificially, for example, by moving the bow along the string or by singing. For undamped oscillations, the volume can be changed (decreased, increased or left unchanged) depending on artistic goals and objectives.

Sound in music. Sound timbre.

All recent examples used sound from a sound generator at 440 Hz. This frequency in the examples was not chosen by chance. 440 Hz is the note frequency for the first octave. The octaves are described on the scale page, and here it is important to note the following - although the note for real musical instruments has the same frequency as it was set for the generator, but the note for la and the generator sound differently. Moreover, for different musical instruments, the note la does not sound exactly the same either. That is why we can accurately say which instrument sounds:

this is the sound generator:

and this is the piano:

this is the fiddle:

and this is a flute:

Why does the same note sound different, although the pitch is the same? The fact is that when a real musical instrument sounds, additional vibrations are superimposed on the main frequency of the note. When a string sounds, for example, several vibrations are generated at once:

• the fundamental tone (loudest) over the entire length of the string, and
• overtones - a series of vibrations in half, third, quarter, and so on strings. The amplitude (loudness) of the overtone vibrations decreases as the step of the "division" of the string increases.

In addition, the sounds of vibrations of parts of the body of a musical instrument are added to the main tone and overtones. All this gives the sound a special individual color, which is called the timbre of the sound. Timbre allows you to distinguish different musical instruments by ear.

Timbre is inherent in the sounds of not only musical instruments, but also in the human voice. Therefore, we can easily distinguish the voices of different people.

The human ear best perceives the loudest (fundamental) tone in a musical sound. Partial tones (overtones) are not perceived as separate sounds, they give the main sound a certain color, merging with it. The overtones that make up a complex sound are called harmonics or harmonic components. The volume distribution between the harmonics of different instruments is not always as linear as in theory. For example, in an oboe (wind musical instrument), the second harmonic is louder than the fundamental tone, and the third is louder than the second, and only in subsequent harmonics does the volume decrease.

On electronic musical instruments (synthesizers), by changing the ratio of harmonics in a complex sound, you can compose any volume of overtones and choose them so as to imitate the sound of any musical instruments. If you select the first, third and fifth harmonics, the clarinet will sound 🙂

So, we have considered the nature of sound in music and its characteristics: pitch, amplitude, duration and timbre.

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To learn how to play wind musical instruments, we recommend the Svirelka program, which can be obtained here.

natalia chabanova
Abstract music lesson"Sounds are different"

Abstract of a music lesson

Target: the formation of preschoolers' ideas about those around us sounds.

Tasks: 1) Teaching children to distinguish between noise and musical sounds, to promote the assimilation of these concepts, using game techniques.

2) Develop natural musicality of children, to create prerequisites for the formation of creative thinking.

3) Educate musical culture , benevolence and mutual respect.

Methodological support classes:

piano;

Noise recordings sounds;

Sound Fragment Recordings musical instruments;

Cards for the game "Distinguish sounds»

Plan classes

I. Organizational stage

- musical greeting in the form of vocalization music director: "Hello guys!" and answer pupils: "Hello!"

Message topics, goals classes.

Guys! Today we will be introduced to various sounds that surround us. Do you know what is « sound» ?

(children's answers)

« Sound» is what we hear.

II. main stage

Sound is vibration, which affects any object, a living organism, including a human one.

In physics, this is known experience: sand is poured onto a sheet of iron and acted on different sounds- the sand begins to take on different forms, for each sound - their. Why? Yes, because everyone sound has its, inherent only to him, by them we can distinguish one sound from another and, if necessary, to learn from the set that sounds which we need.

Now let's hear what sounds surround us. To do this, close your eyes and sit in silence for a while.

Have you heard any sounds coming from the next room, from the street? What exactly did you hear?

(children's answers)

Now I will read you a poem by E. Koroleva about different sounds. After listening carefully, you will tell me into which groups everything can be divided. sounds.

All children in the world know

Sounds are different.

Cranes farewell scream,

Aircraft loud murmur,

The rumble of cars in the yard,

Barking dog in a kennel

The sound of wheels and the noise of the machine,

Light rustle of the breeze.

This noise sounds.

Only there are others:

Not rustling, not knocking -

Musical have sounds.

What groups can be divided into sounds?

(Answers of children. "Noise" And « Musical» )

Give examples "noise" sounds.

Examples « Musical» sounds.

A game "Distinguish sounds»

Children are given 2 cards each with the image of a treble clef and with the image of cubes.

Now there will be different sounds. If you hear musical sound, then raise the card with the image of a treble clef, and if you hear a noise sound- Raise the card with the image of cubes.

III. Work on the song repertoire

chanting

"Snow covered all the way"

Listening to a song "Sled"

Music and words. Shestakova.

Learning 1 verse, chorus

Execution (group, individual)

IV. A game "Collect Snowflakes"

1. What's new about those around us sounds we learned today?

2. Play "noise" sound.

3. Play « musical» sound.

4. What new song did we meet today?

Well done boys! Is our lesson has come to an end. On the next lesson we will continue to get to know those around us sounds and take a closer look at « musical» sounds.

Literature

1. Maslennikova, T. P. In the world sounds [Text]: / T. P. Maslennikova // Musical director . - 2011. - No. 8. – S. 19-20

2. Matvienko, E. Yu. Chants-calendars [Notes]: / E. Yu. Matvienko // Musical director. -2011. - No. 2. – p. 9

3. Mikhailova, M. A. Development musical abilities of children [Text]: a popular guide for parents and teachers / M. A. Mikhailova. Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1997. - 240 p.

4. Shestakova, V. Sanochki [Notes]: / V. Shestakova // Musical director. - 2010. - No. 8. – p. 52