Solzhenitsyn matrenin yard history of creation. History of creation and publication. The house destruction episode is

In the journal " New world"Several works by Solzhenitsyn were published, among them" Matrenin yard". The story, according to the writer, "is completely autobiographical and authentic." It talks about the Russian village, about its inhabitants, about their values, about kindness, justice, sympathy and compassion, work and help - qualities that fit in a righteous man, without whom "the village does not stand."

"Matryona Dvor" is a story about the injustice and cruelty of a person's fate, about the Soviet order of the post-Stalin era and about the life of the most ordinary people who live far from city life. The narration is conducted not on behalf of the main character, but on behalf of the narrator, Ignatich, who in the whole story seems to play the role of only an outside observer. What is described in the story dates back to 1956 - three years have passed since the death of Stalin, and then the Russian people did not yet know and did not realize how to live on.

Matrenin Dvor is divided into three parts:

The first tells the story of Ignatich, it begins at the Torfprodukt station. The hero immediately reveals the cards, without making any secret of it: he is a former prisoner, and now works as a teacher at a school, he came there in search of peace and tranquility. In Stalin's time, it was almost impossible for people who had been imprisoned to find a job, and after the death of the leader, many became school teachers (a scarce profession). Ignatich stops at an elderly hardworking woman named Matrena, with whom he is easy to communicate and calm at heart. Her dwelling was poor, the roof sometimes leaked, but this did not mean at all that there was no comfort in it: “Maybe, to someone from the village, who is richer, Matryona’s hut didn’t seem well-lived, but we were with her that autumn and winter good."
The second part tells about the youth of Matryona, when she had to go through a lot. The war took her fiancé Fadey away from her, and she had to marry his brother, who had children in his arms. Taking pity on him, she became his wife, although she did not love him at all. But three years later, Fadey suddenly returned, whom the woman still loved. The returned warrior hated her and her brother for their betrayal. But the hard life could not kill her kindness and hard work, because it was in work and caring for others that she found solace. Matrena even died doing business - she helped her lover and her sons drag a part of her house over the railway tracks, which was bequeathed to Kira (his own daughter). And this death was caused by Fadey's greed, greed and callousness: he decided to take away the inheritance while Matryona was still alive.
The third part talks about how the narrator finds out about the death of Matryona, describes the funeral and commemoration. People close to her cry not from grief, but rather because it is customary, and in their heads they only think about the division of the property of the deceased. Fadey is not at the wake.

Main characters

Matrena Vasilievna Grigorieva is an elderly woman, a peasant woman, who was released from work on a collective farm due to illness. She was always happy to help people, even strangers. In the episode when the narrator settles in her hut, the author mentions that she never intentionally looked for a lodger, that is, she did not want to earn money on this basis, she did not even profit from what she could. Her wealth was pots of ficuses and an old domestic cat that she took from the street, a goat, and also mice and cockroaches. Matryona also married her fiancé's brother out of a desire to help: "Their mother died ... they did not have enough hands."

Matryona herself also had children, six, but they all died in early childhood, so she later took her youngest daughter Fadeya Kira to be raised. Matryona got up early in the morning, worked until dark, but did not show fatigue or discontent to anyone: she was kind and responsive to everyone. She was always very afraid of becoming someone's burden, she did not complain, she was even afraid to call the doctor once again. Matryona, who had matured, Kira, wanted to give her room as a gift, for which it was necessary to share the house - during the move, Fadey's things got stuck in the sled on railway tracks, and Matryona got hit by a train. Now there was no one to ask for help, there was no person ready to selflessly come to the rescue. But the relatives of the deceased kept in mind only the thought of gain, of sharing what was left of the poor peasant woman, already thinking about it at the funeral. Matryona stood out very much against the background of her fellow villagers; she was thus irreplaceable, invisible and the only righteous man.

Narrator, Ignatich, to some extent is the prototype of the writer. He left the link and was acquitted, then set off in search of a calm and serene life, he wanted to work as a school teacher. He found refuge at Matryona. Judging by the desire to move away from the bustle of the city, the narrator is not very sociable, he loves silence. He worries when a woman mistakenly takes his quilted jacket, and finds no place for himself from the volume of the loudspeaker. The narrator got along with the mistress of the house, this shows that he is still not completely asocial. However, he does not understand people very well: he understood the meaning that Matryona lived only after she passed away.

Topics and issues

Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryona Dvor" tells about the life of the inhabitants of the Russian village, about the system of relationships between power and man, about the high meaning of selfless labor in the realm of selfishness and greed.

Of all this, the theme of labor is most clearly shown. Matryona is a person who does not ask for anything in return, and is ready to give herself everything for the benefit of others. They don’t appreciate it and don’t even try to understand it, but this is a person who experiences a tragedy every day: at first, the mistakes of youth and the pain of loss, then frequent illnesses, hard work, not life, but survival. But from all the problems and hardships, Matryona finds solace in work. And, in the end, it is work and overwork that lead her to death. The meaning of Matrena's life is precisely this, and also care, help, the desire to be needed. Therefore, active love for neighbor is the main theme of the story.

The problem of morality also occupies an important place in the story. Material values in the village are exalted over human soul and her work, over humanity in general. The secondary characters are simply incapable of understanding the depth of Matryona's character: greed and the desire to possess more blind their eyes and do not allow them to see kindness and sincerity. Fadey lost his son and wife, his son-in-law is threatened with imprisonment, but his thoughts are how to save the logs that they did not have time to burn.

In addition, there is a theme of mysticism in the story: the motive of an unidentified righteous man and the problem of cursed things - which were touched by people full of self-interest. Fadey made Matryona's upper room cursed, undertaking to bring it down.

Idea

The above themes and problems in the story "Matryona Dvor" are aimed at revealing the depth of the pure worldview of the main character. An ordinary peasant woman is an example of the fact that difficulties and losses only harden a Russian person, and do not break him. With the death of Matrena, everything that she figuratively built collapses. Her house is being torn apart, the rest of the property is divided among themselves, the yard remains empty, ownerless. Therefore, her life looks pitiful, no one is aware of the loss. But won't the same thing happen to the palaces and jewels of the mighty of this world? The author demonstrates the frailty of the material and teaches us not to judge others by wealth and achievements. The true meaning is the moral image, which does not fade even after death, because it remains in the memory of those who saw its light.

Maybe, over time, the heroes will notice that they are missing a very important part of their lives: invaluable values. Why disclose global moral problems in such a wretched scenery? And what then is the meaning of the title of the story "Matryona Dvor"? Last words about the fact that Matryona was a righteous woman, erase the boundaries of her court and push them to the scale of the whole world, thereby making the problem of morality universal.

Folk character in the work

Solzhenitsyn argued in the article “Repentance and Self-Restriction”: “There are such born angels, they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide over this slurry, without drowning in it at all, even touching its surface with their feet? Each of us met such people, there are not ten or a hundred of them in Russia, they are the righteous, we saw them, were surprised (“eccentrics”), used their good, in good moments answered them the same, they dispose, - and immediately sank back to our doomed depths."

Matryona is distinguished from the rest by the ability to maintain humanity and a solid core inside. To those who shamelessly used her help and kindness, it might seem that she was weak-willed and malleable, but the heroine helped, based only on inner disinterestedness and moral greatness.

date of writing 1959 Date of first publication 1963, "New World" Electronic version

	Matryonin yard at Wikiquote

"Matryonin's Yard"- the second of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's stories published in the Novy Mir magazine. The author's title "A village is not worth without a righteous man" was changed at the request of the editors in order to avoid censorship obstacles. For the same reason, the time of action in the story was changed by the author to 1956.

The "fundamental thing" of all Russian "village literature" called this work Andrey Sinyavsky.

History of creation and publication

The story began in late July - early August 1959 in the village of Chernomorsky in the west of Crimea, where Solzhenitsyn was invited by his friends in Kazakhstan exile, spouses Nikolai Ivanovich and Elena Aleksandrovna Zubov, who settled there in 1958. The story ended in December of that year.

Solzhenitsyn gave the story to Tvardovsky on December 26, 1961. The first discussion in the magazine took place on January 2, 1962. Tvardovsky believed that this work could not be printed. The manuscript remained in the editorial office. Upon learning that the censorship had cut out the memoirs of Veniamin Kaverin about Mikhail Zoshchenko from Novy Mir (1962, No. 12), Lydia Chukovskaya wrote in her diary on December 5, 1962:

... And what if Solzhenitsyn's second thing is not printed? I liked her more than the first. She stuns with courage, shakes with the material - well, of course, with literary skill; and "Matryona" ... is already visible here great artist, humane, returning our native language to us, loving Russia, as Blok said, with mortally offended love.<…>So the prophetic oath of Akhmatova comes true:
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word.
Preserved - revived - s / c Solzhenitsyn.

After the success of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", Tvardovsky decided to re-editorial discussion and prepare the story for publication. In those days, Tvardovsky wrote in his diary:

By today's arrival of Solzhenitsyn, I had re-read his "Righteous" from five in the morning. My God, the writer. No jokes. A writer who is solely concerned with expressing what lies "at the base" of his mind and heart. Not a shadow of the desire to "hit the bull's-eye", please, facilitate the task of the editor or critic - do whatever you want, and get out, but I won't get off my own. Unless I can go further.

The name "Matryonin Dvor" was proposed by Alexander Tvardovsky before publication and approved during an editorial discussion on November 26, 1962:

“The name should not be so instructive,” Alexander Trifonovich argued. “Yes, I’m not lucky with your names,” Solzhenitsyn responded, however quite good-naturedly.

The story was published in the January notebook of Novy Mir for 1963 (pages 42-63) along with the story "The Incident at the Kochetovka Station" under the heading "Two stories".

Unlike Solzhenitsyn's first published work, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which was generally positively received by critics, Matryonin Dvor caused a wave of controversy and discussion in the Soviet press. The position of the author in the story was at the center of a critical discussion on the pages of Literary Russia in the winter of 1964. It began with an article by a young writer L. Zhukhovitsky “I am looking for a co-author!”.

In 1989, Matryonin Dvor became the first publication of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's texts in the USSR after many years of silence. The story was published in two issues of the Ogonyok magazine (1989, No. 23, 24) with a huge circulation of more than 3 million copies. Solzhenitsyn declared the publication "pirated", as it was carried out without his consent.

Plot

This reconciles the narrator with his share: “A wind of calm drew me from these names. They promised me horse-drawn Russia.” In one of the villages called Talnovo, he settles. The mistress of the hut in which the narrator lodges is called Matryona Vasilievna Grigoryeva, or simply Matryona.

Matryona, not considering her fate interesting for a "cultured" person, sometimes in the evenings tells about herself to the guest. The life story of this woman fascinates and at the same time stuns him. He sees in it a special meaning, which is not noticed by fellow villagers and relatives of Matryona. The husband went missing at the beginning of the war. He loved Matryona and did not beat her like village husbands beat their wives. But Matryona herself hardly loved him. She was supposed to marry her husband's older brother, Thaddeus. However, he went to the front in the First world war and disappeared. Matryona was waiting for him, but in the end, at the insistence of the Thaddeus family, she married her younger brother, Yefim. And suddenly Thaddeus returned, who was in Hungarian captivity. According to him, he did not hack Matryona and her husband with an ax just because Yefim is his brother. Thaddeus loved Matryona so much that he found a new bride for himself with the same name. The “second Matryona” gave birth to Thaddeus six children, but the “first Matryona” had all the children from Yefim (also six) died before they even lived for three months. The whole village decided that Matryona was “spoiled”, and she herself believed in it. Then she took up the daughter of the “second Matryona” - Kira, raised her for ten years, until she got married and left for the village of Cherusti.

Matryona lived all her life as if not for herself. She constantly worked for someone: for a collective farm, for neighbors, while doing “peasant” work, and never asked for money for it. There is a huge inner strength in Matryona. For example, she is able to stop a rushing horse on the run, which men cannot stop. Gradually, the narrator realizes that Matryona, who gives herself to others without a trace, and “... there is ... the same righteous man, without whom ... the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land." But this discovery hardly pleases him. If Russia rests only on selfless old women, what will happen to her next?

Hence the absurdly tragic death of the heroine at the end of the story. Matryona dies helping Thaddeus and his sons to drag part of their own hut, bequeathed to Kira, across the railroad on a sleigh. Thaddeus did not want to wait for the death of Matryona and decided to take the inheritance for the young during her lifetime. Thus, he unwittingly provoked her death. When relatives bury Matryona, they cry more out of duty than from the heart, and think only about the final division of Matryona's property. Thaddeus doesn't even come to the wake.

Characters

Ignatic - narrator
Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva - main character, righteous
Efim Mironovich Grigoriev - husband of Matryona
Faddey Mironovich Grigoriev - Yefim's older brother ( former lover Matryona and deeply loved her)
"Second Matryona" - wife of Thaddeus
Kira - the daughter of the "second" Matryona and Thaddeus, the adopted daughter of Matryona Grigorieva
Kira's husband, machinist
sons of Thaddeus
Masha - close friend Matryona
3 sisters Matryona

Rated the book

So few words, but so much depth in them.
Sometimes a person lives in a wide world, brings only light and good to people, but in the end, no one cares about him, he is left to the mercy of fate and in his declining years there is even no one to give water. The feeling of uselessness permeates a person through and through. You will not hear a kind word about Matryona Vasilievna in the village either from relatives or from fellow villagers. Misunderstood and abandoned by all creation. Having buried six children and having lost her husband in the war, this did not break her, and she did not climb into the noose, she continued to live, stepping over all the misfortunes and vicissitudes of fate. However, this villainous fate seemed not enough, she decided to take away from her the last, dearest thing left in her life - the hut, under the roof of which she spent 40 years. It goes without saying that nothing good can be expected from such a turn of events.

The people in this story amazed me. All their greedy essence, when property, both movable and immovable, more valuable than a person. For the sake of achieving their selfish and material goals, people will do anything. Alas, the relevance of his story will never lose. So it was, is and always will be.

The fate of Matryona sunk deep into my soul also because in this character I saw my grandmother, my dear and beloved. The same hardworking, selfless and generous, in whose life family and friends always come first. To appreciate these qualities in a person has long been forgotten, unfortunately.

We all lived next to her and did not understand that she is the same righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand.
Neither city.
Not all our land.

Read the story while watching tragic fate Matryona Vasilievna, sad and painful, because it is based on real events. After him, he wanted the impossible: for people to open their eyes wider and see beyond their noses, not money, not houses, not cars, not expensive clothes, but a person - open, forgiving and kind-hearted.

Rated the book

Finally got to Solzhenitsyn. At school, even with this surname alone, something complex, frightening, an unconquered peak seemed to be. And so, Alexander Isaevich, who in his school years passed quietly by me, entered my life now and, I think, quite in time. I have long wanted to read The Gulag Archipelago, but I am glad that I started my acquaintance with the author not from this work, but from a short story. In small steps, starting with small stories and deepening into the difficult story of the author's life - to reach the key works in creative activity Solzhenitsyn.

The events take place in the 50s. The hero of the story, released from prison, is looking for a safe haven for himself and stops in the deep wilderness, a small village. In the same place, he is hired as a tenant to an elderly lonely woman Matryona. I don't know what kind of device Solzhenitsyn used, but I had a sense of reality. It’s as if I’m standing behind a screen or a curtain and watching what is happening in the hut. And there the old woman drags huge pieces of peat on her hump, which it is shameful to steal, because the authorities do not allow it to be obtained in an honest way; and the stew is bad; and where can you get a good one, when even a potato grows no more than a chicken egg; pension is not paid; try to get busy - you run around all the desks, and you will also stay with your nose. Has anything really changed in this regard?

These worries were made more difficult by the fact that social security from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council - ten kilometers to the west, and the village council - to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - either for a dot, or for a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but today there is no secretary, just like that, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then go again. Now there is a secretary, but he does not have a seal. Third day go again. And go on the fourth day because blindly they signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped in one bundle.

Six decades have passed, and everything is the same. And in all this I felt the true Russian flavor. And a broken chamber, and moonshine, and iron tracks, and mourners. That's it. I read the story and as if I peeped into someone else's life. And after all, the real prototype was, as it turned out. She was Matryona. That's why the reality is felt. She did not regret at all that she had spent two hours on one of the millions of Russian destinies.

"Matryonin's Yard"- the second of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's stories published in the Novy Mir magazine. The author's title - "There is no village without a righteous man", was changed at the request of the editors in order to avoid censorship obstacles. For the same reason, the time of action in the story was changed by the author to 1953.

The "fundamental thing" of all Russian "village literature" called this work Andrey Sinyavsky.

History of creation and publication

The story began in late July - early August 1959 in the village of Chernomorsky in the west of Crimea, where Solzhenitsyn was invited by his friends in exile to Kazakhstan, the spouses Nikolai Ivanovich and Elena Alexandrovna Zubov, who settled there in 1958. The story ended in December of that year.

Solzhenitsyn relayed the story to Tvardovsky on December 26, 1961. The first discussion in the magazine took place on January 2, 1962. Tvardovsky believed that this work could not be printed. The manuscript remained in the editorial office. Upon learning that the censorship had cut out the memoirs of Veniamin Kaverin about Mikhail Zoshchenko from Novy Mir (1962, No. 12), Lydia Chukovskaya wrote in her diary on December 5, 1962:

By today's arrival of Solzhenitsyn, I had re-read his "Righteous" from five in the morning. My God, the writer. No jokes. A writer who is solely concerned with expressing what lies "at the base" of his mind and heart. Not a shadow of the desire to "hit the bull's-eye", please, facilitate the task of the editor or critic - do whatever you want, and get out, but I won't get off my own. Unless I can go further.

The name "Matryonin Dvor" was proposed by Alexander Tvardovsky before publication and approved during an editorial discussion on November 26, 1962:

“The name should not be so instructive,” Alexander Trifonovich argued. “Yes, I have no luck with your names,” Solzhenitsyn responded, however quite good-naturedly.

Unlike Solzhenitsyn's first published work, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which was generally positively received by critics, Matryonin Dvor caused a wave of controversy and discussion in the Soviet press. The position of the author in the story was at the center of a critical discussion on the pages of Literaturnaya Rossiya in the winter of 1964. It began with an article by a young writer L. Zhukhovitsky “I am looking for a co-author!”.

A. N. Solzhenitsyn, returning from exile, worked as a teacher at the Miltsev school. He lived in an apartment with Matrena Vasilievna Zakharova. All events described by the author were real. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor" describes the difficult life of a collective farm Russian village. We offer for review an analysis of the story according to the plan, this information can be used to work in literature lessons in grade 9, as well as in preparation for the exam.

Brief analysis

Year of writing– 1959

History of creation– The writer began work on his work on the problems of the Russian village in the summer of 1959 on the Crimean coast, where he was visiting his friends in exile. Being wary of censorship, it was recommended to change the title "A village without a righteous man" and, on the advice of Tvardovsky, the writer's story was called "Matryona's Dvor".

Subject– The main theme of this work is the life and life of the Russian hinterland, the problems of relations common man with power, moral problems.

Composition- The narration is on behalf of the narrator, as if through the eyes of an outside observer. The features of the composition allow us to understand the very essence of the story, where the characters will come to the realization that the meaning of life is not only (and not so much) in enrichment, material values, but in moral values, and this problem is universal, and not a single village.

Genre– The genre of the work is defined as “monumental story”.

Direction- Realism.

History of creation

The writer's story is autobiographical; indeed, after his exile, he taught in the village of Miltsevo, which in the story is called Talnovo, and rented a room from Zakharova Matrena Vasilievna. In his short story, the writer depicted not only the fate of one hero, but also the entire epoch-making idea of the country's formation, all its problems and moral principles.

Myself the meaning of the name"Matryona's yard" is a reflection of the main idea of the work, where the framework of her yard is expanded to the scale whole country, and the idea of morality turns into universal problems. From this we can conclude that the history of the creation of the "Matryona Dvor" does not include a separate village, but the history of the creation of a new outlook on life, and on the power that governs the people.

Subject

After analyzing the work in Matrenin Dvor, it is necessary to determine main theme story, to find out what the autobiographical essay teaches not only the author himself, but, by and large, the whole country.

The life and work of the Russian people, their relationship with the authorities are deeply illuminated. A person works all his life, losing his personal life and interests in work. Your health, after all, without getting anything. Using the example of Matrena, it is shown that she worked all her life, without any official documents about her work, and did not even earn a pension.

All the last months of its existence were spent on collecting different pieces of paper, and the red tape and bureaucracy of the authorities also led to the fact that one and the same piece of paper had to go to get more than once. Indifferent people sitting at tables in offices can easily put the wrong seal, signature, stamp, they do not care about people's problems. So Matrena, in order to achieve a pension, more than once bypasses all instances, somehow achieving a result.

The villagers think only about their own enrichment, for them there is no moral values. Faddey Mironovich, her husband's brother, forced Matryona to give the promised part of the house to her adopted daughter, Kira, during her lifetime. Matryona agreed, and when, out of greed, two sledges were hooked to one tractor, the cart fell under the train, and Matryona died along with her nephew and the tractor driver. Human greed is above all, that very evening, her only friend, Aunt Masha, came to her house to pick up the little thing promised to her, until Matryona's sisters stole it.

And Faddey Mironovich, who also had a coffin with his dead son in his house, still managed to bring the logs thrown at the crossing before the funeral, and did not even come to pay tribute to the memory of the woman who died terrible death because of his insatiable greed. Matrena's sisters, first of all, took away her funeral money, and began to divide the remains of the house, crying over her sister's coffin not from grief and sympathy, but because it was supposed to be.

In fact, humanly, no one took pity on Matryona. Greed and greed blinded the eyes of fellow villagers, and people will never understand Matryona that with her spiritual development a woman stands at an unattainable height from them. She is truly righteous.

Composition

The events of that time are described from the perspective of an outsider, a lodger who lived in Matryona's house.

Narrator starts his narrative from the time he was looking for a job as a teacher, trying to find a remote village to live. By the will of fate, he ended up in the village where Matryona lived, and decided to stay with her.

In the second part, the narrator describes the difficult fate of Matryona, who has not seen happiness since her youth. Her life was hard, in everyday work and worries. She had to bury all her six children born. Matryona endured a lot of torment and grief, but she did not become embittered, and her soul did not harden. She is still hardworking and disinterested, benevolent and peaceful. She never condemns anyone, she treats everyone evenly and kindly, as before, she works in her farmstead. She died trying to help her relatives move her own part of the house.

In the third part, the narrator describes the events after the death of Matryona, all the same soullessness of people, relatives and relatives of the woman who, after the death of the woman, swooped like crows into the remains of her yard, trying to quickly take everything apart and plunder, condemning Matryona for her righteous life.

Main characters

Genre

The publication of Matryona Dvor caused much controversy among Soviet critics. Tvardovsky wrote in his notes that Solzhenitsyn is the only writer who expresses his opinion without regard to the authorities and the opinion of critics.

Everyone unequivocally came to the conclusion that the work of the writer belongs to "monumental story", so in a high spiritual genre the description of a simple Russian woman, personifying universal human values, is given.