What do the fairy tales of Salkykov-Shchedrin teach? What do the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin teach? What Saltykov Shchedrin teaches

Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote more than 30 fairy tales. Appeal to this genre was natural for Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy-tale elements (fantasy, hyperbole, conventionality, etc.) permeate all of his work. The most famous in the literary heritage of Saltykov-Shchedrin were fairy tales, the first three were written in 1869, the remaining tales (23 more) the writer has been writing since 1883 for three years.

The themes of Shchedrin's fairy tales: despotic power ("The Bear in the Voivodship"), masters and slaves ("The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals", "The Wild Landowner"), fear as the basis of slave psychology ("The Wise Piskar"), convict labor (“Konyaga”), etc. The unifying thematic principle of all fairy tales is the life of the people in its correlation with the life of the ruling classes.

Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin open a new literary genre in Russian literature: socio-political satire, written in the form of an allegory based on artistic principles animal tales and fables. With all the dramatic coloring, with all the tangible tragic overtones, Saltykov-Shchedrin's Tales are based on the comic, on the violation of proportion. Sarcasm becomes the leading form of Shchedrin's comedic and aesthetic attitude to reality. But this feature does not exclude, but suggests for the satirist a variety of shades and transitions of laughter from bitter jokes and sad humor to irony and angry denunciation.

In the world of general chaos and absurdity, as the writer shows, absurdity reigns. That is why Shchedrin so often introduces comedy, misunderstandings and alogisms into fairy tales, showing the dominance of chance and incidents, whims, whims and quirks. The author enriches the satirical text with irony, which outwardly asserts what it actually asserts. Shchedrin also uses humorous techniques, realizing that kind of humor that is associated with the comic of unfulfilled expectation or surprise.

What brings the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin closer to folk tales? Typical fairy tale beginnings ("Once upon a time there were two generals ...", "In a certain kingdom, in a certain state there lived a landowner ..."; sayings ("at the command of a pike", "neither in a fairy tale to say, nor to describe with a pen" ); phrases characteristic of folk speech (“thought and thought”, “said and done”); syntax, vocabulary, orthoepy close to the folk language. Exaggerations, grotesque, hyperbole: one of the generals eats another; “wild landowner”, like a cat , climbs a tree in an instant, a peasant cooks a handful of soup.As in folk tales, a miraculous incident sets up a plot: two generals "suddenly found themselves on a desert island"; by the grace of God, "there was no peasant in the entire space of possessions of a stupid landowner." folk tradition Saltykov-Shchedrin also follows in fairy tales about animals, when he ridicules the shortcomings of society in allegorical form.

The fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin capture a complete picture of the changes that took place in Russian society in the 1860s-1880s. Thus, the writer in The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals (1868-69) with caustic wit depicts an absurd situation based on a fantastic device, but truthfully reflecting an absurd and blatant reality. Two retired generals are miraculously transported to a deserted island during their sleep. The island is replete with fruits, birds, living creatures, but the generals are starving because they do not know anything about life and do not know how to do anything. Their knowledge is limited to the belief that “rolls will be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning,” and their skills were expressed in the only phrase they knew that served them as a guide in the service: “Accept the assurances of my perfect respect and devotion.” The master of all trades, a capable but uncomplaining man, saves the drones-generals from starvation. The story also has a universal meaning. At all times, impudent, ignorant lazy people, unfortunately, achieve social success at the expense of weak-willed, submissive, silent workers.

"The wise scribbler" - the image of a frightened layman to death, who "everything

he only saves his hateful life. Can it be for a person the meaning of life

the slogan - "survive and the pike will not get into the highlo"? The theme of the tale is connected with the defeat of the people

Voltsev, when many members of the intelligentsia, frightened, moved away from public

cases. A type of coward is created, miserable, unhappy. These people did no harm to anyone, but lived their lives aimlessly, without impulses. The main thing for such a person is to survive, to exist, as if he were a seaweed or a stone. This life is meaningless, and its outcome is deplorable: the scribbler simply disappears, as if he had never existed. This tale of citizenship man and sense human life at all. The author appears in the fairy tale in two faces at once: a folk narrator, a simpleton joker and at the same time a person wise by life experience, a writer, a thinker, a citizen.

In the fairy tale "The Wild Landowner" the hero gradually degrades, turning into an animal. Incredible story hero is largely due to the fact that he read the newspaper "Vest" and

However, in portraying the people, Saltykov-Shchedrin sympathizes with them and at the same time condemns them for their long-suffering and resignation. He likens it to a "swarm" of industrious bees living an unconscious herd life. "... They raised a chaff whirlwind, and a swarm of peasants swept away from the estate."

Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin open a new literary genre in Russian literature: socio-political satire, written in the form of an allegory based on the artistic principles of fairy tales about animals and fables. With all the dramatic coloring, with all the tangible tragic overtones, Saltykov-Shchedrin's Tales are based on the comic, on the violation of proportion. Sarcasm becomes the leading form of Shchedrin's comedic and aesthetic attitude to reality. But this feature does not exclude, but suggests for the satirist a variety of shades and transitions of laughter from bitter jokes and sad humor to irony and angry denunciation.

What brings the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin closer to folk tales? Typical fairy-tale beginnings (“Once upon a time there were two generals ...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state there lived a landowner ...”; sayings (“at the command of a pike”, “neither in a fairy tale to say, nor to describe with a pen”); characteristic of phrases of folk speech (“thought and thought”, “said and done”); syntax, vocabulary, orthoepy close to the folk language. Exaggerations, grotesque, hyperbole: one of the generals eats another; “wild landowner”, like a cat, in an instant climbs a tree, a peasant cooks a handful of soup.As in folk tales, a miraculous incident sets up a plot: two generals "suddenly found themselves on a desert island"; by the grace of God, "there was no peasant in the entire territory of the possessions of a stupid landowner." Shchedrin also follows in fairy tales about animals, when he ridicules the shortcomings of society in allegorical form.

Saltykov-Shchedrin contains deep wisdom, so the reader finds all works surprisingly interesting and instructive. Saltykov-Shchedrin make us smile, because their stories are very funny, bio humor is far from the main thing in them. The main goal of the author is to show the injustice of the structure of the world and society; give a person the answer to a particular topical question. And the reader continues to re-read the tales of this author, marveling at their relevance to this day. “The tale of how one man fed two generals” was surely remembered by everyone who read it at least once in their life. Any student or adult can easily remember her story. The generals who found themselves on the island almost died of starvation. And their savior turned out to be the most ordinary peasant peasant. What is the deep wisdom of a fairy tale?

The generals in this case personify the ruling class, which has money and power. A peasant is a people who, with their work, sweat and blood, make the existence of the “powerful of this world” prosperous and comfortable. But isn't society organized monstrously and unfairly when completely useless "generals" enjoy the fruits of someone else's labor? And the "man" works tirelessly, while not receiving any gratitude at all.

The "generals" take his efforts for granted. Saltykov-Shchedrin paints such vivid pictures in fairy tales that the reader has absolutely no doubts about which side he is on. with caustic satire ridicules the vices of the ruling class, shows the true face of its representatives, striking in its wretchedness and stupidity. For example, the fairy tale "landowner" tells how one landowner decided to get rid of ordinary people and make your own happy. God fulfilled his prayers and removed the peasants from the estate.

What has become of this landowner's life? Gradually, complete desolation occurred in his estate and estate, and he himself became wild in the literal sense. This fairy tale again All rights reserved and protected by law © 2001-2005 olsoch. ru leads us to think about how great the role of ordinary people in the achievements of civilization. The ruling class, having titles and money, is completely helpless in solving the simplest issues.

The author, with caustic irony, ridicules the swagger and high opinion of the "generals" and "landlords" about himself. They are sure that the world was created only for them and that the common people exist only to fulfill their whims. But one has only to lose assistants by the will of fate, as representatives of the ruling class instantly degrade, as happened with the “generals”, when on the island they almost ate each other from hunger, or with “ wild landowner", which, without proper supervision and care, turned into a wild and ugly creature. In the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin, animals, fish, and birds often act. But the reader clearly sees in them human traits, desires, habits.

And it is so easy to draw an analogy between the wise minnow and people who do nothing but hide from difficulties all their lives, not noticing that in this way they deprive their existence of meaning, making it empty and themselves unhappy.

Need a cheat sheet? Then save it - "What do the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin teach? . Literary writings!

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is one of the greatest Russian satirists, who castigated the autocracy, serfdom, and after the reorganization of 1861, the remnants of serfdom, rooted in the psychology of people.

The generals are incapable of anything, they don't know how to do anything, they believe that "rolls in the same form will be born, as ... they are served with coffee in the morning." They almost eat a friend of a friend, although there are a lot of fruits, fish, and game around. They would have died of starvation if there had not been a peasant nearby. Not at all doubting their right to exploit the labor of others, the generals force the peasant to work for them. And here again the generals are full, their former self-confidence and complacency are returning to them. "That's how good it is to be generals - you won't get lost anywhere!" they think. In St. Petersburg, the generals "raked in the money", and the peasant was sent "a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver: have fun, man!"

Sympathizing with the oppressed people, Shchedrin opposes the autocracy and its servants. The tsar, ministers and heads of regional administrations are ridiculed by the fairy tale "The Bear in the Voivodship". It shows three Toptygins, successively replacing a friend of a friend in the province, where they were sent by a lion to "pacify the internal adversaries." The first two Toptygins were engaged in various kinds of "evil acts": one - small, "shameful" ("he ate a chizhik"), the other - large, "brilliant" (took a horse, a cow, a pig and a couple of sheep from a peasant, but the men ran and killed his). The third Toptygin did not crave "blood-pro-lithiums". Taught by the experience of history, he acted cautiously and led a liberal policy. For many years he received piglets, chickens, honey from the workers, but in the end the peasants' patience snapped, and they dealt with the "voivode". This is already a spontaneous outburst of discontent among the peasants against the oppressors. Shchedrin shows that the cause of people's misfortunes lies in the abuse of power, in the very nature of the autocratic system. And this means that the salvation of the people lies in the overthrow of tsarism. This is the main idea of the story.

In the fairy tale "The Eagle-Maecenas" Shchedrin exposes the cause of the autocracy in the field of education. The eagle - the king of birds - decided to "start" at the court of science and art. However, the eagle soon got tired of playing the role of a philanthropist: he destroyed the nightingale-poet, put shackles on the learned woodpecker and imprisoned him in a hollow, ruined the raven. "Searchs, investigations, trials" began, "the darkness of ignorance" set in. The writer showed in this tale the incompatibility of tsarism with science, education and art, and concluded that "eagles are harmful for education."

Shchedrin also ridicules the townsfolk. The tale of the wise minnow is dedicated to this topic. Minnow all his life thought about how he would not be eaten by a pike, so he spent a hundred years in his hole, away from danger. Minnow "lived - trembled and died - trembled." And dying, he thought: why did he tremble and hide all his life? What were his joys? Who did he comfort? Who remembers its existence? “Those who think that only those minnows can be considered worthy citizens who, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble, believe incorrectly. No, these are not citizens, but at least useless minnows. None of them are warm or cold ... live, take up space for nothing," the author addresses the reader.

In his fairy tales, Saltykov-Shchedrin shows that the people are talented. The man from the tale of two generals is quick-witted, he has golden hands: he made a snare "from his own hair" and built a "miracle ship". The people were subjected to oppression, their life is endless hard work, and it is not sweet for the writer that he weaves a rope with his own hands, which they threw around his neck. Shchedrin calls on the people to think about their fate, to unite in the struggle for the reorganization of an unjust world.

Saltykov-Shchedrin called his creative style Aesopian, each fairy tale has a subtext, comic characters and symbolic images act in it.

The originality of Shchedrin's fairy tales also lies in the fact that in them the real is intertwined with the fantastic, thereby creating a comic result. On a fabulous island, the generals find the well-known reactionary newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti*. From an extraordinary island not far from St. Petersburg, to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya. The writer introduces details from the life of people into the life of fabulous fish and animals: the minnow "does not receive a salary and does not keep servants", dreams of defeating two hundred thousand.

The author's favorite techniques are hyperbole and the grotesque. Both the dexterity of the peasant and the ignorance of the generals are extremely exaggerated. A skillful man cooks soup in a handful. Stupid generals don't know that they bake flour rolls. The hungry general swallows the order of his friend.

In Shchedrin's fairy tales there are no random details and superfluous words, and the characters are revealed in actions and words. The writer pays attention to the funny side of the depicted. Suffice it to recall that the generals were in nightgowns, and around their necks hung an order. Shchedrin's fairy tales show a connection with folk art(“Once upon a time there was a minnow”, “I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth”, “neither to tell in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen”). However, along with fabulous expressions, we meet book words that are completely uncharacteristic for folk tales: "to sacrifice life", "the minnow completes the topical process." The allegorical meaning of the works is felt.

Shchedrin's fairy tales reflected both his hatred of those who live at the expense of the working people and his belief in the triumph of reason and justice.

These fairy tales are a magnificent artistic monument of a bygone era. Many images have become household names, denoting the social phenomena of Russian and world reality.