Lesson 12
Lesson topic: Project: "Creating a calendar of historical events." Assessment of achievements.
Goals: generalize knowledge in the section; to teach to listen to the opinion of comrades, to make the right decision in a team, to defend one's point of view; develop speech, thinking and creativity.
Planned results: subject: the ability to choose a book for independent reading, focusing on thematic and alphabetical catalogs and a recommended list of references, evaluate the results of one's reading activity, make adjustments, use reference sources for understanding and obtaining additional information, independently compiling a brief annotation;metasubject: P - formulating the learning task of the lesson, planning, together with the teacher, activities to study the topic of the lesson, evaluating one's work in the lesson, P - analysis of the text read, highlighting the main idea in it, K - answers to questions based on a literary text, discussion in a group of answers to teacher's questions, proof of one's point of view;personal: manifestation of careful attitude to the art book, accuracy in its use.
Comment for the teacher: the lesson is based on the TV game "Own game"; the difference is that the guys do not play individually, but collectively (the class is divided into 2 or 3 teams in rows).
Equipment: scoreboard on the board.
SubjectIssue price
Time Machine
10
20
30
40
50
Bogatyrs
10
20
30
40
50
live picture
10
20
40
50
History wheel
10
20
30
40
50
cultural monuments
10
20
30
40
50
During the classes
Organizing time
Today we will play our own game. You will play as a team. Before giving an answer, you should discuss it with the team. In order for the game to be organized, choose a team captain. He will name the topic that the team chooses, and then, after discussion, give an answer.
Points earned by teams are counted. This is how the winning team emerges. We will also check how you have learned the topic.
Work on the topic of the lesson
Subject "Time Machine"
10 In what century for the first time in Rus' did they begin to record information about the events that took place?(In the 11th century.)
20 One of the first Russian chroniclers was... (Monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, a gifted person).
30 In what year did Rus' first hear about the Tatar-Mongol raids on their lands? (B1224)
40 This date begins an excerpt from the annals “And Oleg hung his shield on the gates of Constantinople”, given in the textbook. Name her.(Vleto 6415(907).)
50 Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the hordes of Khan Mamai on the Don, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy. How did we know this?(From chronicles.)
Theme "Heroes"
10 Go straight - be killed!
To go to the left - to be married!
To go to the right - to be rich!
All this is prescribed by fate!
Where are these lines from? (From the epic "Ilya's three trips".)
20 "Bogatyrs", "Knight at the Crossroads". Who is the author of these pictures
And who are they depicted? (Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov. Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich and Ilya Muromets - heroes of Russian epics.)
30 The epic says how Ilya Muromets is captured. Who is actually captured?(Russian people.)
What is this technique called in the literature?(Allegory, or allegory.)
40 Why did the chronicler consider it important to preserve the memory of Prince Oleg? (In 822, most of the tribes were united by Prince Oleg, who had the strongest squad, ruled in Kyiv. In 907 he made a trip to Byzantium, in 907 and 911 he concluded agreements with her. They began to call him the Grand Duke and pay tribute to him. This is how the Old Russian state arose.)
50 Remember what you know about Russian folk fairy tales. How are fairy tales and epic stories about Ilya Muromets similar? And how do they differ?
Live Picture Theme
10 Read expressively your favorite passage from any read work.
20 Once the boy Bartholomew met an old monk who helped him get out of the forest. And this boy decided to become a monk too. What new name did he receive and become famous throughout Rus'? (Sergius of Radonezh.)
40 We are at the walls of the Hagia Sophia, joyful Novgorodians meet the winners. The prince himself in iron armor and a bright red cloak climbed onto a high wooden platform. The whole area went silent. Alexander Nevsky raised his hand, pointed to the knights taken prisoner, and said ... What did the ots say?(“Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword! The Russian land has stood, stands and will stand on that!”)
50 Before the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Dmitry came to him for advice. Who was that? And what did he say to the prince? (It was Sergius of Radonezh. He blessed this feat and sent two monk-heroes with the prince - Peresvet and Oslyabya.)
Theme "Wheel of History"
10 Explain what epic is. (Epic - one of the types of oral folk art, which tells about the exploits of heroes - selfless defenders of their homeland, all offended and disadvantaged people, heroic amazing strength, courage and kindness.)
20 Explain in your own words what a chronicle is. Where did this name come from? Why were chronicles created?
30 I cleared that path
Bogatyr....
Dug a treasure, but without a treasure back
He came back and was not rich again!
And I catch fate by the mane,
I go around the naughty one,
And fate for me is for the horse!
Whose words are these and where were they recorded? ( Ilya Muromets made a new inscription on the stone.)
40 What did the Magi prophesy to Prince Oleg? Did their prediction come true? Tell. ( They predicted Oleg's death from his beloved horse. The prediction came true even after the death of the horse.)
50 There was such a great groan,
There was a fight with such blood
That the Don was painted in crimson
To the very bottom.
And Prince Dmitry ...
Since then, people have called
And good glory for him
Lives to this day.
N. Konchalovskaya
What was the name of Prince Dmitry?(Donskoy.)
Theme "Monuments of culture"
10 First printed book.(Bible.)
20 Beautiful hand-drawn letter with which the text in the book begins.(drop cap.)
30 This is the name of the images made with paints on the damp plaster of the temple wall. These images told about the life of Jesus Christ and the saints. What are we talking about?(The walls of the temple were covered with frescoes .)
40 He founded a monastery in honor of the Holy Trinity. Who is this man? Name the monastery.(Sergius of Radonezh founded the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra.)
50 Name the author of the icon "Trinity". (It was created by a student of Sergius of Radonezh, the great icon painter Andrei Rublev.)
Summarizing
(An empty cell remains on the scoreboard. This is a gift to the participants in the game. You can turn on the audio recording of A.P. Borodin's Bogatyr Symphony or present pre-prepared prizes. The number of points is counted, the winning team is awarded.)
Achievement assessment
Test
Option 1
many thousands of years ago
with the advent of writing
it was poisoned
it was diluted
it soured in the sun
Oleg did not like wine
jewelry, clothes
silk fabrics, bedspreads
money in Ancient Rus'
food, meal
A4. How long has Oleg not seen his horse?
four years
six years
five years
three years
IN 1. What is an epic?
tale of the heroes
chronicle of heroes
true story
Ilya unloaded those treasures,
He called all the widows and...
He gave away everything without a trace,
Left alone again without ....
fathers, a penny
orphans, penny
orphans, total
fathers, total
VZ. What name was given to Sergius of Radonezh in holy baptism?
Kirill
Stephen
Sergius
Bartholomew
C1. Why did the father of Bartholomew become impoverished - the servant of God Cyril, who had a large estate in Rostov region?
turn into your friend
bow to one's faith
take prisoner
kill
Option 2
A1. What is the origin of the word "chronicle"?
from the word "record"
from the word "year"
from the word "summer"
from the word "fly"
A2. How many ships did Oleg's army make up?
a thousand ships
two thousand ships
three thousand ships
four thousand ships
AZ. What does the word "patterned" mean?
jewelry, clothes
silk fabrics, bedspreads
ancient coins
food, meal
A4. How many reigned Oleg?
thirty three years
thirty years
twenty three years
thirty two years
IN 1. Who is a rich man?
rich man
mighty man
defender of the Motherland
AT 2. Insert missing words.
That path ... me,
Bogatyr Ilya Muromets,
Treasure, yes without treasure back
He came back and was not rich again!
found, found
cleared, dug
found, dug
cleared, found
walked in the forest
shepherd
looking for cattle (horse)
played with children
didn't want it
parents were afraid to live alone
Summing up the lesson
(Teacher announces grades.)
Homework
Complete task 9 on p. 34 textbooks
Test (lesson 12)
Option 1
A1. When did the annals begin to record information about important events?
many thousands of years ago
when did oral folk art appear
with the advent of writing
When were the first books published?
A2. Why did Oleg not accept wine from the Greeks?
it was poisoned
it was diluted
it soured in the sun
Oleg did not like wine
AZ. What does the word "pavolok" mean?
jewelry, clothes
tale of the heroes
chronicle of heroes
true story
Russian folk epic song - the legend of the heroes
AT 2. Insert missing words.
Ilya unloaded those treasures,
He called all the widows and...
He gave away everything without a trace,
Left alone again without ....
fathers, a penny Rostov region?
due to frequent trips with the prince to the Horde
due to the frequent raids of the Tatars on Rus'
because of the many heavy tributes and fees of the Horde
due to moving away from home
C2. What did the enemy try to do with Ilya Muromets?
turn into your friend
bow to one's faith
take prisoner A4. How many reigned Oleg?
thirty three years
thirty years
twenty three years
thirty two years
IN 1. Who is a rich man?
rich man
mighty man
defender of the Motherland
warrior, defender of his homeland, endowed with a sense of dignity and distinguished by extraordinary strength, courage and prowess
AT 2. Insert missing words.
That path ... me,
Bogatyr Ilya Muromets,
... treasure, but without treasure back
He came back and was not rich again!
found, found
cleared, dug
found, dug
cleared, found
VZ. What did Bartholomew do when he met the holy elder, amazing and unknown, handsome and like an angel?
walked in the forest
shepherd
looking for cattle (horse)
played with children
C1. Why did the parents not give their blessing to Bartholomew to begin the monastic life?
wanted their son to take care of them and bury
didn't want it
sons Stefan and Peter got married and thought about how to please their wives, not their parents
parents were afraid to live alone
C2. Why do we need chronicles?
so that we can better understand the world around us
chronicles can explain a lot of what is happening in the world with the help of historical memory
reading them is fun
to read them
40 Why did the chronicler consider it important to preserve the memory of Prince Oleg? In 822, most of the tribes were united by Prince Oleg, who had the strongest squad, ruled in Kyiv. In 907 he made a trip to Byzantium, in 907 and 911 he concluded agreements with it. They began to call him the Grand Duke and pay tribute to him. This is how the Old Russian state arose. 12.
slide 12 from the presentation "The Game of Chronicles". The size of the archive with the presentation is 936 KB.Literature grade 4
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"The Tale of Bygone Years" called the oldest chronicle code, which is integral part most of the chronicles that have come down to us (and in total about 1500 of them have survived). "Tale" covers events up to 1113, but the earliest list was made in 1377 monk Lavrentiy and his assistants at the direction of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich.
It is not known where this chronicle was written, which was called the Lavrentievskaya after the name of the creator: either in the Annunciation Monastery of Nizhny Novgorod, or in the Nativity Monastery of Vladimir. In our opinion, the second option looks more convincing, and not only because the capital of North-Eastern Rus' moved from Rostov to Vladimir.
In the Vladimir Nativity Monastery, according to many experts, the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles were born, the bishop of this monastery Simon was one of the authors of the remarkable work ancient Russian literature "Kiev-Pechersk Patericon"- a collection of stories about the life and exploits of the first Russian monks.
It remains only to guess what kind of list from the ancient text the Laurentian Chronicle was, how much was added to it that was not in the original text, and how many losses it suffered - VEvery customer of the new chronicle strove to adapt it to his own interests and discredit opponents, which was quite natural in the conditions of feudal fragmentation and princely enmity.
The most significant gap falls on the years 898-922. The events of The Tale of Bygone Years are continued in this chronicle by the events of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus until 1305, but there are omissions here too: from 1263 to 1283 and from 1288 to 1294. And this despite the fact that the events in Rus' before baptism were clearly repugnant to the monks of the newly brought religion.
Another well-known chronicle - Ipatievskaya - is named after the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where our remarkable historian N.M. Karamzin discovered it. It is significant that it was again found not far from Rostov, which, along with Kiev and Novgorod, is considered the largest center of ancient Russian chronicle writing. The Ipatiev Chronicle is younger than the Laurentian Chronicle - it was written in the 20s of the 15th century and, in addition to the Tale of Bygone Years, includes records of events in Kievan Rus and Galicia-Volyn Rus.
Another chronicle worth paying attention to is the Radziwill Chronicle, which first belonged to the Lithuanian Prince Radziwill, then entered the Königsberg Library and, under Peter the Great, finally to Russia. It is a 15th century copy of an older copy from the 13th century. and tells about the events of Russian history from the settlement of the Slavs until 1206. It belongs to the Vladimir-Suzdal chronicles, is close in spirit to the Lavrentiev chronicle, but is much richer framed - it contains 617 illustrations.
They are called a valuable source "for the study material culture, political symbols and art of Ancient Rus'". Moreover, some miniatures are very mysterious - they do not correspond to the text (!!!), however, according to the researchers, they are more in line with historical reality.
On this basis, it was assumed that the illustrations of the Radziwill chronicle were made from another, more reliable chronicle, not subject to corrections by scribes. But on this mysterious circumstance we'll stop again.
Now about the chronology accepted in antiquity. Firstly, must be remembered before New Year It began on September 1 and March 1, and only under Peter the Great, from 1700, on January 1. Secondly, the reckoning was carried out from the biblical creation of the world, which occurred before the birth of Christ by 5507, 5508, 5509 years - depending on which year, March or September, this event occurred, and in which month: before March 1 or before September 1 . The translation of the ancient chronology into the modern one is a laborious task, therefore special tables were compiled, which are used by historians.
It is generally accepted that chronicle weather records begin in The Tale of Bygone Years from 6360 from the creation of the world, that is, from 852 from the birth of Christ. Translated into modern language this message reads as follows: “In the summer of 6360, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because, under this king, Rus' came to Constantinople, as it is written about this in the Greek annals. That is why from now on we will start and put the numbers.
Thus, the chronicler, in fact, established with this phrase the year of the formation of Rus', which in itself seems to be a very dubious stretch. Moreover, starting from this date, he names a number of other initial dates of the chronicle, including, in the entry for 862, Rostov is mentioned for the first time. But does the first annalistic date correspond to the truth? How did the chronicler come to her? Maybe he used some Byzantine chronicle in which this event is mentioned?
Indeed, the Byzantine chronicles recorded the campaign of Rus' against Constantinople under Emperor Michael the Third, but the date of this event is not known. To deduce it, the Russian chronicler was not too lazy to give the following calculation: “From Adam to the flood of 2242, and from the flood to Abraham 1000 and 82 years, and from Abraham to the exodus of Moses 430 years, and from the exodus of Moses to David 600 years and 1 year , and from David to the captivity of Jerusalem 448 years, and from the captivity to Alexander the Great 318 years, and from Alexander to the birth of Christ 333 years, from the birth of Christ to Constantine 318 years, from Constantine to the aforementioned Michael 542 years.
It would seem that this calculation looks so solid that checking it is a waste of time. However, historians were not too lazy - they added up the numbers named by the chronicler and got not the year 6360, but 6314! An error of forty-four years, as a result of which it turns out that Rus' went to Byzantium in 806. But it is known that Michael the Third became emperor in 842. So puzzle over, where is the mistake: either in a mathematical calculation, or did you mean another, earlier campaign of Rus' against Byzantium?
But in any case, it is clear that using The Tale of Bygone Years as a reliable source when describing initial history Rus' cannot. And it's not just a clearly erroneous chronology. The Tale of Bygone Years has long deserved to be looked at critically. And some independent-thinking researchers are already working in this direction. So, in the journal "Rus" (No. 3-97), an essay by K. Vorotny "Who and when created the Tale of Bygone Years?" » credibility. To name just a few examples...
Why is there no information about the calling of the Varangians to Rus' - such an important historical event - in the European chronicles, where this fact would have been drawn attention to? Even N.I. Kostomarov noted another mysterious fact: not a single chronicle that has come down to us mentions the struggle of Rus' with Lithuania in the twelfth century - but this is clearly stated in the "Word of Igor's Campaign". Why were our annals silent? It is logical to assume that at one time they were significantly edited.
In this regard, the fate of VN Tatishchev's "History of Russia from Ancient Times" is very characteristic. There is a number of evidence that after the death of the historian, it was significantly corrected by one of the founders of the Norman theory, G.F. Miller, under strange circumstances, the ancient chronicles used by Tatishchev disappeared.
His drafts were later found, in which there is the following phrase:
“The monk Nestor was not well aware of the princes of the Russian old-timers.” This one phrase makes us take a fresh look at the Tale of Bygone Years, which is the basis of most of the chronicles that have come down to us. Is everything in it authentic, reliable, was it not deliberately destroyed those chronicles that contradicted the Norman theory? The real history of Ancient Rus' is still not known to us, it has to be restored literally bit by bit.
Italian historian Mavro Orbini in his book " Slavic kingdom”, published back in 1601, wrote:
"The Slavic clan is older than the pyramids and so numerous that it inhabited half the world." This statement is in clear contradiction with the history of the Slavs, set out in The Tale of Bygone Years.
In working on his book, Orbini used almost three hundred sources., of which we know no more than twenty - the rest disappeared, disappeared, or maybe were deliberately destroyed as undermining the foundations of the Norman theory and calling into question the Tale of Bygone Years.
Among other sources used by him, Orbini mentions an annalistic history of Rus' that has not come down to us, written by the Russian historian of the thirteenth century Jeremiah. (!!!) Many other early chronicles and works of our primary literature have also disappeared, which would help to answer where the Russian land came from.
A few years ago, for the first time in Russia, the historical study "Sacred Rus'" by Yuri Petrovich Mirolubov, a Russian émigré historian who died in 1970, was published. He first drew attention to "boards of Isenbeck" with the text of the now famous Book of Veles. In his work, Mirolyubov cites the observation of another emigrant, General Kurenkov, who found the following phrase in one English chronicle: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no dress in it ... And they went across the sea to strangers.” That is, an almost verbatim coincidence with the phrase from The Tale of Bygone Years!
Yu.P. Mirolyubov expressed a very convincing assumption that this phrase got into our chronicle during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh, married to the daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harald, whose army was defeated by William the Conqueror.
This phrase from the English chronicle, which fell into his hands through his wife, as Mirolyubov believed, was used by Vladimir Monomakh to substantiate his claims to the Grand Duke's throne. Court chronicler Sylvester respectively "corrected" Russian chronicle, laying the first stone in the history of the Norman theory. From that very time, perhaps, everything in Russian history that contradicted the “calling of the Varangians” was destroyed, persecuted, hidden in inaccessible hiding places.
Now let's turn directly to the chronicle record for 862, which reports on the "calling of the Varangians" and Rostov is mentioned for the first time, which in itself seems significant to us:
“In the summer of 6370. They expelled the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation upon generation stood up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and other Normans and Angles, and still other Gotlanders - that's how these were called. Chud Rus, Slavs, Krivichi and all said: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."
It was from this record that the Norman theory of the origin of Rus' sprouted, degrading the dignity of the Russian people. But let's take a closer look at it. After all, it turns out to be nonsense: the Novgorodians expelled the Varangians across the sea, did not give them tribute - and immediately turn to them with a request to own them!
Where is the logic?
Given that our entire history was again ruled in the 17-18 century by the Romanovs, with their German academics, under the dictation of the Jesuits of Rome, the reliability of the current "sources" is not great.
