Music genres- historically established genera and types of musical works, united by a common content, form, conditions (place) of performance and composition of performers.
In musical science, various classifications of genres of composer creativity have developed. They depend on which of the factors that determine the genre is considered as the main one. According to the composition of performers genres are divided into instrumental and vocal (including vocal-instrumental). In turn, in each group, solo, ensemble, orchestral / choral genres can be distinguished.
Place of performance genres are chamber (for performance in small rooms by a solo or ensemble), concert (for performance from a concert stage by an orchestra and / or choir), musical and theatrical. Household genres (song, dance, march) stand apart.
The cumulative effect of these criteria in relation to the main genres of academic music can be represented in the form of the following table:
| Vocal genres | Instrumental genres | ||
| Song | Dance March | Household genres | |
| Solo genres | Romance | Instrumental piece Sonata | Chamber genres |
| Ensemble genres | Vocal duets, trios, quartets, etc. | Instrumental duets, trios, quartets, etc. | |
| Choral/Orchestral genres | Cantata Oratorio | Instrumental concerto Symphony Overture Symphonic poem (picture) Symphonic suite | Concert genres |
| Opera Operetta Musical | Ballet | Musical and theatrical genres |
By shape genres are divided into miniatures (small one-movement works - songs, romances, plays), large one-movement works (overture, symphonic poem), cycles (works consisting of several parts - sonata, concerto, symphony, suite).
By content musical works, like literary works, are lyrical, dramatic and epic. However, the classification of musical genres on this basis is the least accurate, because in music the qualities of narrative, expressiveness, and effectiveness are sometimes difficult to differentiate. Thus, a romance can go beyond the lyrical genre in the presence of a dramatic development. And a dramatic symphony can acquire the quality of a confessional lyrical statement.
Summarizing several criteria, the following definitions of the main musical genres can be given:
The song is the most common genre of vocal music, folk and professional (author's). Solo or choral musical and poetic work. It may be intended for performance at home, for chamber or concert performance.
Romance is a chamber vocal work for voice with instrumental accompaniment. Lyric miniature.
Cantata is a concert vocal and instrumental genre, a work for a choir, one or more soloists and an orchestra. Includes arias, recitatives, choirs.
The oratorio is a major vocal and instrumental work for the choir, singer-soloists and orchestra. Includes arias, recitatives, choirs. It differs from the cantata by its larger size, from the opera by its intended use for concert performance.
Opera is a musical and theatrical genre based on the synthesis of words, stage action and music. Includes arias (solo forms with singsong melody), recitatives (solo forms with melody approaching natural speech), ensembles, choirs. Opens with an overture (orchestral introduction), may contain other instrumental episodes (introductions to individual actions, dances)
An instrumental piece is a generic name for chamber, mostly solo instrumental miniatures. It has dozens of genre varieties and author's designations (nocturne, impromptu, musical moment, "song without words", "album sheet", etc.)
Sonata is one of the main genres of chamber instrumental music, a work for a soloist or a small ensemble. Three-part (rarely four-part) cycle with fast extreme parts.
Symphony is one of the main genres of concert instrumental music, a work for a symphony orchestra. The cycle is usually in 4 parts.
Concerto - a work for one, less often several solo instruments with a symphony orchestra. A cycle of 3 parts, contrasting in tempo (fast, slow, fast). There are also concertos for one instrument (without an orchestra), for an orchestra (without selecting soloists), for voice and orchestra, for a capella choir (without instrumental accompaniment).
Suite is a genre of instrumental music, chamber and concert. Composition for solo instrument, ensemble, orchestra. A cycle consisting of an arbitrary number of parts, usually contrasting in tempo, rhythm, character.
Music genres(genres of music) - list and short description musical genres and directions.
Music genres
1. Folk music - music of various peoples of the world.
2. Latin American music- a generalized name for the musical genres and styles of Latin American countries.
3. Indian classical music- the music of the Indian people, one of the most ancient genres of music. It takes its origins from the religious practices of Hinduism.
4. European music- a generalized concept that characterizes the music of European countries.
5. Pop music Disco (from the word "disco") is a genre of dance music that originated in the early 1970s. Pop (from the word "popular") - a type of mass musical culture. Light music (from “easy listening” - “easy to listen to”) - music that covers different styles, the common thing in such music is simple, catchy melodies. The singer who performs music in the genre of Pop - Madonna.
6. Rock music - the generalized name of the direction of music, the word "rock" means - "swing, rocking" and indicates the rhythm of the music.
country rock - a genre that combines country and rock, and became part of rock and roll after Elvis Presley performed at the 1955 Grand Ole Opry.
southern rock - "southern" rock, was popular in the USA in 1970.
heartland rock - "rock from the outback", founded in 1980 on "country" and "blues".
garage rock - founded in the United States of America and Canada in 1960, the forerunner of "punk rock".
surf rock - (from the English "surf") - American beach music, was popular in the early 60s.
instrumental rock - this is a genre of rock music, the music of this genre is dominated by music, not vocals, was popular in the 1950s and 1960s.
folk rock - a genre that combines elements of folk and rock, was formed in the UK and the USA in the mid-1960s.
blues rock - a hybrid genre that combines elements of blues and rock and roll, began its development in England and the USA in 1960.
Rock'n'roll - (from the word "roll") the genre, born in the 1950s, in the United States, is an early stage in the development of rock music.
Merseybit - (the meaning of the genre comes from the name of the bands from Liverpool, which is located near the River Mersey)—the genre originated in the UK in the 1960s.
Psychedelic Rock - musical genre, it originated in Western Europe and California in the mid-60s, is associated with the concepts of "psychedelia" (hallucinogens).
progressive rock - a genre that is characterized by the complication of musical forms and the introduction of dialogue.
experimental rock - a style that is based on experiments with the sound of rock music, another name is avant-garde rock.
Glam rock - (from the word "spectacular" - "glamorous") - the genre originated in the UK in the 1970s.
pub rock The forerunner of punk rock, a genre of music that arose in the 1970s as a protest by British rock representatives against the excessive purity of sound in American AOR and prog rock.
hardcore - the genre appeared in the UK and the USA in the late 1970s. The sound is faster and heavier than the traditional punk rock sound.
skiffle - singing with accompaniment. The instrumentation included a washboard, a harmonica, and a guitar as a rhythm instrument.
Hard rock - ("hard rock") - a genre that is characterized by the release of the sound of percussion instruments and bass guitar. The genre originated in the 1960s and took shape in the early 1970s.
Punk rock - a musical genre that was formed in the USA in the 1970s, a little later - in the UK. The meaning that early bands put into this genre is "the desire to play dominates the ability to play."
bard rock - a genre that appeared in the "Soviet Union" in the 1970s. Developed under the influence of poetry: Viktor Tsoi, Okudzhava.
J-rock ("Japanese rock") is the name for the various styles of rock music that originated in Japan.
Metal - a genre that was formed and hard rock in England and the United States, in the 1970s.
post-punk - a musical genre that was formed in the late 1970s in the UK. It was a continuation of punk rock and was distinguished by a variety of self-expression in music.
new wave - a direction that includes different genres of rock music, ideologically and stylistically broke with all previous rock genres. It emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
no wave - direction in cinema, music and performance art. Developed in New York in the late 1970s. This is a kind of response of free musicians and artists to the commercial "New Wave".
stoner rock is medium tempo or slow music with low frequency musical instruments such as bass and guitar.
The genre originated in the 1990s, based on the work of the Kyuss group.
Alternative rock - this term refers to various styles of rock music. Appeared in the 1980s and covers many styles and trends that originate in post-punk, punk rock and other styles and musical genres.
post-rock is an experimental musical genre of rock music. The genre is characterizedthe use of instruments that are usually used in rock music and chords that are not characteristic of rock (traditional).
7. Blues - a musical genre that originated at the end of the 19th century, in the Southeastern United States in the African American community, among the rebels of the Cotton Belt.
8. Jazz - a genre of music that arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States as a result of the synthesis of European and African cultures.
9. Country - (“country music”) is one of the most widespread varieties of North American music.
10. Chanson - (translated from French - chanson, which means song).
Has 2 meanings:
1. French cabaret song.
2. Soviet song in French, Renaissance and late Middle Ages.
The first composer and poet who performed songs in the chanson style was Guillaume de Machaux.
The peculiarity of the genre is that the performer, author of the song, music and words is one and the same person.
12. Romance - ("romance" means - "in Spanish") - a short poem that has a lyrical content, sung to the music. The term itself originated in medieval Spain and meant a Soviet song sung in Spanish.
13. Blatnaya song - a genre of a song in which it is sung about heavy morals and life in a criminal environment. Since the 1990s, the Russian music industry has called the thieves' song "Russian chanson", although it has nothing to do with chanson.
13. Electonic musicis a musical genre denoting music that has been created using electronic musical instruments. Often, various computer programs are used to create it.
14. Ska - a style that appeared in the late 1950s, in Jamaica.
The style is characterized by a 2 by 4 rhythm: when the bass guitar or double bass emphasizes odd drum beats, and the guitar emphasizes even ones.
15. Hip-hop - a genre of music that originated in New York, among the working class - on November 12, 1974. Hip-hop was founded by DJ Kevin Donovan.
This list includes only the most popular musical genres.
Currently, new musical genres (genres of music) and directions are constantly emerging.
Lady Gaga - Judas (combines electronic music and dance rhythms).
We are surrounded by millions of sounds - the chirping of birds, the sound of water, the howling of the wind. Merging into a single tandem, they form a unique melody, irresistible and bewitching. That is why a person, evolving and becoming more intelligent, began to imitate sounds - improvising and creating something unique and new. In this article, we have collected into a single list styles of music, both existing since the formation of society, and emerging from oblivion in recent decades.
1. Folk simplicity and wisdom
There are more than 1000 different nationalities all over the world, where each has its own culture, mentality and traditions. And if we consider each tribe or group of people separately, we can see how they all radically differ in musical instruments, songs and dances.
Folk music primarily reflects the very essence and character of people. She talks about what they cared about, pleased, drove into melancholy. Someone sings about the wind, a girl, the steppe and galloping horses, while someone, on the contrary, talks about forests, swallows and hot bread. folklore that's why it opens the list of music styles. The description of this branch proves that it is an integral part of our society. Folk music influenced the formation of new styles that are so popular today.
2. Inspiring classic
Another style of music from the list is classical. The first compositions began to appear hundreds of years ago, but they are still loved today. Unlike folklore, classical music is thoughtful, spiritual and inspiring melodies.
There is no place for jokes and ingenuous melodies. The classics are much more important and valuable than the mere folklore of each tribe. Such music is truly a masterpiece and unique.
Scientists have proven that classical music is able to calm the mind, tune in to work and activate areas of the brain responsible for learning and creativity. You don't have to be a professional musician to recognize Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata or Bizet's Carmen. Mozart, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Chopin, Schubert - this is just a small part of the names that gave us magnificent works that are considered cultural heritage peace.
3. Spirituality
We have included spiritual melody in the list of music styles because it has been developed since antiquity and continues to exist to this day. For example, in Christianity, this direction is accompanied by choral singing, and sometimes the inclusion of wind and string instruments. The same can be found among Catholics who enjoy temple music created on the organ.
In the East, percussion and mouth musical instruments are used to create a spiritual melody. As a rule, each nation has its own music. The list of styles is therefore endless, but we will move on to the penetrating and soulful blues.
4. Deep blues
Essentially, the blues is an offshoot that arose from the popularity of jazz.
In our list of music styles with examples, we called the blues deep, because they are more lyrical, melodic, touching and soulful compositions. With such music, you want to lean back in your chair, relax, dim the lights in the room and just think about the meaning of life.
As a rule, the blues is an ideal tandem, formed as a result of the rallying of such musical instruments as the piano (piano, grand piano), guitar, drums, cello and saxophone.
5. Jazz energy
If you study more carefully modern list styles of music, then we will find jazz in the general list.
Jazz really gives energy, because it often reflects state of mind person. If you listen, you will notice that any melody contains an uneven, free rhythm. Sometimes jazz was created literally on the go, and for this style of music we can thank African American folklore, which also gave the world thoughtful blues.
Examples of jazz musicians: Frank Sinatra, Guy Buddy, James Brown and others.
6. Pop culture
Pop culture is famous for releasing popular music. In other words, these are the compositions that everyone around loves. They often have a simple motive and far from deep text.
Distinctive feature pop music is the presence of several verses and the same chorus. This style does not have to be sad and lyrical. Often the output music is club, dance, relaxing and energetic.
Pop music can be heard everywhere, from music TV channels to radio and ringtones for mobile phones.
7. Loud and extravagant rock
Let's take a look at the list of rock music styles. Today, several people who are called "rockers" may prefer completely different and dissimilar compositions:
- Rock'n'roll. Many will not believe, but people most often dance to this music. At the same time, the style itself will soon turn 70 years old! You probably know Elvis Presley or by The Beatles.
- Metal. This is a heavier rock played with electric guitars. In such compositions, one can often find obscene words, harsh slogans and cries, a daring and defiant motive. Such music is born or was born into the world by such bands as Metallica, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden and others.
- Rap rock. This style speaks for itself, as musicians most often just read the lyrics in the song. This style is the most popular, as it unites fans of two directions at once. For example, rap-rock songs can be found at Linkin Park. Hollywood Undead, Limp Bizkit.
8. Fearless hip-hop
Hip-hop can be both a dance, a lifestyle and a genre of music. As a rule, this branch originates in each culture and proceeds differently. While some enjoy a light funk, singing together about love and the beautiful world, others, on the contrary, rebel and call to rise up against the world system.
Wherever you go, hip-hop will surround you everywhere. Look into the ghettos, or areas located in the periphery of the city, then get acquainted with gangsta rap. And if you want to hear a combination of rock and hip-hop, then you will have to go to a concert where musicians like Insane Clown Posse sing gothic, mystical and terrifying horrorcore.
9 Robot Life
We bring to your attention a list of styles of electronic music, which appeared almost half a century ago. But first, some facts:
Electronic music itself began to gain its popularity closer to 2010. Now all the compositions are the most loved by fans from all over the world, they can be heard at concerts, parties, in cars and headphones.
The most popular styles of electronic music are dubstep, techno, trance, house and, as mentioned above, drum and bass. Branches also began to appear - minimal, psychedelic, harddance, ambient. All styles have one thing in common - the process of creating a melody using the famous drum machine.
But each branch differs in bit speed, loudness and dynamism, the use or absence of any words and phrases, the addition of an instrumental and the presence of structure, rhythm, tempo.
The textbook is intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges to be used in the lessons "Playing musical instruments". The manual includes theoretical material that introduces students to the main genres of music. The application contains musical material that can be used for listening and performance by students in the classroom.
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Music genres
Translated from French, the word genre means type, genus, manner. This word refers to the type of works that have their own distinctive features, content, form and purpose. To better understand what a genre is, let's turn to painting. You well know that if a person is depicted in a picture, this picture is called a portrait. If nature is depicted on the canvas, it is a landscape. The image of fruit, game is called a still life. Portrait, landscape and still life - genres in painting. In literature, this is a story, a novel, a short story, an essay.
Music also has its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: song, dance and march. A wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them with three whales, on which all music rests.Song, dance and marchhave become part of our everyday life and have become so merged with it that sometimes we do not notice and do not perceive them as art. Which of us thought when we listened to our mother's lullaby, walked in a sports formation, or danced at a disco, which is performed musical composition? Of course, no one. But they are always with us - song, dance and march.
In opera, in the symphony and in the choral cantata, in the piano sonata and in the string quartet, in ballet, in jazz, pop and folk music, in a word, in any field of musical art, the support of the "three pillars" awaits us.
Song
Long before there was professional music, folk songs faithfully and artistically reflected the typical features of national character one people or another.The birth of a song has long been associated with the lives of people, their labor activity, everyday life. Song , like sobbing or laughing, reflects the state human soul That is why they are so diverse and numerous. The peculiarity of the song is in the harmonious combination of words and music.
Very often, the definition of “folk” is added to the word “song”. Each folk song has a pronounced national flavor, because the peoples of all nations and all continents sing in their own way. hard to confuse Russian song from Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro.Like a precious stone, the song was passed from mouth to mouth from one generation to the next. Each performer brought something of his own, individual to it. Often, therefore, the same texts were sung in different villages with different tunes. There are various types of folk songs: labor, play, ritual, family and household, round dance, dance, lyrical, epic and many others.
Most often the song is accompanied by musical instrument. Using folk themes, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantatas, oratorios, operas and operettas. The song organically entered symphonic music. And there are many such examples.
Dance one of the oldest expressions folk art. IN
Rhythmic or smooth movement, people sought to convey their feelings
moods and thoughts. So ritual dances appeared, which became
an indispensable attribute of every holiday. Many peoples have kept
And up to our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance into art
- ballet. They dance, participating in solemn ceremonies or having fun in
free evenings and holidays. Each nation has its own
National dance traditions with characteristic, inherent music.
french dance chimes (courante - “running”, “current”)
Of court origin, but quite fast, different
complex, intricate figures and their corresponding music.
A completely different dance sarabande - slow, majestic. He was born
in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning ceremony. This was reflected in
Name (sacra banda in Spanish - "holy procession").
Gigue - an old dance of English sailors, fast, cheerful,
laid-back. These four dances have long been united by composers
to suites.
Many wonderful dances have long existed in Poland. Most
Polonaise, mazurka, krakowyak became famous among them.
The oldest of them is polonaise . In the old days he was called the great or
walking dance. Its current name comes from the French
polonaise ("Polish"). Polonaise - a parade procession opened
court balls. In addition to the court, there was also a peasant
Polonaise, more calm and smooth. Favorite dance was
mazurka , more precisely - Mazury (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -
Mazovia). Folk mazurka with a cheerful, perky, sharply accented
Melody is pair dance, in which there are no pre-invented figures.
Third Dance - Krakowiak differs from the first two in a clear size.
All these dances are presented in the works of Chopin, We hear them in
Glinka's opera Ivan Susanin.
Polka dance belongs to another Slavic people - the Czechs.
Its name comes from the word pulka - "half", as they danced
his small steps. This is a lively, laid-back dance that
They dance in pairs in a circle. The most beloved of Czech dances, it sounds in
Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride.
An interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance Lendler. Doubles
The circular dance, named after the Austrian region of Landl, is in
At the beginning of the 19th century, he migrated from villages to cities in Austria and Germany. His
began to dance at balls, and gradually it turned into a well-known and
everyone's favorite waltz.
In Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies" and Brahms's "Hungarian Dances"
characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They
immediately recognizable by ear, reminiscent of the Hungarian folk dance chardashe.
Its name comes from the word csarda - "tavern", "tavern".
Hungarian taverns have long served as a kind of clubs, where
local residents gathered. In them or on the platform in front of them and
danced. Czardas arose to early XIX century, and not in the peasant
Wednesday, but in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,
pathetic and mobile, fire dance.
The city of Toronto is located in southern Italy. He gave the name
national dance tarantelle.
Spanish dances are very colorful. jota - favorite Spanish dance
The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia are characterized by a fast pace,
sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the clicking of castanets. It's double
a dance performed to the guitar or mandolin. The peculiarity of jota
Glinka was captivated during his trip to Spain. His orchestral
"Aragonese Jota" is written on a genuine folk theme.
Another popular dance is bolero (in Spanish volar - "to fly")
more moderate, with a polonaise-like rhythm.
In Russia, purely instrumental dance music has not received such
widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and
quick merry dances, and smooth round dances - usually accompanied by
singing. The most popular perky dance in the 19th century"Lady" even
It got its name from the refrain of the song "Madame-lady". Among
dances of other peoples are known Ukrainian Cossack , fast, perky
Moldovian.
Caucasian dance gained immense popularity lezginka. Music
Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted
to the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of elemental power and
passions lezginka sounds in the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by Glinka, in the ballet
"Gayane" Khachaturian.
March. The French word marche means "walking". In music, this is the name given to pieces written in a clear, energetic rhythm, to which it is convenient to march. Although the marches differ from each other, they have one thing in common: the march is always written in an even size - two or four quarters, so that those walking do not go astray. But there are exceptions to every rule. Listen to A. Alexandrov's song to the verses of V. Lebedev - Kumach "Holy War". It was written in three-part meter, and yet it is a real march, under which the soldiers went to the front. The march is an important organizing, unifying beginning. It is no coincidence that many revolutionary songs are written in the rhythm of a march. These are the famous Marseillaise, Internationale, Varshavyanka. Called the king of the march Soviet composer AND ABOUT. Dunayevsky. He wrote many famous marches: "March of Enthusiasts", "March of Athletes", "Sports March". There are several types of marches: drill, counter, concert, funeral.
Chaikovsky. March of the wooden soldiers;
Doll Funeral ("Children's Album");
"Wedding March" by Mendelssohn;
Marches from operas: M. Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila";
G. Verdi "Aida"; Ch. Gounod "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata in B flat major;
L. Beethoven. Finale of the Fifth Symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell Slav";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunayevsky. Motion picture march" Funny boys ".
Definition of a genre in works of classical music.
Musical genres also differ in the way they are performed. INsymphonic musicit is a symphony, a concerto, a suite.
Symphony - a piece of music for the orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music.
Concert - a work for one or (rarely) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as a public performance of musical works.
Seasons Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi - the first four violin concertos from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concerts, one of his most famous works, also one of the most famous baroque musical works. Written in 1723, first published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one season and consists of three parts corresponding to each month. The composer prefaced each of the concerts with a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It should be added that the paradigm of artistic thinking is not limited to a single meaning or plot, and involves secondary meanings, hints, symbols. The first illusion that arises is the four ages of a person, from birth to death (the final part contains an unambiguous allusion to the last circle of Dante's hell). The allusion to the four regions of Italy is just as open, according to the four cardinal points and the path of the sun across the sky. These are sunrise (east, Adriatic, Venice), noon (sleepy, hot south), magnificent sunset (Rome, Latium) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the content of the cycle is much richer, which was clear to any enlightened listener of that time. At the same time, Vivaldi reaches here the heights of genre and direct depiction, not shying away from humor: the music contains the barking of dogs, the buzzing of flies, the roar of a wounded beast, etc. All this, coupled with an impeccably beautiful form, led to the recognition of the cycle as an indisputable masterpiece .
Suite - a work for one or two instruments from several heterogeneous pieces connected by a common idea.
IN chamber music genres: trio, quartet, sonata, prelude.
Trio (from Latin tria - "three") - a musical ensemble of three musicians-performers, vocalists or instrumentalists.
Quartet - musical ensembleof four performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.
Sonata - a musical work of three or four parts of different tempo and character.
Prelude (from Latin - before and game) - a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.
In vocal music- romance, oratorio, cantata.
Romance - a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mostly love; chamber music and poetry for voice with instrumental accompaniment.
Oratorio - major piece of music for choir, soloists and the orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only for plots from Holy Scripture. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.
Cantata (Italian cantata, from Latin сantare - to sing ) is a vocal and instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.
To musical and theatrical genresinclude opera, operetta and ballet.
Opera - a work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and an orchestra. In this musical genre, poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dances, painting, scenery and costumes are merged into a single whole.
The literary basis of the opera is the libretto. Often the basis of the libretto is some kind of literary or dramatic work. For example, the opera stone guest» Dargomyzhsky written in full text Pushkin's Little Tragedy. But usually the libretto is reworked, as the text should be concise and concise.
Almost every opera begins with an overture - a symphonic introduction, which in general terms acquaints the listener with the content of the entire action.
The music in the opera reveals the innermost feelings of the characters, their character,
talks about their thoughts. In dramatic performances, this is conveyed in
actors' monologues. In the opera, the role of a monologue is played by an aria (translated from
Italian - "song"). Arias are characterized by a wide chant. To more
Fully show the hero, several of his arias are introduced into the opera. In the opera P.I.
Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" Lensky performs the aria "Where, where have you gone", which shows his emotional experiences, excitement,
uncertainty about the future. Arioso Lensky "I love you, Olga" -
A small aria of free construction of a lyrical character.
Another important component of opera is ensembles. During the simultaneous
Singing several soloists, we not only hear the voice of each
The performer, but we also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.
The largest ensemble, without which not a single opera can do, is the choir.
The orchestra plays an important role in the opera. He not only accompanies the entire opera,
but it is kind of actor, since the music played
Orchestra, reveals the idea of the work, reveals thoughts, feelings,
relationships between characters dramatic development plot.
An important component of the opera are dance scenes. In the opera M.I.
Glinka "Ivan Susanin" the second act is almost entirely built on
dancing. This is a peculiar characteristic of an arrogant, self-confident
the victory of the Polish gentry. That's why they dance polonaise at this ball,
Krakowiak, mazurka, presented by the composer not folk, but
Knightly dances.
Operetta (from Italian operetta, literally a small opera) -
Theatrical performance in which individual musical numbers
Alternate with dialogue without music. Operettas are written in
comic plot , musical numbers in them are shorter opera houses, in general
the music of the operetta is light, popular, but inherits
directly the traditions of academic music.
Ballet (from Italian ballo - dancing) - a kind of stage performance arts;
performance, the content of which is embodied in musical
choreographic patterns. Most often, ballet is based on
a certain plot, dramatic design, libretto, but there are also
plotless ballets. The main types of dance in ballet
are classic and character dance. An important role here
Pantomime plays, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the characters, their
"conversation" among themselves, the essence of what is happening. In contemporary ballet
Elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet
requires endurance and endurance from any person involved in it.
The purpose of this article is to acquaint readers with various modern musical genres and the musical means that composers use when creating works within a certain style. The ability to navigate musical genres and subgenres is one of the first signs of professionalism, so this article will be of interest to all those who have already embarked on the path of improvement in the musical field.
Most critics divide modern music genres into three main areas: pop, rock and rap, which in turn are rooted in earlier styles and have spawned a large number of offshoots of their own.
Pop is contemporary popular music. It is a very broad term covering many genres such as disco, trance, house, techno, funk, new wave and others. Let's stop and look at the features of each of them.
- Disco. Not so long ago, it was the most popular genre of dance-pop music. It has an abundance of effects, the leading role of the rhythm section of drums and bass, as well as the secondary, background sound of strings and wind instruments.
- Trance. It belongs to one of the genres of electronic music and is notable for its high emotional impact on the listener. This effect is achieved through the use of sad, "cosmic" melodies.
- house. This is the name of dance, completely electronic music. The main and only instrument is a synthesizer. A distinctive feature of this genre is the presence of looped musical phrases and solo melodies. Effects are widely used.
- techno. In one phrase, you can say this: futuristic music of the big city. Techno features include fantastic melodies, a gloomy metal sound, "cold", devoid of emotional vocals.
- Funk. One of the dance genres, which is characterized by clearly defined percussionists dominating all other instruments, low melody, "sloppy" rhythm.
- New wave . A genre of popular music that has evolved from punk rock and uses the same musical medium.
Rock as an independent genre is rooted in the "black" American blues, which appeared in the 20-30s. Traditional blues consists of 12 measures, that is, sections of a composition consisting of several notes, the first of which has an accent or accent. To the main toolkit blues includes a double bass or bass that sets the rhythm, a solo guitar, drums, often keyboards and brass. To be quite precise, rock emerged from a branch of this genre - the guitar blues, which already has much less keyboards and brass instruments.
Appearance rock And rock and roll, concepts that are often equated with musicians such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles. The former can be called the popularizer of this genre, while the Beatles were the ones who turned rock into art.
IN musically rock has remained practically the same blues, but their semantic content is different: rock is the music of protest against society, power, or something else.
Rock has collected many subgenres, the main ones being soft rock, hard rock, pop rock, folk rock, punk rock, psychedelic rock, heavy metal and thrash.
- Hard rock. Literally, it translates as "heavy, hard." This style has such a name for a reason, because its sound corresponds to what it is called. Heaviness in hard rock is achieved through the dominant sound of a loud and powerful rhythm section over the rest of the instruments. In most cases, the drummers, bass or rhythm guitar are "weighted". Hard rock often uses Overdrive and Distortion effects.
- pop rock. Popular rock. This style is well balanced, using all sorts of effects and popular arrangements. Pop rock can be attributed to any rock music that is designed for a wide audience of listeners.
- folk rock. This is rock music with elements of folk music.
- Punk rock. This genre includes rough, often unprofessional, but expressive music, which is characterized by simple, unpretentious, but shocking melodies.
- Psychedelic rock. Complex, unconventional music, overflowing with various effects. This music has a high level of emotional impact on the listener.
- heavy metal called sharp metal music, which is often not harmonic. It is far from the usual standards.
- Thrash. This is a very hard genre, which is characterized by the complexity and continuity of melodies, as well as improvisation.
Rap how the genre evolved from dance music. Characteristic features: uneven rhythm, complex experiments with drummers, the presence of looped musical fragments. One of the main features of rap is the absence of vocals, which are replaced by recitative. Rap is read like poetry, not sung. The main instruments are drums and a complex bass, which often leads. Often rap musicians use the scratch effect - the squeak of vinyl records.
Most likely rap originated from reggae- a dance style that originated in Jamaica. These two styles have a lot in common: the same uneven, ragged rhythm, the presence of looped musical fragments, a complex drummer.
