1 of 20
Presentation on the topic:
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
MAXIM GORKY - real name ALEXEY MAXIMOVICH PESHKOV Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most popular authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, famous for depicting a romanticized declassed character (“tramp”), author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats, “petrel of the revolution” and “great proletarian writer”, founder socialist realism
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter. Early orphaned, he spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 9 he was forced to go "to the people"; worked as a “boy” at a store, as a pantry utensil on a steamboat, as an apprentice in an icon-painting workshop, as a baker, etc.
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-1871) - the son of a soldier demoted from officers, a cabinetmaker. IN last years worked as manager of a shipping office, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. The childhood of the writer passed in the house of his grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who in his youth was bubbling, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in old age. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced her mother, “saturating”, according to Gorky himself, “strong strength for difficult life" ("Childhood").
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. An attempt to enter Kazan University was unsuccessful. The thirst for knowledge was quenched independently, he grew up "self-taught". Hard work (a crockery worker on a ship, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early deprivations taught a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of rebuilding the world. “We came into the world to disagree...” - a surviving fragment of the destroyed poem by the young Peshkov “The Song of the Old Oak”.
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
Hatred of evil and ethical maximalism were the source of moral torment. In 1887 he tried to commit suicide. He took part in revolutionary propaganda, "went among the people", wandered around Rus', and communicated with tramps. He experienced complex philosophical influences: from the ideas of the French Enlightenment and the materialism of J. W. Goethe to the positivism of J. M. Guyot, the romanticism of J. Ruskin and the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer. In his Nizhny Novgorod library, next to Capital by K. Marx and Historical Letters by P. L. Lavrov, there were books by E. Hartmann, M. Stirner and F. Nietzsche.
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
GORKY'S EARLY WORKS Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Khlamida). Pseudonym M. Gorky (signed letters and documents real name- A. Peshkov; designations "A. M. Gorky" and "Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky" contaminate a pseudonym with his real name) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz", where the first story "Makar Chudra" was published. In 1895, thanks to the help of V. G. Korolenko, he was published in the most popular magazine Russian Wealth (the story Chelkash). In 1898, the book Essays and Stories was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem "Twenty-six and One" and the first long story "Foma Gordeev" appeared. Glory to Gorky grew with incredible speed and soon caught up with the popularity of Chekhov and Tolstoy.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
From the very beginning, there was a discrepancy between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader is less interested social aspects his prose, he searched for and found in them a mood consonant with the time. His heroes combined typical features, behind which stood a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of “philosophy”, which the author endowed the heroes of his own free will, not always consistent with the “truth of life”. Critics in connection with his texts did not solve social issues and the problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which criticism compared with Nietzsche's "superman". All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him a modernist rather than a realist.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
public position Gorky was radical. He was arrested more than once, in 1902 Nicholas 2 ordered to annul his election as an honorary academician in the category of fine literature (in protest, Chekhov and Korolenko left the Academy). In 1905 he joined the RSDLP (Bolshevik wing) and met V.I. Lenin. They received serious financial support for the revolution of 1905-07. Gorky quickly showed himself as a talented organizer of the literary process. In 1901, he headed the publishing house of the Znanie partnership and soon began to publish the Collections of the Knowledge partnership, where I.A. Bunin, L.N. Andreev, A.I. Kuprin, V.V. Veresaev, E.N. .Chirikov, N.D. Teleshov, A.S. Serafimovich and others.
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
The pinnacle of early creativity, the play “At the Bottom”, to a large extent owes its fame to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V. I. Kachalov, I. M. Moskvin, O. L. Knipper- Chekhov, etc.) In 1903, the Kleines Theater in Berlin staged a performance of "At the Bottom" with Richard Wallenthin in the role of Satin. Gorky's other plays - Petty Bourgeois (1901), Summer Residents (1904), Children of the Sun, Barbarians (both 1905), Enemies (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
slide number 11
Description of the slide:
GORKY BETWEEN TWO REVOLUTIONS (1905-1917) After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity made it necessary to reconsider the notion of the “end of Gorky” (D.V. Filosofov), which had developed in criticism, which was caused by his passion for political struggle and the ideas of socialism, which were reflected in the story “Mother”. He creates the story “Okurov Town” ( 1909), "Childhood" (1913-14), "In People" (1915-16), a cycle of stories "In Russia" (1912-17). Disputes in criticism caused the story "Confession" (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok. For the first time, the theme of god-building was sounded in it, which Gorky, with A. V. Lunacharsky and A. A. Bogdanov, preached in the Capri party school for workers, which caused him to disagree with Lenin, who hated "flirting with God."
slide number 12
Description of the slide:
First World War heavily affected state of mind Gorky. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea of "collective mind", to which he came after being disappointed with Nietzsche's individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky stretched a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Unlimited faith in the human mind, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to "trench louse", "cannon fodder", when people went berserk before our eyes and the human mind was powerless before logic historical events.
slide number 13
Description of the slide:
MAXIM GORKY'S EMIGATION YEARS The October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. In "Untimely Thoughts" (a series of articles in the newspaper " New life»; 1917-18; published in a separate edition in 1918), he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, "bestial" and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of the position was also reflected in his book On the Russian Peasantry (1922). The undoubted merit of Gorky was the energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.)
slide number 14
Description of the slide:
Almost for the sake of this, such cultural events were conceived as the organization of the World Literature publishing house, the opening of the House of Scientists and the House of Arts (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel Crazy Ship by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A. Fedina "Bitter among us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N. S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky's final break with the Bolsheviks. From 1921 to 1928 Gorky lived in exile, where he went after too persistent advice from Lenin. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without interrupting ties with the young Soviet literature. He wrote the cycle "Stories of 1922-24", "Notes from a Diary" (1924), the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925), began working on the epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-36).
slide number 15
Description of the slide:
GORKY'S RETURN TO THE SOVIET UNION In 1928, Gorky made a "trial" trip to Soviet Union(in connection with the celebration arranged on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky railway station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in the creation of The Life of Klim Samgin, a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of.
Description of the slide:
slide number 18
Description of the slide:
BIBLIOGRAPHY M. GORKY Novels 1899 - "Foma Gordeev" 1900-1901 - "Three" 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907) 1925 - "The Artamonov Case" 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin" Tale 1908 - "The Life of the Unnecessary person." 1908 - "Confession" 1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin". 1913-1914 - "Childhood" 1915-1916 - "In people" 1923 - "My universities"
Description of the slide:
Plays 1901 - "Petty bourgeois" 1902 - "At the bottom" 1904 - "Summer residents" 1905 - "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" 1906 - "Enemies" 1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (revised in December 1935) 1930-1931 - "Somov and others" 1932 - "Egor Bulychev and others" 1933 - "Dostigaev and others" Publicism 1906 - "My interviews", "In America" (pamphlets) 1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" "(in 1918 came out as a separate edition) 1922 -" On the Russian peasantry "
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Maxim Gorky - famous Russian writer and playwright
Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a poor carpenter's family. The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. His parents died early, and little Alexei stayed with his grandfather. His grandmother became a mentor in literature, who led her grandson into the world. folk poetry. He wrote about her briefly, but with great tenderness: “In those years, I was filled with grandmother's poems, like a beehive with honey; I think I was thinking in the forms of her poems. Gorky's childhood passed in harsh, difficult conditions. From an early age, the future writer was forced to do part-time jobs, earning a living with whatever he had to.
In Gorky's life, only two years were devoted to studying at the Nizhny Novgorod School. Then, due to poverty, he went to work, but was constantly self-taught. Gorky's first printed story, Makar Chudra, was published in 1892. Then, published in 1898, the essays in two volumes "Essays and Stories" brought fame to the writer.
Gorky also wrote fairy tales for children. Among them: "The Tale of Ivanushka the Fool", "Sparrow", "Samovar", "Tales of Italy" and others. Remembering his difficult childhood, Gorky paid special attention to children, organized holidays for children from poor families, and published a children's magazine.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
HURRY TO DO GOOD Baygazakova Saulesh Tursynbaevna Secondary School named after M. Gorky SDMC Extracurricular event on the culture of behavior Grade 4
HURRY TO DO GOOD Baigazakova Saulesh Tursynbaevna School named after M. Gorky SDMC extracurricular activity on the culture of behavior Grade 4 Design of the cabinet: on the screen is an image of a bright sun with the words of V. G ...
Draft lesson on local history "Acquaintance with the ancestral home of the Gorkys" (co-author Filippova Yu, S,)
Objectives of the lesson: 1. To introduce the Gorky family home in the village of Ust-Tsilma; to report the facts of the appearance and life of this house and its inhabitants; introduce new terms (family home, barn, flock, lead). Behind...
1 of 14
Presentation on the topic:
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. The thirst for knowledge was quenched independently, he grew up "self-taught". Hard work (a crockery worker on a ship, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early deprivations taught a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of rebuilding the world. “We came into the world to disagree...” - a surviving fragment of the destroyed poem by the young Peshkov “The Song of the Old Oak”.
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
Hatred of evil and ethical maximalism were the source of moral torment. In 1887 he tried to commit suicide. He took part in revolutionary propaganda, "went among the people", wandered around Rus', and communicated with tramps. He experienced complex philosophical influences: from the ideas of the French Enlightenment and the materialism of J. W. Goethe to the positivism of J. M. Guyot, the romanticism of J. Ruskin and the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer. In his Nizhny Novgorod library, next to Capital by K. Marx and Historical Letters by P. L. Lavrov, there were books by E. Hartmann, M. Stirner and F. Nietzsche.
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
The rudeness and ignorance of provincial life poisoned his soul, but also - paradoxically - gave birth to faith in Man and his potentialities. Romantic philosophy was born from the clash of conflicting principles, in which Man (ideal essence) did not coincide with man (real being) and even entered into a tragic conflict with him. Gorky's humanism carried rebellious and atheistic traits. His favorite reading was the biblical Book of Job, where "God teaches a person how to be equal to God and how to calmly stand next to God" (Gorky's letter to V.V. Rozanov, 1912).
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
Early works Gorky (1892-1905) Gorky started as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Khlamida). The pseudonym M. Gorky (he signed letters and documents with his real name - A. Peshkov; the designations "A. M. Gorky" and "Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky" contaminate the pseudonym with his real name) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus", where the first story Makar Chudra. In 1895, thanks to the help of V. G. Korolenko, he was published in the most popular magazine Russian Wealth (the story Chelkash). In 1898, the book Essays and Stories was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem "Twenty-six and One" and the first long story "Foma Gordeev" appeared. Glory to Gorky grew with incredible speed and soon caught up with the popularity of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
From the very beginning, there was a discrepancy between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader was least of all interested in the social aspects of his prose, he sought and found in them a mood consonant with the times. According to critic M. Protopopov, Gorky replaced the problem of artistic typification with the problem of "ideological lyricism." His heroes combined typical features, behind which stood a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of “philosophy”, which the author endowed the heroes of his own free will, not always consistent with the “truth of life”. Critics in connection with his texts did not solve social issues and the problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which criticism compared with Nietzsche's "superman". All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him a modernist rather than a realist.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
Gorky quickly showed himself as a talented organizer of the literary process. In 1901, he headed the publishing house of the Znanie partnership and soon began to publish the Collections of the Knowledge partnership, where I. A. Bunin, L. N. Andreev, A. I. Kuprin, V. V. Veresaev, E. N. Chirikov, N.D. Teleshov, A.S. Serafimovich and others. The pinnacle of early creativity, the play “At the Bottom”, to a large extent owes its fame to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V .I.Kachalov, I.M.Moskvin, O.L.Knipper-Chekhova, etc.) In 1903, the Berlin Kleines Theater hosted a performance of "At the Bottom" with Richard Wallentin in the role of Satin. Gorky's other plays - Petty Bourgeois (1901), Summer Residents (1904), Children of the Sun, Barbarians (both 1905), Enemies (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
Gorky between two revolutions (1905-1917) After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity made it necessary to reconsider the notion of the “end of Gorky” (D. V. Filosofov), which had developed in criticism, which was caused by his passion for the political struggle and the ideas of socialism, which were reflected in the story “Mother” (1906; second edition 1907). He created the novels "The Town of Okurov" (1909), "Childhood" (1913-14), "In People" (1915-16), a cycle of stories "Across Rus'" (1912-17). Disputes in criticism caused the story "Confession" (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok. For the first time, the theme of god-building was sounded in it, which Gorky, with A. V. Lunacharsky and A. A. Bogdanov, preached in the Capri party school for workers, which caused him to disagree with Lenin, who hated "flirting with God."
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
The First World War seriously affected Gorky's state of mind. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea of "collective mind", to which he came after being disappointed with Nietzsche's individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky stretched a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Unlimited faith in the human mind, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to a "trench louse", "cannon fodder", when people went berserk before their eyes and the human mind was powerless before the logic of historical events. Gorky's 1914 poem contains the lines:
slide number 11
Description of the slide:
Maxim Gorky's years of emigration (1917-28) The October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. Unlike Blok, he heard in it not “music”, but the terrible roar of a hundred million peasant element, breaking through all social prohibitions and threatening to sink the remaining islands of culture. In "Untimely Thoughts" (a series of articles in the newspaper "New Life"; 1917-18; published in a separate edition in 1918), he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, "bestial" and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of the position was also reflected in his book On the Russian Peasantry (1922). The undoubted merit of Gorky was the energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.) Is it not for this purpose that such cultural events were conceived as the organization of the World Literature publishing house, the opening of the House of Scientists and the House of Arts (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel Crazy Ship by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A Fedina "Bitter among us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N. S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky's final break with the Bolsheviks.
slide number 12
Description of the slide:
From 1921 to 1928 Gorky lived in exile, where he went after too persistent advice from Lenin. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without interrupting ties with young Soviet literature (L. M. Leonov, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Fadeev, I. E. Babel, etc.) Wrote the cycle "Stories of 1922-24" ”, “Notes from a Diary” (1924), the novel “The Artamonov Case” (1925), began working on the epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin” (1925-36). Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of this time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal search for Russian prose of the 1920s.
slide number 13
Description of the slide:
Gorky's Return to the Soviet Union In 1928, Gorky made a "trial" trip to the Soviet Union (in connection with a celebration organized on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky railway station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in the creation of The Life of Klim Samgin, a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of. He stood at the head of the creation of a collective writer's book, which glorified the construction by prisoners of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Stalin. He organized and supported many enterprises: the publishing house "Academia", the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History civil war”, the journal “Literary Education”, as well as the Literary Institute, then named after him. In 1934 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR, created on his initiative.
slide number 14
Description of the slide:
slide 1
Maxim Gorky Presentation by a 9th grade student of the Vysokinichskaya School, Kristina Vedenkinaslide 2
Maxim Gorky (at birth Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov) is a Russian writer, prose writer, and playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. 03/16/1868 - 06/18/1936 (aged 68)
slide 3
The pseudonym "Gorky" Aleksey Maksimovich invented himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: "Don't write to me in literature - Peshkov ...". More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories"Childhood", "In People", "My Universities". Childhood Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier. M. S. Peshkov in the last years of his life worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
slide 4
Youth In 1884 he came to Kazan to fulfill his dream - to study at the university, but very soon he realized the whole unreality of such a plan. Starts working. Later, Gorky would write: “I did not expect help from outside and did not hope for a lucky break ... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance environment." At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but the four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality, determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among workers and peasants. her and get to know the life of the people better.
slide 5
Passed through the Don steppes, across Ukraine, to the Danube, from there - through the Crimea and North Caucasus- to Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammerman, then as a clerk in railway workshops. At this time, he wrote his first story - "Makar Chudra" and the poem "The Girl and Death". Since 1892, having returned to Nizhny Novgorod, he has been engaged in literary work, publishing in the Volga newspapers. Since 1895, Gorky's stories appear in the capital's magazines. In 1898 they are published in the light of Gorky's "Essays and Stories", which made him widely known in Russia. In 1899, the novel "Foma Gordeev" was published, which put Gorky in a number of world-class writers. In the autumn of this year, he arrives in St. Petersburg, where he meets Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, with Repin later in Moscow - with L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers L. Tolstoy and M. Gorky A. Chekhov and M. Gorky
slide 6
IN revolutionary events 1905 Gorky took an active part, was imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forces the government to release the writer. Villa on Capri (burgundy) rented by Gorky In 1906, Gorky returned to Russia. He goes to Italy, to Capri, where he lives until 1913, giving all his strength literary creativity. Using the amnesty, in 1913 he returned to St. Petersburg, collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915, he founded the journal Chronicle. In 1921, at the insistence of Lenin, Gorky went abroad for treatment. He continues to work hard. He begins work on the book The Life of Klim Samgin, which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931 Gorky returned to his homeland.
1 slide
2 slide
Childhood. Alexey Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. His father, Maxim Savateevich Peshkov, was the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I. Kolchin. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina, was the daughter of a Nizhny Novgorod merchant. Grandfather, Vasily Kashirin, was a wealthy merchant, foreman of the city dye shop. In the summer of 1871, Maxim Savateevich dies of cholera. Varvara Vasilievna considered little Alexei to be the unwitting culprit of his death (his father became infected while nursing his son who fell ill with cholera). Mother gives Alexei to her father's family. Grandfather and grandmother, a great lover of folk tales. From the age of six, the boy begins to be taught Church Slavonic literacy.
3 slide
4 slide
Education. 1877 - 1879 - Alexey Peshkov studies at the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School. 1879 - Alexei Peshkov's mother dies of transient consumption. After that, conflicts begin in the Kashirin family, as a result of which the grandfather goes bankrupt and goes crazy. Due to lack of money, Alexey Peshkov is forced to leave his studies and go "to the people." 1879 - 1884 - Aleksey changes places of "training" one by one. First, he was an apprentice shoemaker (a relative of the Kashirins), then an apprentice in a drawing workshop, then in an icon painting workshop. Finally, he becomes a cook on a steamboat that sailed along the Volga. Many years later already famous writer Maxim Gorky recalls M.A., the cook of the Dobry steamer Smury, who was illiterate, but at the same time collected books. Thanks to the cook, young Gorky gets acquainted with a variety of works of world literature, and is engaged in self-education.
5 slide
The streak of life's failures. 1884 - Peshkov moves to Kazan, with the aim of entering the university. But it did not take place due to lack of funds; for him, the “school of the revolutionary underground” began. He attends gymnasium and student populist circles, is fond of relevant literature, comes into conflict with the police, earning himself a reputation as "unreliable". At the same time, he earns his living doing menial work. December 1887 - a streak of life's failures leads Peshkov to attempt suicide.
6 slide
1888 - 1891 - Alexei Peshkov wanders around Russia in search of work and impressions. He passes the Volga region, the Don, Ukraine, Crimea, South Bessarabia, the Caucasus. Peshkov manages to be a laborer in the village, a dishwasher, work in the fish and salt mines, a watchman on the railway, and a worker in repair shops. He manages to make contacts in a creative environment. Wandering, Peshkov collects prototypes of his future heroes - this is noticeable in early work writer, when the heroes of his works were the people of the “bottom”.
7 slide
The beginning of creativity. September 12, 1892 - Peshkov's story "Makar Chudra" was first published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz". The work was signed "Maxim Gorky". Gorky's formation as a writer takes place with the participation of Korolenko, who recommends a new author to publishers, corrects his manuscripts. 1893 - 1895 - Gorky's stories are often published in the Volga press. During these years, the following were written: "Chelkash", "Revenge", "Old Woman Izergil", "Emelyan Pilyai", "Conclusion", "Song of the Falcon". Peshkov signs his stories with various pseudonyms, of which there were about 30 in total. The most famous of them are: "A.P." "," Taras Oparin "and others.
8 slide
1895 - with the assistance of Korolenko, Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily under the heading "By the way", signing himself "Jehudiel Khlamida". At the same time, in Samarskaya Gazeta, Gorky met Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office. 1896 - Gorky and Volzhina get married. 1896 - 1897 - Gorky works at home, in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf". 1897 - Gorky's tuberculosis worsens, and he and his wife move to the Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province. The same year - the writer's son Maxim is born.
9 slide
1895 - with the assistance of Korolenko, Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily under the heading "By the way", signing himself "Jehudiel Khlamida". At the same time, in Samarskaya Gazeta, Gorky met Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office.
10 slide
The writer's first wife. 1896 - Gorky and Volzhina get married. 1896 - 1897 - Gorky works at home, in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf". 1897 - Gorky's tuberculosis worsens, and he and his wife move to the Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province. The same year - the writer's son Maxim is born. 1900 - daughter Katya is born.
11 slide
At the age of twenty, Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina became the wife of an obscure provincial writer, together with him she went all the way from the foot of fame to its peak, she was familiar with Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov ... Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. Left by her husband with two children - six-year-old Maxim and three-year-old Katya - she managed to rise above the resentment against him and maintain friendly relations that lasted until his death. She buried both children - a daughter at the age of five, a son - who did not live to be forty. From the middle of the 20th century, she connected her life with the activities of public organizations, from 1922 to 1937 she headed the Political Red Cross - an organization for helping political prisoners.
12 slide
Maria Andreeva. 1900 - Gorky meets an actress of the Moscow Art Theater, a convinced Marxist Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. Maria Andreeva was also married. However, the husband and two children, son Yuri and daughter Ekaterina, could not contain the passionate nature of the actress. Her husband, a major official Andrei Zhelyabuzhsky, was older than Andreeva by as much as 18 years and had long looked through his fingers at the amorous adventures of his wife. At that time, Andreeva had a stormy romance. And not with anyone, but with the well-known throughout Russia millionaire Savva Morozov.
13 slide
Maria Andreeva. EVERYTHING changed after meeting Gorky. Andreeva suddenly realized that she had fallen in love for real. She almost immediately broke off relations with Morozov (there were rumors that the breakup with Andreeva was the reason for the suicide of the famous businessman), left the theater, became interested in revolutionary ideas. In 1903, Maria Fedorovna moved to Gorky. Numerous acquaintances were surprised that the two different people manage to coexist peacefully under one roof. From a famous actress, coquette and socialite, Andreeva turned into a faithful wife and comrade-in-arms. She corresponded with Gorky, argued with publishers about fees, translated numerous works of Alexei Maksimovich into French, German and Italian. Gorky's health left much to be desired (from his youth, the writer suffered from a lung disease), so Maria Fedorovna also had to perform the duties of a nurse, accompanying Gorky on numerous trips abroad, where he was treated, and at the same time raised funds in support of the revolution in Russia.
14 slide
“Alyosha writes so much that I can hardly keep up with him. I am writing a diary of our stay abroad, translating one book from French, sewing a little, in a word, I fill the day in every possible way in order to get tired and fall asleep in the evening and not see dreams, because I don’t see good dreams ... ”Andreeva wrote during a joint trip with Gorky in the USA in 1906. The trip to America left the most unpleasant memories. Alexei Maksimovich everywhere represented Maria Feodorovna as his wife, but rumors leaked to the press that the writer had not divorced his first wife. Gorky was accused of bigamy, troubles began with the authorities, and the writer had to leave the States for Italy.
15 slide
Shortly before the revolution, Gorky and Andreeva returned to Russia. Maria Fedorovna continued to live in the interests of Gorky. It becomes the party's financial agent and seeks everywhere funds for revolutionary activity. For business acumen, the ability to "knock out" and get it, Lenin called Maria Andreeva "Comrade Phenomenon." However, Maria Fedorovna was so carried away by the needs of the party that at times Gorky began to feel forgotten. His faithful Maria could no longer be with him all the time, she had her own affairs, she constantly disappeared at endless meetings and meetings. And the blow was not long in coming.
16 slide
Maria Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benkendorf. In 1919, Maria Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benkendorf appeared in the life of 52-year-old Gorky. Korney Chukovsky introduced them, recommending Gorky Maria Ignatievna as a secretary. He also described the first editorial meeting, which was attended by Zakrevskaya. “Oddly enough, although Gorky did not say a word to her, he spoke everything for her, spread out the whole peacock's tail. He was very witty, talkative, brilliant, like a schoolboy at a ball. Maria Zakrevskaya was 24 years younger than the writer. However, by the time they met, she had already managed to be married and give birth to two children. The most incredible rumors circulated about this woman, she was suspected of having links with British intelligence and the NKVD, she was called the “Russian Milady”. Gorky got carried away and very soon made a marriage proposal to Maria Zakrevskaya.
17 slide
The family idyll of Gorky and Zakrevskaya was disturbed by the arrival of the famous English writer HG Wells, who in 1920 decided to visit revolutionary Russia. In those days, finding a decent hotel room was a problem, so Wells was assigned to stay in Gorky's house. Maria Ignatievna volunteered to be Wells' translator. Before Wells left, a juicy story happened. Allegedly, the Englishman made a mistake with the door and accidentally ended up in the room of Maria Ignatievna. In the morning Alexei Maksimovich found HG Wells in Zakrevskaya's bed. Calming Gorky, Maria Ignatievna said: “Aleksey Maksimovich, what are you, right! Indeed, even for the most loving woman, two famous writers at once are too many! And besides, Herbert is older than you!” Gorky forgave the betrayal. They lived with Zakrevskaya for 16 years until the writer's death in 1936. They did not have common children.
18 slide
April 1901 - Gorky was arrested in Nizhny Novgorod and imprisoned for participating in student unrest in St. Petersburg. The writer stays under arrest for a month, after which he is released under house arrest, and then exiled to Arzamas. In the same year, the “Song of the Petrel” was published in the magazine “Life”, after which the magazine was closed by the authorities. 1902 - the plays "At the Bottom" and "Petty Bourgeois" were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The premiere of "At the Bottom" is held with an unprecedented triumph. The same year - Maxim Gorky was elected an honorary academician in the category of fine literature. By order of Nicholas II, the results of these elections were annulled. In response, Chekhov and Korolenko refuse their titles of honorary academicians.
19 slide
1903 - Andreeva becomes Gorky's common-law wife. 1905 - Gorky actively participates in the revolution, he is closely associated with the Social Democrats, but at the same time, together with a group of intellectuals, on the eve of Bloody Sunday, he visits S.Yu. Witte and tries to prevent the tragedy. After the revolution, he is arrested (participation in the preparation of a coup d'état is incriminated), but both the Russian and European cultural environment speak out in defense of the writer. Gorky is released. Early 1906 - Gorky emigrates from Russia. He travels to America to raise funds to support the revolution in Russia.
20 slide
1907 - The novel "Mother" is published in America. In London, at the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP, Gorky met V.I. Ulyanov. The end of 1906 - 1913 - Maxim Gorky permanently lives on the island of Capri (Italy). Many works have been written here: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the novels “Summer”, “The Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. 1908 - 1913 - Gorky corresponded with Lenin. The correspondence is riddled with controversy, as the views of the writer and the politician diverge. Gorky, in particular, believes that revolutionary spirit should be combined with enlightenment and humanism. This contrasts him with the Bolsheviks.
21 slide
1913 - Gorky returns to Russia. In the same year he writes "Childhood". 1915 - the novel "In People" was written. Gorky begins publishing the Chronicle magazine. 1917 - after the Revolution, Gorky finds himself in a dual position: on the one hand, he stands for the incoming power, on the other, he continues to adhere to his convictions, believing that it is necessary to deal not with the class struggle, but with the culture of the masses ... At the same time, the writer begins to work in a publishing house "World Literature", founds the newspaper "New Life". The end of the 1910s - Gorky's relations with the new government are gradually aggravated. 1921 - Maxim Gorky leaves Russia, officially - to Germany, to be treated, but in fact - from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. Until 1924, the writer lives in Germany and Czechoslovakia.
22 slide
1921 - 1922 - Gorky actively publishes his articles in German magazines ("The Vocation of the Writer and Russian Literature of Our Time", "Russian Cruelty", "Intelligentsia and Revolution"). They all say the same thing - Gorky cannot accept what happened in Russia; he still seeks to unite Russian artists abroad. 1923 - Gorky writes "My Universities". 1925 - work begins on the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which was never completed. Mid-1920s - Maxim Gorky moved to Sorrento (Italy). 1928 - Gorky travels to the USSR. All summer he travels around the country. The writer's impressions were reflected in the book "On the Union of Soviets" (1929).
24 slide
May of the same year - Gorky's son Maxim was killed. According to one version, this was done on the initiative of the NKVD. June 18, 1936 - Maxim Gorky dies in Gorki. Buried in Moscow. The writer fell ill and took to his bed. And soon an expensive candy bonbonniere with a silk ribbon appeared at the bedside of the patient - a sign of attention from the Kremlin. Not only Gorky treated himself to sweets, but two more orderlies were with him. An hour later, all three were dead.
25 slide
Professor Pletnev, who treated Alexei Maksimovich, was first sentenced to death for the murder of the famous writer, then the death penalty was commuted to twenty-five years in the camps. It was humane for a man who had no idea about the fatal candy box. Pe-Pe-Kru - Kryuchkov, an NKVD officer, pleaded guilty.
