Explanatory dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. Modern dictionaries of paronyms. comparable

PARONYMS (preparation for the exam in the Russian language) Subscription - a document granting the right to service.

Addressee - recipient.

Test - give formal approval based on verification.

For example: New models are transferred to production after approbation.

Archaic- characteristic of antiquity ( archaic style);

Affect - emotional excitement; a state of extreme vehemence and irritation.

MeekHuman - meek, stuffed.

artless- sincere, unpretentious, simple.

For example: “The album is homely and simple, Miley…artless simplicity." A.S. Pushkin.

Thrifty - economical, prudent.

Fornicate - stray; to liberate is the second meaning).

For example: I wandered in the forest for a long time.

fearfully - timidly, timidly.

weekday- not festive ( weekday);

Weighty- significant, persuasive.

For example: weightyproof.

Guilty - A person who has committed a crime or misdemeanor.

Freelance - out of state.

Military- related to the war, to the army.

For example: militaryschool.

Hostile - full of enmity.

get up- rise, appear, appear.

For example: got upquestion.

Any - every; different; any.

Elective - elected by vote.

Subtract- withhold the amount from the payment.

Warranty - pertaining to the guarantee.

Hygienic– based on hygiene.

For example: hygienicnorms(scientific style).

Main the hero is a character associated with the main conflict of the work, the idea.

For example: Raskolnikov -main the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky.

maned- with a large long mane.

Humanistic - related to humanism as a worldview.

Democratic- easy to handle.

Defective- spoiled.

For example:defectivecopy of the book.

Dynamic- related to dynamics, movement ( dynamic theory);

Diplomat- a) a diplomatic worker;

b) cunning; being subtle with people.

Diplomatic- finely calculated, dexterous.

For example:Diplomaticanswer.

Longday- about the time.

Voluntary- done without coercion voluntary contribution);

KindHuman - located.

Trusted - expressing trust.

For example:confidentialtalk.

Dogma - a position taken as an indisputable truth.

Treaty- condition of mutual obligations

For example: contractabout timber supplies.

Brownie- the spirit of the house.

For example: “... my goodbrownie , save the village, the forest ... "A.S. Pushkin.

Dramatic- theatrical; tense.

For example: dramaticmoment.

Friendly - based on friendship.

For example:friendly tone.

Spiritual - about the inner, moral world of man.

For example: spiritualrequests.

Desired- expected.

For example:desired rest, guest.

Vital– vital experience.

Busy - not having free time.

Spare- available as a stock ( emergency exit);

sowplot- about space.

obstructed- done with difficulty.

For example:Difficulty breath.

Spiteful - full of malice, enmity.

Meaning meaning, content.

For example: Valuewords, eyes.

Intelligent - educated, cultured.

Executive- diligent, accurate and well-executing orders ( executive worker);

Truth - Truth.

For example: striving fortruth.

historical- corresponding historical facts, exact, correct ( historical view);

Qualifying - determining qualification.

seconded - who has received a business trip to smth., who is on a business trip.

Comic- pertaining to comedy comic story)

Design - engineering. - the Bureau.

Short evening- stable sign.

Critical- pertaining to criticism critique)

Bloody - filled with blood.

Lyrical- imbued with feelings: lyrical impulses

For example: Lyrical hero(genre).

Logical- natural.

For example:Logical end of this activity.

Small - small, unimportant.

Methodical- pertaining to methodology methodical conference)

Mythic - fictional.

put on- yourself or on someone's clothes.

For example: put ona hat on your head.

Heritage - phenomena of culture, science, everyday life, obtained from previous

Ignorant - a person who does not know decency, is rude, impolite.

Innocent - not guilty.

hateful- filled with hatred hateful plans)

Intolerant - invalid.

Innovation - something new.

Rationale - hard evidence

For example: justificationtheir views.

Ordinary- unremarkable: ordinary notebook.

distressed - saddened, upset.

Misprints - typing error.

misspelling- random writing error unfortunate typo)

Organic- pertaining to the plant or animal world ( organic fertilizer)

Special - different from others.

For example: Specialtalent.

Condemn - convict.

Reflect - reproduce.

Reporting- pertaining to the report ( reporting period)

Verification - 1) checking time, tools; 2) roll call of people.

For example:verification hours, eveningverification.

Preparehouse. Exercise- in advance.

Signature - an inscription under something.

Political- pertaining to politics political figure)

Stylistic litter(in dictionary).

reconcile- stop arguing.

Teachable- quick understanding understanding person)

Look on someone…

Building- action; building.

deed - action.

For example:Selfless act.

Practical- associated with practice.

For example: Practicalapplication of knowledge.

Introducereport- to deliver, present.

perceptive- able to notice keen critic)

Conduct rehearsal

Realistic- next to realism ( realistic painting)

Romantic - dreamy, ideal.

For example: Heroes are courageous, gentle,romantic.

Fish- from fish: fish ear.

Hidden- secret, invisible hidden threat)

Celebrate holiday.

For example: Correcthousewarming.

Status - legal position.

(status independent states).

Tactful- having tact act of tact)

Typical peculiarities.

Lucky- happy; lucky one ( lucky man)

To know - get information.

Shelter - close; hide, protect.

For example: She carefullysheltered girl.

Harvest - specific product.

Learn - theoretically understand, remember.

Actual corresponding to the facts ( actual state of affairs).

Master's- pertaining to the owner; like a good owner master's interest)

Whole - with internal unity. ( whole character).

Economic- related to economic activity: economic policy.

Elite variety, breed of cattle.

Spectacular- impressing.

For example:Spectacular pose, costume.

Explicit- obvious, undisguised clear superiority)

For example:Try out new models.

For example: “one must experience life in all itsartless beauty." L.N. Tolstoy.

For example: Wander your eyes; - around town.

For example: Poetically strong,weighty words.

For example:Military charter, honor, title.

For example:Become at anchor.

For example:hygienic situation.

For example: Eugene Onegin -title the hero of the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

For example:arrangement about working from home.

For example:Brownie mouse,brownie book.

For example:Dramatic happening.

Desirable presence.

Truth declared ideas.

For example: Music is courageous andlyrical.

For example:Dress up child for a walk.

b) inheritance (getting smth. as an inheritance, by inheritance)

For example: Isspecial difficulty.

For example:Examination documents, reports.

For example: account forhide my feelings.

Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M.: Russian language, 1994. - 455 p.

The dictionary contains more than 200 paronymic series.

Sample dictionary entry

WEEKDAY - WEEKDAY

WEEKDAY,adj. Not festive, working. Weekday evening.□ Once, on a weekday, in the morning, my grandfather and I were raking snow in the yard. M. Gorky. Childhood.

WEEKEND,adj.1. Not festive, working. Weekday evening.□ When he took a taxi to Tsvetnoy Boulevard and from there walked towards Petrovka, it was a weekday hour before noon with a chaotic and senseless crowd on the streets. Y. Bondarev. A game. 1a. Designed for everyday life. Everyday clothes. Everyday shoes.□ Yes, and to which of the literary brethren did he [the poet Belousov] sew simple everyday suits, jackets, fur coats, trousers at one time. N. Teleshov. Writer's Notes. 1b. Everyday, everyday. Everyday work. Everyday worries.□ A bridge between art and nature, and a bridge between art and everyday life— key characteristics of Japanese culture. V. Ovchinnikov. Sakura branch. The most everyday concern was written on the faces of both. A. Chekhov. Lights. Most people do not bother choosing the most appropriate word in everyday, everyday speech. S. Marshak. Notes on skill.

2. Peren. Monotonous; hopeless, joyless. Everyday life.□ From one ordinary, everyday environment, she would have to be carried away into another, the same or even more everyday. A. Chekhov. About love. His [Shakespeare's] life turns out to be deaf and mundane for such a name. B. Pasternak. Notes on translations of Shakespeare. And since this autumn, she has faded. Her life entered that everyday rut, from which she did not leave until the very end of her life. I. Bunin. Sukhodol.

. Weekday. Weekday (-yah, -her, -th) day, time, hour, evenings, time ...

Everyday. 1. Everyday (th, th, th) day, hour, time, time, morning, evening ...

1a. Everyday (th, th, th) suit, clothes, shoes, shoes, scarf, dress ...

1b. Everyday (th, th, th) work, work, business, occupation, worries, turnover, assignment, side (of something) ...

2. Everyday (th, th, th) life, life, atmosphere, existence, atmosphere, voice, answer ...

Be, become, become, be ... everyday. Something everyday, everyday

▲ Adjective weekday defines a very limited range of words denoting the concept of time.

Adjective everyday in the 1st value (with shades 1a, 16) is combined with various groups of words, conc. and abstract, does not form phrases with odush. nouns. In the 2nd value. everyday defines only distraction. nouns. adjectives weekday And everyday in the 1st value in combination with nouns denoting the concepts of time, they form synonymous constructions: cf. weekday (hour)— weekday (hour). More common are combinations with everyday.

Vishnyakova O.V. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. - M.: Russian language, 1984. - 352 p.

The dictionary contains about 1,000 pairs of paronyms.

Sample dictionary entry

Krasnykh V.I. Dictionary paronyms of the Russian language: 1,100 paronymic series: More than 2,600 paronyms. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. - 589, p.

Paronymic series in the dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order according to the first component of the series. The dictionary entry contains grammatical and stylistic characteristics of paronyms, as well as illustrations. The dictionary includes "Index of Paronymic Series" and "Auxiliary Index of Paronyms".

Sample dictionary entries

KNOW - KNOW

Know, owls.(know, nesov.). 1. Someone. To acquire knowledge, to get a true idea of someone-smth.; to comprehend, to know completely. Learn the laws of nature and society. Know the essence of a phenomena. Know a friend in need. Know life. Know someone. soul.

2. What. Experience, experience. Experience the joy of victory. Know the bitterness of defeat, retreat. Experience the happiness of motherhood. Know the betrayal of a loved one.

To know, owls.(learn, nesov.) 1. What about what And with attachment Get some information, information about something. Find out the whole truth. Know someone. address. To know last news. Find out about my brother's illness. Find out about the cost of a tour to Italy. She learned from the newspapers that the La Scala theater would soon come on tour. Find out when and where the Veterans Meeting will take place.

2. someone And with attachment Experience, know, understand to the end. To know each other better. Experience the joy of motherhood. It's good to know someone. character. Know sorrow and need. Find out what true friendship is. Find out what the price of human life is.

3. Someone. Detect in smth. acquaintance, smth. familiar; identify, recognize someone. according to some signs. Find out a former classmate in a passerby. Explore old places. Know someone. voice, handwriting Learn a popular tune. The boy easily recognized the new brand of car.

4. Whom. Seeing someone for the first time; meeting someone for the first time. In Moscow, she met many new people. Everyone will soon recognize this person.

SKAZ- TALE - TALE

tale,-A, husband.1. An epic work of oral folk art about the events of the past or present, in which the narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator. Tale of folk heroes. The story of the great battle. Ural tales. Northern Tales.

2. The form of narration on behalf of the narrator in a literary work, as well as the literary work in this form. A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" is written in the manner of a tale. Tales of P. Bazhov.

Saying,-I, cf. Story, tradition, clothed in literary form, written or oral. The legend of the Mamaev battle. The legend of Batu's invasion of the Russian land.

Fairy tale,-And, female1. Narrative work of oral folk art about fictitious events, mainly with the participation of magical, fantastic forces; literary work of such content and form. Fairy tales. Russians folk tales. Tales of the peoples of the world. household tales. Tale of the Frog Princess. Tale of Ivanushka the Fool. "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by A. Pushkin. Tales of G. Andersen. Write and tell stories.

2. Usually pl.:fairy tales, fairy tales. Razg. Fiction, fiction. Don't tell me stories! All these are children's tales / I do not believe these women's tales!

Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of paronyms and antonyms. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1995. - 512 p.

"Dictionary of Paronyms" includes 3,000 units, "Dictionary of Antonyms" - more than 1,300 pairs of words. The dictionary also contains information about the phenomenon of paronymy in Russian, paronyms and antonyms.

Sample dictionary entries

BINARY - DOUBLE - DUAL - DOUBLE

Binary- based on counting in twos.

Double- 1. Consisting of two homogeneous or similar parts, objects; the same as double. 2. Twice as large, doubled. 3. Same as dual.

Dual- 1. One that contains two different qualities, often contradictory; not concluding unity, contradictory. 2. Two-faced. 3. Concerning two, two; manifested in two forms, forms, etc.

Double cue- appearing in two forms; double.

SVATIA - SVAHA

Swatya- the mother of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse.

Matchmaker- a woman professionally engaged in the arrangement of marriages, matchmaking.

BREATHE IN - YOU BREATHE

inhale- take in, draw in when inhaling, inhaling air.

exhale- push the air out of the lungs by breathing.

son-in-law - TEST

son-in-law- daughter's husband.

father-in-law- Wife's father.

generated in 0.023348093032837 sec.

Dictionaries of paronyms that describe the somatic connections of words similar in form and consonance are a relatively young type of lexicographic publications.

First, let's define the concept of a paronym. Paronymy is a partial sound similarity of words with their semantic difference (full or partial). Also, the term paronymy (near, near, near + name) is commonly used to refer to such a phenomenon in speech, when two words that sound similar to some extent, but have different meanings, are mistakenly used one instead of the other. For example, the use of the word addressee instead of the addressee; boatswain instead of pilot; kremium instead of silicon is a paronymy, and the words that make up such pairs are called paronyms.

The use of one word instead of another, similar-sounding, is explained by insufficiently solid knowledge of the meaning of one of the words or even both, the incompetence of the speaker (writer) in that field of human activity (science, technology, art, craft) from which the word was taken.

Among paronyms significant place take nouns:

· subscription - subscriber;

tool - a weapon;

heat - heat;

guarantor - guarantee.

There are also adjectives:

· hot - hot;

defective - defective;

cruel - hard.

Also adverbs:

· tough - cruel;

· full - satisfying;

· irresponsible - irresponsible.

Paronyms can be of the same root:

· put on - put on;

· human - humane;

pay - pay - pay.

Or completely unrelated:

· biology - bryology;

broth - bruillon;

compote - complot;

invoice -- texture.

The first experience of describing paronyms was the reference dictionary “Difficult cases of using single-root words of the Russian language” by Yu. A. Belchikov, M. S. Panyusheva (M., 1968). Examples: breathe in, breathe in, put on, put on. In this dictionary, the meanings of these words were interpreted, combinations were given. The dictionary of paronyms in the modern Russian language of the same authors contains more than 200 paronymic series.

N. P. Kolesnikov’s “Dictionary of Paronyms in the Russian Language” (Tbilisi, 1971) already presents more than 3,000 consonant words with the same root and different root consonants (fugitive-runner-refugee, teeth-teeth). The dictionary contains words that are similar in morphological composition and sound, but have different meanings (to provide a vacation, a word, but to present a report, a report, to present for encouragement, an award, or such pairs of words as dress - put on, toast - health resort, etc. ).

"Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language" by O. V. Vishnyakova (M., 1984) describes paronyms belonging to one part of speech, having an accent on one syllable (now-today). The same author compiled a manual for students "Paronyms of the modern Russian language" (M., 1981).

We should also mention “Materials for the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” (M., 1992) by V. P. Grigoriev, N. A. Kozhevnikova, Z. Yu. Petrov.

"Educational Dictionary of Paronyms" (M., 2005) by L. A. Vvedenskaya, N. P. Kolesnikov is built as a manual introducing words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning, in the use of which speakers and writers often make mistakes. Therefore, the manual gives the concept of paronyms, their stylistic and expressive possibilities, about the mixing of paronyms in speech.

The "Dictionary of Paronyms" itself consists of 357 dictionary entries containing 762 paronyms and their interpretation. At the end of the manual there are exercises, the implementation of which involves working with a dictionary and serves as a test of students' knowledge.

Dictionaries of paronyms describe words that are similar in morphological composition and, therefore, in sound, but differ in meaning (for example: former - former, economic - economical - economical, introduce yourself - resign).

Dictionaries of paronyms are a relatively young type of lexicographic publications, since the lexicological study of paronyms began much later than other lexico-semantic groupings. The practical significance of dictionaries of paronyms is very high, since it is with the use of paronyms that numerous errors in the speech of both native speakers and students of the Russian language are associated. V.S. Yelistratov considers dictionaries of paronyms as a "symptomatic fact modern culture, gradually getting out of the viscosity of jelly "as if specific 44 words on the basis of accurate, and therefore more effective word usage" [Elistratov 2002].

The first experience of the lexicographic description of paronyms was the reference dictionary “Difficult cases of using single-root words of the Russian language”, compiled by Yu.A. Belchikov and M.S. Panyusheva. It presents single-root words-paronyms, which, due to their certain similarity, are sometimes mixed in use. (inhale - sigh, housing - residential, put on - put on). In the later "Dictionary of Paronyms of the Modern Russian Language" by the same authors, a detailed description of the meanings of each of the paronyms is given, all the features of compatibility are revealed, the knowledge of which will help to avoid lexical errors.

N.P. adheres to a broad understanding of paronymy. Kolesnikov in the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language. It contains single-root and multi-root consonant words, which are sometimes mixed in use, for example: fugitive - runner - refugee, teeth - teeth, cardboard - cordon, deprive - decide, scum - rags, festive - idle, spitz - syringe and so on.

The selection of paronyms as single-root words belonging to the same part of speech and having an emphasis on one syllable was made in the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language by O. V. Vishnyakova, where two-term groupings of single-root consonant words-paronyms (such as melody - melody, voluntary - voluntary, now - today), which are sometimes unintentionally mixed in speech.

The most complete scientific description of paronyms is presented in a series of dictionaries by V. I. Krasnykh. In descriptions of paronymic series (for example: salable - running- stilted- walking, fiction- conjecture - intent - intent, "listen - hear - hear - hear etc.) each paronym is characterized: grammatical and stylistic marks, interpretation are given, the most typical sayings illustrating its use are given. The dictionary reflects the dynamic processes in the vocabulary: the formation of new meanings, the expansion of compatibility, the withdrawal of some words from active use, etc. The undoubted advantage of the dictionary is the rich illustrative material (more than 40,000 sentences in the form of standard formulas generalizing the variety of real contexts). Yes, paronyms guaranteed - guaranteed illustrated by the following relevant sayings: Guarantee obligation. Warranty period, repair, contract.

Letter of guarantee. Warranty workshop. Guaranteed earnings, income. Guaranteed harvest. Guaranteed vacation, rest. Guaranteed flight safety", paronyms index - indexing - sayings Index of goods, terms. Index of published books. Bibliographic index. Postcode. Labor productivity index. Index of consumer, retail prices. Wage index. Population income index. Behind each of these sayings there are many real word usages.

"Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language: paronyms" G.P. Snetova and O.B. Vlasova includes paronymic rows of the same semantic field having differences in meaning, word formation, lexical and syntactic compatibility. Each dictionary entry contains the grammatical characteristics of words, the definition of the meanings of paronyms, their linguistic connections with other words, word-formation differences, illustrations from fiction, scientific papers, journalism, periodicals and author's examples.

In "Materials to the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language" V.P. Grigorieva, N.A. Kozhevnikova and Z.Yu. Petrova describes the paronyms presented in artistic (poetic) speech.

Words-paronyms are also the subject of description in orthological dictionaries of various types (see the section "Dictionaries of the difficulties of the Russian language").

Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language [more than 200 paronymic series]. M. : ACT: Astrel, 2007. 458 p. .

Belchikov Yu.L., Panyusheva M.S. Difficult cases of using single-root words of the Russian language: a dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed., ster. M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969. 296 p. .

Vvedenskaya JI.L., Kolesnikov I.I. Educational dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M.; Rostov n/D.: March, 2005. 192 p.

Grigoriev V.I., Kozhevnikova I.L., Petrova Z.Yu. Materials for the dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M. : In-t Rus. lang. Ros. acad. Nauk, 1992. 293 p.

Kolesnikov I.I. Semonymic dictionaries [dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language; dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language]. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 1995. 506 p.

Kolesnikov I. I. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language [more than 3000 words, 1400 nests of paronyms]. Tbilisi: Tbil Publishing House. un-ta, 1971. 343 p.

Krasnykh V.I. Paronyms in Russian: the most complete explanatory dictionary [more than 3500 paronyms, about 1500 paronymic series]: [more than 50,000 illustrative examples]. M. : Astrel: ACT, 2010. 591 p. [The same in 2009].

Krasnykh V.I. Modern dictionary of the Russian language. Paronyms [more than 3500 paronyms, about 1500 paronymic series]: [more than 50,000 illustration examples]. Moscow: Astrel: ACT: Polygraph-Publishing House, 2010. 605 p. (Modern Dictionary).

Krasnykh V.I. Explanatory dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language: 1100 paronymic series, more than 2600 paronyms. M. : Astrel: ACT,

2003. 589 p. .

Lazareva O.A., Shushkov A.A. Let's talk right! Paronyms of the modern Russian language: a brief dictionary-reference book. SPb. : Fak. Philology and Arts St. Petersburg. state un-ta, 2008. 211 p.

Dictionary-reference book on the Russian language [interpretation of more than 1000 synonyms and paronyms] / ed. I.P. Slesareva. M.: Russian language. Courses, 2011. 592 p.

Snetova G.P., Vlasova O.B. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language: paronyms [more than 2000 paronyms] / Ros. acad. Sciences. M.: Eksmo, 2008. 413 p. (Library of dictionaries).

The secret of a successful passing the exam in the Russian language - high-quality preparation with a thorough study of each type of task that the graduate will encounter during the examination work.

Like last year, tickets will include a paronym task. The topic “paronymic pairs” is studied in the school course of the Russian language, but many students have time to thoroughly forget it by the time of the final exams, which is confirmed by the large number of mistakes made by graduates in task No. 5.

We will tell you what paronyms are, you need to know about such pairs in order to successfully pass the exam for 2019 graduates, and we will also help you understand the features of the topic and tell you where to find a list of words that FIPI experts use when compiling exam tickets.

The Russian language is unique and rather complex in its structure. Words that sound very similar can have radically different meanings, which makes it difficult for many foreigners to perceive speech.

Paronyms are words with the same root, similar in sound and belonging to the same part of speech, but at the same time having different meanings and used in different lexical constructions.

Paronyms can form:

couples (2 words);
rows (from 3 to 7 words).

Words that form paronymic pairs can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech (adverb, adjective or verb). The task of a graduate who wants to pass the exam well in 2019 is to know all the paronyms (a list of pairs and lines from KIMs, their meaning and application features).

Words included in paronymic pairs and series may differ in prefixes and suffixes, or even have a stem of a different nature. Semantically, two groups of paronyms are distinguished:

There is also a separate group of words that differ significantly in functional and stylistic fixation (live - live, work - work).

Dictionary of paronyms

The first thing to do in the process of preparing for the USE in 2019 is to study the dictionary of paronyms. It should be said right away that KIMah USE 2019, not all paronyms that exist in the Russian language will be found, but only a short list of 124 pairs and rows. At the same time, in the complete dictionary compiled by Russian linguists, there are 1100 pairs and rows, each of which contains 2-7 words. If desired, a complete dictionary with detailed descriptions meanings and features of use can be found on the Internet (for example, on paronymonline.ru).

We bring to your attention a short glossary of paronyms, which will be useful to all graduates, because in 2019 the Russian language remains a mandatory subject of the exam.

How to remember paronyms

Many paronymic pairs and their semantic differences are well known to everyone who is a native speaker of the Russian language. But there are also words in the list, the interpretation of which can cause difficulties. You can work out these paronyms by opening the corresponding dictionary with explanations, but in order to save time when preparing for the USE 2019, teachers recommend using quick reference books.

We suggest you download one of these ready-made dictionaries, which will help you quickly remember all 124 pairs necessary to complete task No. 5 from the Unified State Exam tickets.

Dictionary of paronyms from FIPI

Subscription- the right to use something (or a document granting this right) for a certain period: a subscription to the pool.

Subscriber– a person or institution holding a subscription: a telephone network subscriber.

Destination- the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient).

Addresser- the person or organization sending the postal item (sender).

Artistic- pertaining to the artist; intended for the artist; peculiar to the artist, the artist, characteristic of him.

Artistic- Distinguished by artistry, artistic taste.

Poor- Possessing a very meager income, poor or indigent; deficient in something, meager; unfortunate, arousing compassion, pity.

Disastrous- full of disasters, deprivations.

Meek- not receiving, not giving an answer, a response to something; unable to object, contradict, very meek.

Irresponsible- not bearing or unaware of responsibility.

Marshy- abounding in swamps, swampy; swampy like a swamp.
Bolotny- related to the swamp, characteristic of it; intended for work in the swamp, movement in the swamp, etc.; living, growing in a swamp.

Grateful- feeling or experiencing gratitude.

thanksgiving- containing, containing gratitude, gratitude: a letter of thanks, a telegram.

Charitable- for the purpose of providing financial assistance needy.

Beneficial- useful, having a good effect.

Experienced- Seen and experienced a lot.
Former- currently not in any position.

former- past, past.

Reckless- done without thought or reasoning.
Beloved- beloved, dear.

boundless- huge, boundless, boundless.

inhale- each individual intake of air into the lungs, each individual inhalation: a deep breath.
Sigh- Strengthened inhalation and exhalation: a sigh escaped.

century- living, existing for centuries, for a very long time, unchanged, constant: centuries-old oaks, centuries-old forest; age-old traditions, customs;

Eternal- infinite in time, having neither beginning nor end, not ceasing to exist, indefinite, without term. - eternal human values,
eternal problems.

Great- surpassing any level, outstanding. Great composer, great musician.

Majestic- full of grandeur, solemn beauty, having large dimensions. A majestic building, a majestic monument.

Replenish- reimburse.

Supplement- to add new data to what others have said, to make it more complete by adding to something.

Top up- increase by adding something new to something existing

Hostile- full of hostility, hatred.

Hostile- pertaining to the enemy, the enemy, the enemy.

Benefit benefit, advantage.

profitability- availability of benefits; positivity that leaves a good impression.

extradition- issued money, goods.

recoil- the same as the coefficient of efficiency, benefit.

Broadcast- something that is given to someone; transfer process.

Distribution- to give something to many.

Pay- giving money to compensate for something.

Payment- a fee paid for something money. Payment is a monetary reward, compensation for something.

Payment– reimbursement: payment of tax

pay out- to pay a fee, to pay in full.

Pay- to give in return for something, to repay.

Pay- to pay for something. To repay - to do, to do something in response to someone's act.

pay- the same as paying

Grow- caring, to ensure the growth, development of someone or something, to nurture.

build up- to promote the growth of something, to lengthen; grow in any quantity; accumulate.

Grow- to give the opportunity to achieve in the growth of any size, size.

High- large in length or far located in the direction from bottom to top; exceeding the average level, average norm, significant; distinguished by value, honorable, important; sublime in content, very significant, solemn, not ordinary; very good in quality, excellent; about sounds: thin, sonorous, caused by vibrations of high frequency.

high-rise– extending above a known limit; caused by high altitude; produced or used at high altitude (air); about architectural structures: very high, multi-storey.

Warranty- adjective to the noun guarantee. Containing a guarantee, serving as a guarantee.

Guaranteed- participle from the verb guarantee. Secured.

Harmonic- related to tarmonia; based on the principles of harmony.

Harmonious- containing elements of harmony; having consistency, coherence, mutual correspondence of different qualities of objects, phenomena, parts of the whole

Clay- made of clay. Clay pot.

Clayey- containing clay. Clay soil.

one year old- at the age of one year; lain, lasted a year.

Annual- related to the whole year; resulting by the end of the year, as a result for the year; calculated for a year. Annual - for a period of one year, one-year.

Pride- self-esteem, self-esteem, a sense of satisfaction from success; an overly high opinion of oneself.

Pride- excessive pride.

Humanism- the progressive movement of the Renaissance; attitude towards people, imbued with love for a person and concern for his welfare.

Humanity- a property based on the meaning of the adjective humane.

Humanistic- an adjective to the nouns humanism and humanist.

Humanitarian- addressed to the human person, to the rights and interests of a person; relating to the social sciences that study man and his culture.

Humane- humane, philanthropic, imbued with love for a person, respect for the individual.

Binary– based on counting by twos (pairs): binary system.

Double- twice as large: double portion; double care; consisting of two pieces, parts: double lining; double bottom.

Dual- leaning in one direction and the other; contradictory: ambivalent attitude, opinion, feeling, behavior.

twofold- having two kinds, two forms, two meanings.

double– something made double.

doubled- enlarged, doubled.

Effective- capable of influencing, active: effective help.

Valid- real, authentic; valid: ticket, real life.

current- performing actions, being in action.

Businesslike- sensible, serious, enterprising: a businesslike worker; businesslike look; businesslike walk.

Business- related to official activities, work: business conversation, meeting.

efficient- capable of serious work: efficient worker,; serious, noteworthy: a practical project.

Delyachesky- which is based on narrow practicality, losing sight of the social side of the matter.

Democratic- containing elements of democracy, democracy, simple, relating to the people.

Democratic- based on the principles of democracy, realizing democracy, reflecting it, belonging to it. (Used in terminological phrases)

Dictation- written work, consisting in writing down the dictated text.
Diktat- a requirement, an instruction dictated by one strong side and imposed for unconditional fulfillment by another, weak side.

Diploma student- a person awarded a diploma for successful performance at a competition, festival, etc.; student preparing graduation thesis.

Diplomat– An official engaged in diplomatic activities, work in the field of foreign relations; about a person acting subtly, skillfully.

Diplomatic- related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post).

Diplomatic- subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long- having a large length, length; longer than necessary; about the person: tall.; slowly stretching.

Long- long-term.

solid- benign, durable: good-quality goods, suit, house;

Kind- doing good, bringing good, close, noble: a kind person, character.

Confidential- showing confidence in someone, something: a confidential tone, voice, gesture, look.

Confiding- easily trusting; based on trust: gullible child, beast, disposition.

Rain associated with rain, caused by rain, bringing rain; designed to protect from rain.

Rainy- plentiful rain. Rainy season, year.

Dramatic- pertaining to drama about the singer's voice: strong, somewhat sharp in timbre, in contrast to the lyrical one.

Dramatic- containing elements of drama, tension, expressing strong, deep feelings, feelings; designed for effect, pompous.

Friendly- related to a friend, belonging to him, characterizing the relationship of friends.

Friendly- mutually benevolent, based on friendliness, expressing disposition (mainly about states, peoples and relations between them).

friendly- bound by friendship, mutual agreement, occurring simultaneously, in concert.

Unit- only one, the only one; separate, segregated, individual.

The only one- only one, such, besides which there is no other; exceptional. One - common, identical, one for all, possessing internal unity.

Desired- very expected, constituting the object of desire; dear, dear.

Desirable- necessary for something, corresponding to someone's desires, interests, expectations.

Hard- hard, rough (about the subject): hard tissue; strict, unconditional: rigidity of measures, character, games; hardness in the voice.

Cruel- pitiless, pitiless prone to cruelty.

Vital- relating to life: living conditions, contradictions; life experience, process, path; close to life, to reality: life image, story; important for life, socially necessary: vital question.

worldly- ordinary, normal Everyday life: everyday chores, everyday life, little things.

Housing- adjective for the noun dwelling.

Residential- intended for housing.

to block- put up a fence, a fence, obscure, close.

fence- surround with a fence.

fence- protect, preserve.

fence off- to separate, putting a fence, a partition.

block off- divided by a partition, something blocking.

Underestimate- to make it lower than normal, necessary, to make it lower than necessary.

Downgrade- make it lower move to a lower, less responsible position.

reduce- make low, lower, lower height.

Pay- 1) pay a fee for something, 2) repay (answer). Usage examples: pay for purchases, for work, for services, for a ticket, for travel; to pay with good for good (note: after the word pay, a noun or pronoun is used in V. p. with the preposition for).

pay out- pay for something. Usage examples: pay a salary, pay interest on a debt, pay off a mortgage loan.

repay- to do something in response to someone's act, to take revenge. Usage examples: repay with ingratitude, repay evil for good, repay hospitality, repay with care and care.

Pay- pay for something. Usage examples: pay expenses, pay bills, pay for services.

Fill- take it entirely enter the required information into something.

Fill- to make full, busy, saturated with something.

overflow- overfill.

initiator- the one who conceives something, lays the foundation for something.

instigator- the one who incites to start, starts something unseemly.

Animal- adjective to the noun beast; inherent in the beast, peculiar to the beast; cruel, ferocious; overly strong.

Brutal- peculiar to the beast, bestial; cruel, ferocious, wild; very strong, extreme.

Sound- perceived by the ear, consisting of sounds.

Sonorous- making loud, clear sounds.

Visual- pertaining to vision intended for spectators; one that looks at something.

spectator- pertaining to the viewer, peculiar to him.

Inventive- resourceful, quick to invent, able to invent.

inventive pertaining to invention, to an inventor.

Informative- carrying information, saturated with information.

Informational- pertaining to information.

Information- informing; reporting on the state of affairs, events; information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person or special devices.

Awareness- awareness, the degree of knowledge of information.

Ironic- related to irony as a stylistic device.

ironic- containing elements of irony, used for the purpose of ridicule.

Artful- skillful, well-versed in his work; skillfully, well done.

Artificial- not natural, unnatural, made like a real, natural, unnatural.

Executive- having as its task the execution of decisions, decrees, practically exercising control over something; diligent, accurate and well performing duties, assignments.

Performing- relating to the performer, to the performance of any artistic (musical, literary, dramatic) work.

original- initial, starting.

Outgoing- sent from the institution.

Rocky- rich in stone: soil.

Stone- made of stone.

Comfortable- providing comfort, peace of mind,

Comfortable- meeting all the requirements of comfort.

equestrian- associated with horses; operating with horses.

Horse- belonging to a horse, related to him, horse.

Stocky- body type (short, strong, muscular).

Root- original, primordial, permanent, main; concerning the very foundations, the roots of something, decisive, the most important; main, central, core.

Root- pertaining to the root of a plant; which is a root, consisting of a root, roots.

Bone- adjective to the noun bone; mined from bones.

Bone- made of bone, obtained from the bones of animals.

Colorful- bright, juicy. Coloring - participle from the verb to paint; containing paint, used for coloring.

Painted- treated with paint.

Varnished- varnished; polished, outwardly shiny, smooth.

Lacquer- adjective to the noun varnish; lacquered (made of leather, wood, papier-mâché or lacquered metal).

Ice- consisting of ice, ice; situated on the ice; occurring in the ice.

Ice- adjective to the noun ice; consisting of ice, covered with ice; very cold (cold as ice); extremely restrained, contemptuously cold, destroying.

Wooded- heavily wooded.

Forest- adjective to the noun forest; located in the forest, living, growing in the forest; covered with forests; relating to forestry.

personal- pertaining to personality.

Private- belonging to a certain person; belonging to the individual; affecting the interests of any person.

Microscopic- produced using a microscope; distinguishable, visible only under a microscope.

microscopic- very small in size, size, volume.

Frozen- frozen.

Freezer- intended for freezing.

Frosty- related to frost as a natural phenomenon.

put on- cover the body with clothes (i.e. put on oneself): put on a coat, hat; with the pretext "on" put on yourself and on someone: put a backpack on your back,
covered furniture.

Dress up- to cover someone with clothes: to dress a child.

Availability– presence, existence: to be present.

Availability- the amount of something at a given time; money available.

Reminder- words to remind.

Mention- words relating to someone, not spoken on purpose, but in passing.

Ignorant- a rude, ill-mannered person.

ignoramus- uneducated, ignorant person.

Intolerable- one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold).

Intolerant- one that cannot be tolerated: an intolerable situation, behavior; devoid of tolerance, not considering other people's opinions: an intolerant person; intolerant of others' success.

Impatient- not having the patience to wait for someone or something

Unsuccessful- accompanied by, ending in failure; unsatisfactory, not what it should be.

Unfortunate- haunted by misfortune.

accused- the one who is found guilty.

accusatory- containing an accusation, expressing condemnation.

snippet- a torn off, torn piece, separate, incoherent, disparate parts of something.

excerpt- a part isolated from a work, from a narrative.

embrace- concluding between outstretched hands, fingers, paws, etc., tightly press someone to yourself: the mother grabbed the child; the wrestler grabbed the opponent.

Reach- surround, compress; enclose within one's own limits, embrace, envelop: (covered) the neck.

Restrict- put in some kind of framework, boundaries, define some conditions.

delimit- separate, separate.

demarcate- to divide, denoting the boundaries; define exactly by separating one from the other.

Hail- an exclamation with which they call out, i.e. shouting, stop or call.

Response- response to a call, appeal; reflection, trace, vestige of something.

Organic- organism; characterized by life processes, alive; formed as a result of the decomposition of animal and plant organisms.

Organic- due to the very essence of something, organically inherent in someone or something.

Qualifying- an employee for the selection of someone, something: qualifying match, tournament; selection committee.

selective- selected, the best in quality: selected goods, flax, coal; obscene: selective abuse, abuse.

Deviation- rejection, rejection of something, abnormality, strangeness in behavior.

Evasion- moving to the side to avoid something; deviation from the direct direction.

Distinguish- establish a distinction, a boundary between something; stand out from others.

Distinguish- to recognize, to distinguish between something.

difference- a sign that creates a difference between something.

Difference difference, dissimilarity between something.

Retentive- having a good memory: a memoryful person, a student.

Memorable- preserved in memory, unforgettable: memorable date, meeting, trip; commemorative year; serving to remember; reminders, memory book, commemorative badge.

endure- to endure a lot; endure, overcome.

endure- to endure a lot (hardships); be reworked and changed.

Purchasing- pertaining to the opportunity to buy.

Purchasing- pertaining to the buyer, belonging to him.

Popular- understandable, accessible, uncomplicated in presentation; widely known, public sympathy.

populist- appealing to the broad masses and promising them a quick and easy solution to acute social problems.

venerable- inspiring respect, deserving of it; big, significant.

Respectful- Respectful to someone, showing respect.

Practical– relating to the field of practice; necessary for practice; instilling skill, skills; relating to real needs.

Practical- experienced, well versed in life affairs; convenient, suitable for business, profitable, economical.

Provide- give at the disposal, use, provide an apartment, loan, credit, freedom, word, opportunity; to give the right, the opportunity to do: to give a case to be resolved, to dispute, to determine the price.

Introduce- deliver, present, report: submit a report, project; introduce: introduce a guest, lecturer; to nominate, to propose: to present for an award, for an order, for a title, for a prize; See also: cause, create: this presents no difficulty.

Representative- making a favorable impression (representative appearance), authoritative; respectful, important, imposing.

Executive- elective (representative body) related to representation, representative (representative expenses).

Recognized- is generally accepted.

Grateful- experiencing, expressing gratitude.

Productive- bringing positive results, creating any value in the labor process, productive, fruitful.

Grocery- intended for food products, associated with the trade or storage of products.

Productive- bringing obvious results, creating some value, productive.

Industrial- related to production; engaged in production, involved in production.

Performance- an indicator of production efficiency that characterizes the output per unit of resources used, factors of production; quotient of dividing the volume of production by the value of the cost of resources for a given volume of production.

enlightening- an employee for education, spreading education.

educational- related to enlightenment, enlightener, characteristic of them.

journalistic- pertaining to journalism, to a publicist.

journalistic- touching on topical socio-political issues.

shy- fearful, frightened; expressing fear.

scared- one who is often frightened or who is very frightened.

Irritation- a state of excitement, agitation, a feeling of acute discontent, annoyance, a cell reaction to external influences.

Irritability- a property of the individual.

rhythmic- pertaining to rhythm, subordinate to it.

Rhythmic something that repeats at regular intervals.

Romantic- relating to romanticism as a direction in literature and art and as an artistic method; characteristic of romance; full of romance; emotionally elevated, attracting with its mystery.

Romantic- containing elements of romanticism, mystery, dreaminess.

Secretive- not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank.

Hidden- secret, not revealed explicitly.

Vocabulary- consisting of words; related to vocabulary.

Verbal- oral.

Resistance- counteraction to the onslaught, attack, impact.

Resistance- the ability to resist, the degree of resistance.

Neighboring- located near, next to someone, in the neighborhood.

Neighboring- pertaining to a neighbor, belonging to him.

Comparable- one that can be compared.

Comparative- establishing similarities or differences, comparative; based on comparison.

Stage- pertaining to the scene; associated with the theater, theatrical art, theatrical activity.

scenic- suitable for the stage, for theatrical performance, having the properties necessary for the stage.

Technical- related to technology, associated with it, with its scientific development; used in industry; relating to the maintenance of equipment of any production; acting only at the direction of the head, not responsible.

technical- possessing skill, high technology; performed with great skill, skill (in sports, art).

Lucky- happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer).

Successful- successful (good day).

Humiliated- the one who was humiliated; expressing humiliation, showing humiliation.

Humiliating- offensive to someone's dignity, pride.

Actual- valid, corresponding to the facts; real.

Factual- corresponding to reality, facts, requirements of accuracy.

Predatory- characteristic of a predator, predatory .; mismanaged, unplanned, pursuing the goals of immediate profit, enrichment.

Predatory– about animals: eating animals; greedy, full of desire to take possession of someone, to capture something, and also expressing such a desire; like a predator.

Royal- related to the king, luxurious, rich belonging to him; pertaining to the political regime of a monarchy headed by a king.

Regal- distinguished by majesty, significance in scope.

Reigning- performing the duties of the king; the same as reigning (high) preeminent, superior to all in some respect.

Whole- all without exception, full: a whole piece, a glass; significant, large: a whole pile of papers; a range of questions; unharmed: all things are intact.

Whole- from one substance, piece, solid: one-piece slab; solid granite.

Holistic- possessing internal unity: theory.

Economic- relating to the economy, economic.

Economical- giving the opportunity to save something, profitable.

Economical- thrifty spending something, respecting the savings; requiring moderate expenses, promoting economy, modest in expenses.

Aesthetic- related to aesthetics (the science of beauty in art and in life, about the general laws artistic creativity); associated with the creation and perception of beauty.

aesthetic- beautiful, graceful; containing elements of aesthetics.

Ethical- related to ethics (science, the object of study of which is morality); conforming to the requirements of morality.

Ethical– admissible from the point of view of the requirements of ethics (norms of behavior).

Effective- giving effect, effective.

Spectacular- producing an effect, impressive. an effective method, an effective solution, spectacular costumes.

Efficiency- efficiency, effectiveness.

Effectiveness- catchiness, the ability to impress.

The next step should be the solution of ready-made tasks. For this, both KIMs of past years and trial USE assignments 2019.

If you perceive information more easily, not just by reading the text, but by the case of the teacher, you can recommend watching numerous free online lessons that are easy to find on the net. Also on YouTube you can find a video analysis of tickets on other subjects, works and their short review for the OGE 2019 in literature and a lot of other useful information for graduates.

We bring to your attention one of the lessons on paronyms: