In the lesson, students, using the example of Maxim Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil", will analyze the basic techniques for creating a romantic work; analyze the legends about Larra and Danko; give a description of the main character; determine the main idea of ​​the story; form an idea of ​​the moral and citizenship author.

Topic: From the literature of the XX century

Lesson: M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

In the period from 1892 to 1902, the then unknown 24-year-old Alexei Peshkov wandered the steppes of Bessarabia, who will very soon enter Russian literature under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky (Fig. 1).

Heavy and at the same time wonderful were those 5 years for the writer. Heavy, because it was hard: in order not to die of hunger, Gorky did not disdain any, even the hardest work. At the same time, the future writer accumulated impressions, observed, gained experience, met interesting people. All this later formed the basis of his work.

Rice. 1. M. Gorky ()

The first works of young Gorky are devoted to the period of southern wanderings. These are stories "Makar Chudra", "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".

The titles contain the names of the main characters. They are unusual, unusual for us. How unusual are the events that the narrator narrates. Synonyms for the word "unusual" - mysterious, mysterious, beautiful, fantastic, romantic.

All these definitions accurately reflect the impression of Gorky's early romantic stories.

The role of landscape in Gorky's romantic stories

Landscape (fr. Paysage from pays, area, country) - 1) view of the area; 2) in art - artistic depiction of nature. More precisely, it is one of the artistic description or genre visual arts, the main subject of the image in which - nature, city or architectural complex.

The main purposes of using the landscape:

1. Reveal the state of the hero;
2. Contrast the world human beliefs;
3. Establish compositional links between parts of the work;
4. Reflect the mystery of nature, its beauty and uniqueness.

From the first lines of the story “Old Woman Izergil”, the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of the southern night, feels the caress of the warm sea wind, hears the sounds of the night steppe, sees singing people returning from work: “The air was saturated with the sharp smell of the sea and the greasy fumes of the earth, shortly before the evening soaked in rain. Even now fragments of clouds roamed the sky, lush, of strange shapes and colors, here - soft as puffs of smoke, gray and ash-blue, there - sharp, like fragments of rocks, dull black or brown. Between them, dark blue patches of sky glittered affectionately, adorned with golden flecks of stars. All this - sounds and smells, clouds and people - it was strangely beautiful and sad, it seemed like the beginning of a wonderful fairy tale.

Facilities artistic expressiveness , which help to give the landscape unusual, mysterious, romantic:

EPITHETS: "the pungent smell of the sea", "lush, strange outlines and colors", "glowed tenderly", "stars decorated with golden dots", "it was strange, beautiful and sad", "wonderful fairy tale".

METAPHORS: “scraps of clouds”, “wisps of the sky”, “specks of stars”.

COMPARISONS: clouds, “like clouds of smoke”, “like fragments of rocks”.

Features of the composition of Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil":

1. Legend of Larra
2. The life of the old woman Izergil.

Each part is framed by a romantic landscape in which nature seems to come to life and becomes a participant in the story, enhancing the romantic content of the legends.

Legend, like myth and fairy tale, is a genre of oral folk art. Events in the legend are embellished or exaggerated. Main character legends - an unusual, exceptional, romantic personality.

Romantic heroes of Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil"

"The Legend of Larra"

Idea"Legends of Larra": “For everything that a person takes, he pays with himself: with his mind and strength, sometimes with his life” .

Idea. The legend of Danko, a handsome, brave and strong hero, carries the idea of ​​heroism, self-sacrifice, altruism (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Legend of Danko ()

Danko helps people not for fame and recognition, but for their happiness. And let people not immediately appreciate his feat. But nature itself did not let them forget about the feat of Danko: “it became terribly quiet in the steppe, as if she was struck by the strength of the daredevil Danko, who burned his heart for people and died without asking them for anything as a reward for himself” .

Comparison of Larra and Danko

The heroes are united by only one point of comparison: both are young, beautiful, and proud. Otherwise, they are opposite. Larra is the embodiment of selfishness, cruelty, cynical indifference to people, pride. Danko is an altruist who performs the feat of self-sacrifice in the name of people. Thus, the story is built on antithesis, and the characters are antipodes.

Antipode (ancient Greek ἀντίπους - "opposite" or "opposing") - in general sense something opposite to something else.

In a figurative sense, it can be applied to any opposite objects, for example, to people with opposite views.

The image of the old woman Izergil

In the story "The Old Woman Izergil" the author includes the story of the old woman about her life. These memories are compositionally placed between the two legends. Heroes of legends real people, and symbols. Larra is a symbol of egoism, Danko is altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil, her life and fate are quite realistic.

Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched like an old woman spoke with her bones.

The old woman talks about her life, about the men whom she first loved, and then betrayed, and only for the sake of one was she ready to give her life. All her lovers outwardly could be ugly. But this was not the main thing for Izergil. She chose those who are capable of action: “He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and finds where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves, - they are simply lazy or cowardly or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace ... "

In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. For example, let us recall her escape from the harem with the son of the Sultan, who soon died. She says: “I cried over him. Who will say? Maybe I killed him." But Izergil was also capable of a feat of self-sacrifice. For example, she risks herself to save a loved one from captivity.

The old woman Izergil measures people with such concepts as honesty, directness, courage, and activity. For her, they are beautiful people. Izergil condemns boring, cowardly and vile people. She is proud that she has seen a lot in her lifetime and believes that her life experience should be passed on to the young. That's why she tells the legends about Larra and Danko.

Bibliography

1. Korovina V.Ya. Didactic materials on literature. 7th grade. — 2008.
2. Tishchenko O.A. Homework in literature for grade 7 (to the textbook by V.Ya. Korovina). — 2012.
3. Kuteynikova N.E. Literature lessons in grade 7. — 2009.
4. Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
5. Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
6. Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. — 2012.
7. Kurdyumova T.F. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2011.
8. Phonochrestomathy in literature for the 7th grade to the textbook by Korovina.

1. FEB: Dictionary of literary terms ().
2. Dictionaries. Literary terms and concepts ().
3. Dictionary Russian language ().
4. M. Gorky Old woman Izergil ().
5. Maksim Gorky. Biography. Products().
6. Bitter. Biography ().

Homework

1. Find and read the description of the steppe before and after the Danko legend. What role does the romantic landscape play in the story?
2. Is it possible to name Danko and Larra romantic heroes? Justify the answer.

Indeed, the work of Maxim Gorky's "Old Woman Izergil" is a romantic work.

romanticism, like art style dominated the first third of the 19th century. Byron, Delacroix, Gericault worked in this style, in Russia Venetsianov, Lermontov, Pushkin. The main features of the style: a sharp confrontation between Good and Evil, the confrontation between the ideal hero and society, the heroism of protest, the motives of "world evil", "world sorrow". Artists and writers have sought to portray inner world hero, emotional experiences.

By the middle of the 19th century, romanticism replaces realism, but many elements of romantic ideology can be traced throughout the 19th century and even the 20th. Aivazovsky remained completely faithful to romanticism, the spirit of romanticism is present in all the works of Vrubel.

Maxim Gorky in the 90s of the XIX century creates a three-part story "Old Woman Izergil". The romantic work presents exceptional characters: the son of an eagle named Larra and Danko, who tore out his own heart from his chest in the name of people.

The confrontation between Good and Evil is obvious. Larra, who does not know society, its laws and does not try to understand them, is the embodiment of Evil. The tribe in which he found himself surprisingly wise, humane, fair. The murder of a woman, which Larra commits in front of everyone, is nonsense for them. This is a good society.

In the history of Danko, the once strong tribe sank from shocks, got lost, became a dark, wild crowd, terrible in its unjust anger. And Danko is the height of perfection, brave, persistent, fearless, and most importantly, selflessly devoted to his tribe, ready to get people out of trouble at any cost. There is also a heated conflict here. strong personality not recognized by mediocre society. One of them, faceless, even steps on Danko's dying heart, just in case. But Good sprouted in small blue flashes.

Romanticism often uses fantastic stories, grotesque, symbolic, extreme events as plots. Both stories are surreal, tense, emotional.

Larra is the son of an earthly woman and an eagle, a fact that does not exist in itself. Here is loneliness raised to a power. Pechorin in Lermontov eschews society and suffers from it, and Gorky's hero at the end of the 19th century is punished by loneliness, as God's punishment. This is how Cain, whom everyone is persecuting, is punished, and death itself turned away from him. "The punishment is in himself!" the tribe passes judgment.

The fact that “Old Woman Izergil” is a romantic work is also indicated by the genre of travel, in which the story of Izergil herself is written. She is mysterious, incorruptible, selfless (remember how she freed the gentry from captivity), went through many countries and events. An amazing fate and an amazing rich inner world of the heroine.

(353 words) Maxim Gorky's early story "Old Woman Izergil" was written at the end of the nineteenth century. By that time, literature had completely moved away from romanticism, and critical realism was very firmly rooted in it. However, the responses of the old literary direction could be found in literary creativity even then and early work Gorky is the clearest confirmation of this.

First of all, it is worth noting those places that the author describes throughout the story. The story itself begins in distant southern Bessarabia, on the Black Sea coast. The writer draws an idealistic picture: numerous dense vineyards, warm and soft wind, simple happy people. The legend of Larra stretches before us the unexplored eastern steppes, where in harmony with rich nature live strong and noble people. The story of the old woman Izergil takes us either to a Romanian village, or to exotic Turkey, or to distant Bulgaria. It is characteristic that of all the countries visited by Izergil, only European Poland causes her sharp rejection. The legend about Danko also tells about a certain mysterious country with sun-drenched fields, an ancient mighty forest and cheerful, strong people. And it's very feature romanticism, which idealized the archaic exoticism of the southern countries in defiance of the dull everyday life of an enlightened, but vulgar and soulless Europe.

Second hallmark are the main characters, who in the romantic tradition always stand out sharply from the surrounding gray mass. In this, Gorky also follows the tradition: the immortal son of the eagle Larra, with whom no man can compare, the beautiful and sensual Izergil, with whom every man falls in love on her way, the lonely Danko, surrounded by embittered, frightened people.

However, the very essence of romanticism - the conflict between a bright individual who always stands a step above his opponents, and a dull mass of people, who is appointed by the writer of romanticism as the main villain, was completely changed by Gorky. Larra appears before us as an insensitive killer, who eventually goes crazy with loneliness, Izergil, looking for his true love, breaks the fate of many people in its path and eventually becomes a dried-up old woman, having wasted her life, and only Danko, who, instead of coming into conflict with people, gave his life for them, finds happiness and peace.

Despite external similarities with the works of the era of romanticism, Gorky's story only contains the external attributes of this literary movement in order to more clearly convey morality, which fundamentally contradicts it.

romantic traits in early prose Gorky will help you better understand its ideological and thematic richness. And the Wise Litrekon is trying to contribute to this, but if he didn’t succeed, write what is wrong in his work?

The story of Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" refers to the early romantic works of the writer. So, there are two legends in the story. They tell about romantic, exceptional personalities, only these personalities are opposite to each other. If Danko sacrificed himself for the sake of the others, then Larra did not consider anything other than his desires.

The old woman Izergil narrates about these heroes. We will learn about her what she likes among young people who love life, because the old woman is also cheerful. In addition to legends, the narrator learns about Izergil's past, about her novels. Is it possible to blame her for the fact that she changed lovers so often? What did she really need?

The fact is that the old woman herself is also a romantic person. She doesn't compromise - she needs real love, you need a man who will be stronger than her character.

But in her quest she finds only disappointment. The old woman Izergil was married. But not because she wanted it, but because she believed that her age already required it. But she is most comfortable among strong, singing-loving girls and young men with a beautiful bronze tan, because she herself once was like that.

Updated: 2017-02-18

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