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Introduction.

Every nation has its own national heroes who are loved, honored and remembered. Legends, songs, legends are composed about them. Their names remain for centuries, and the moral character not only is not erased in the memory of descendants, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter and brighter with the passage of time. Those of them, whose lives were illuminated with a halo of holiness, and whose deeds and service to the people were to please God, are even more honored on Earth. People turn to them for help in difficult years of trials. Such a national hero people's intercessor, a sacred person in the history of our country, in the memory of the people was and remains the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. Courageously and victoriously he fought against Western enemies, prudently, cleverly protecting his people from predatory Tatars. Among the difficult princely affairs, the pious prince did not forget his Christian duties: he helped widows and orphans, the common people, he transferred a lot of silver and gold to the Horde, and redeemed many unfortunate people from the heavy captivity of the Tatars.

This year, at the lessons of literature, we got acquainted with the "Tale of the Life and Courage of Alexander Nevsky." Previously, I knew about this man only as a brave warrior who won the battle on the Neva and Lake Peipus. And he did not know at all that the Russian church canonized him among the saints. I wanted to learn more about this man, my literature teacher did not help me. For me, this topic is relevant, because. I know that the personality of Alexander Nevsky to this day is a model of courage and fearlessness for many generations of Russians.

This is how our project was born. target which - to see through the text of "The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky" the image of Alexander as he was known and perceived by his contemporaries.

Tasks:

Study the text of "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Noble and Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky."

To reveal how the features of the military story and the hagiographic genre are combined in the "Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky".

Analyze funds speech expressiveness in "The Tale ..." and identify those with the help of which the author of the 13th century recreates the personality of Alexander Nevsky.

Object of study - "The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky"

Subject of study - speech characteristic the main character of "The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky", the text of the work.

2. Main body

2.1 Features of the military story and the hagiographic genre in "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander"

First of all, we need to understand what genres are.

“Literary genre (from French genre - genus, type) is a form in which the main types of literature are realized: epic, lyric and drama, characterized by certain common plot and stylistic features. Zh. l are distinguished: in the epic - a novel, a story, a short story, an essay, a fairy tale, an epic, etc., in a lyric - a poem, an ode, an elegy, etc., in a drama - a tragedy, comedy, drama, etc. Each Zh. l. a certain "genre content" is characteristic (themes, problems, scope of the depicted world)"

“In ancient Russian literature, a system of genres was defined, within which the development of original Russian literature began. Genres in ancient Russian literature were distinguished according to somewhat different characteristics than in modern literature. The main thing in their definition was the "use" of the genre, the "practical purpose" for which this or that work was intended.

Chronographs told about the history of the world; about the history of the fatherland - chronicles, monuments of historical writing and literature Ancient Rus', the narration in which was conducted over the years. They told about the events of Russian and world history. There was an extensive literature of moralistic biographies - the lives of the saints, or hagiography.

As we can see, ancient Russian literature developed its own specific genres: prayer, parable, life, teaching, story, military story, word, walking, chronicle, which includes small genre forms - legends, instructions and legends.

As the name suggests, "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander" is a synthesis of two genres - the life and the military story. Consider the genre features of each of them. Life is a description of the life of a saint. In ancient Russian literature, the image of Christ was put forward as a model of human behavior. The hero of life in his life follows this pattern. Life, as a rule, describes how a saint becomes one, passing through a series of trials.

As a rule, the life reports on the main events of the life of the saint, his Christian exploits (pious life, martyrdom, if any), as well as special evidence of divine grace, which marked this person (these include lifelong and posthumous miracles)

The lives of the saints are written according to special rules (canons):

it is believed that the appearance of a child marked by grace most often occurs in the family of pious parents; most often a saint from an early age leads a strict, righteous life; in the course of his life, the saint gains wisdom, goes through a series of temptations and overcomes them; the saint could predict his death, as he felt it; after death, his body remained incorruptible.

The military story is a genre of ancient Russian literature, widespread in the 11th-17th centuries. The basis of the military story is the image historical event associated with the heroic struggle of the people against external enemies. The patriotic pathos of the narrative is combined with a journalistic assessment of what is happening, epic with excited lyricism. The central hero of a military tale is usually a real historical person, presented as an ideal Christian warrior. How did it happen that the features of two genres were combined in one work? I learned that the genre of life began to develop in the era of the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The heroes of the works were not only saints, apostles, martyrs, but also people who defended Rus' and the faith from enemies of other faiths. "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander" appeared around 1283, its author is unknown, but it is known that it was written in the Nativity Monastery. This work was created even before the canonization of Alexander Nevsky and was originally a secular biography. Perhaps because of this ambiguity, the life combined 2 genres - the life and the military story.

Compositionally, the work has a hagiographic macrostructure - it consists of 3 parts. The first part is an introduction (self-abasement is used, the author says that he knew Nevsky already in adulthood, that he writes with a pure soul). The second part is the central part. The episodes of the central narrative in the life are connected chronologically and represent the most important, from the point of view of the creator of the work, the deeds of Alexander: the liberation of Koporye and Pskov from the Germans; Battle on the Ice, the story of which is dressed in the form of a military story of an informative type, and the description of the battle is given in military formulas; the prince's trip to Batu at his request, information about which is legendary; the revival of the land after the invasion of Nevruy; refusal to receive Roman ambassadors who wanted to teach the prince their faith. The third part is the conclusion. The last part of the narrative consists of a story about the death of Alexander during his return from the second trip to the Horde, a message about the farewell of the Suzdal people to him, the words of Metropolitan Kirill, who calls the prince "the sun of the land of Suzdal", and a miracle with a "spiritual letter" that occurred at the time of burial.

As we can see, in its artistic appearance, "The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky" differs from the previous works of the genre by a pronounced combination of signs of a military story and life.

2.2. The image of Alexander Nevsky in "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Noble and Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky"

"The Tale ..." was written in the Nativity Monastery in Vladimir, where the prince was buried. According to D.S. Likhachev, the author of this work was a Galician scribe, and the time of the appearance of the "Tale" must be attributed to the period between 1263 - 1280.

Drafting complete biography Prince Alexander was not part of the author's tasks. The content of life is summary the main, from the point of view of the author, episodes of his life, which allow you to recreate heroic image prince, preserved in the memory of his contemporaries: a prince - a warrior, a valiant commander and an intelligent politician.

“I, pitiful and sinful, narrow-minded, dare to describe the life of the holy prince Alexander, son of Yaroslav, grandson of Vsevolodov. Since I heard from my fathers and myself witnessed his mature age, I was glad to tell about his holy, and honest, and glorious life, ”the author of the Tale begins his leisurely narration. The author retains the traditional introduction, begins the main part with a mention of the pious parents of Alexander, as was customary.

The Novgorod hero was of the same name to Alexander the Great, similar to the “king” Achilles, as well as the biblical heroes Joseph, Samson, Solomon, the Roman emperor Vespasian: “His face is like the face of Joseph, whom the Egyptian king appointed the second king in Egypt, his strength was part of the strength of Samson, and God gave him the wisdom of Solomon, his courage - like that of the Roman king Vespasian, who conquered all the land of Judea.

But if each of them was distinguished mainly by one feature (strength, beauty, wisdom, courage), then the personality of Prince Alexander was reflected All best qualities human: strength, beauty, wisdom, courage. It is very rare that a person in power has these qualities. We have a prince - all princes prince

The author, emphasizing the wisdom of Alexander Nevsky, gives another argument: “One of the eminent men of the Western country, of those who call themselves servants of God, came, wanting to see the maturity of his strength ... So this one, named Andreash, having seen Prince Alexander, returned to his people and said: “I have passed through countries, peoples and have not seen such a king among kings, nor a prince among princes.”

In the personality of the prince, despite his high position, we observe amazing qualities of character. It is known that the character of a person is formed in trials. And then the actions in the "Tale ..." unfold, as the canon defines, from episodes that reflect the most significant exploits of the protagonist.

The first and most important fragment is the story of Alexander's battle with the Swedes on the Neva. The motivation for the events is of a legendary nature and is connected with the characterization of the hero mentioned above. The author tells about a certain Andreyash, a foreigner, who, seeing Alexander Yaroslavich, praised him in his country. Then the king of this country decided to measure his strength with him and went to war with him. The enemy is full of self-confidence: “gathered great strength”, “flaming with the spirit of war”, “drunk with madness”, he sends ambassadors to Alexander with the words: “If you can, defend yourself, for I am already here and ruin your land.”

And the prince at that time had a small squad, and there was nowhere to expect help. But there is a strong faith in the help of God. Alexander went to the church of St. Sophia, "fell on his knee in front of the altar and began to pray with tears to God." “He remembered the song of the psalm and said: “Judge, Lord, and judge my quarrel with those who offend me, overcome those who fight with me.” Having finished the prayer and having received the blessing of Archbishop Spiridon, the prince, strengthened in spirit, went out to his squad. Encouraging her, instilling courage in her and infecting her with his own example, Alexander said to the Russians:"God is not in power, but in truth." With a small retinue, Prince Alexander met the enemy, fought fearlessly, knowing that he was fighting for a just cause, protecting native land. We see the courage of Alexander, who is only 20 years old. Already in this episode, he appears before us as a warrior-commander.

At the same time, in this part there is an element that was characteristic of that era to a greater extent not of a military story, but of life - the vision of Boris and Gleb to the warrior Alexander Peluguy, which portends victory in a future battle: “He stood on the seashore, watching both ways and spent the whole night without sleep. When the sun began to rise, he heard a strong noise on the sea and saw one pier floating on the sea, and the holy martyrs Boris and Gleb in red robes standing in the middle of the pier, holding their hands on each other's shoulders. The rowers sat as if clothed in darkness. Boris said: “Brother Gleb, they led us to row, let us help our relative, Prince Alexander.” Seeing such a vision and hearing these words of the martyrs, Pelugui stood trembling until the nasad disappeared from his eyes.

Alexander asked not to tell anyone about this, we see that the prince appears in this fragment as a wise ruler. “And he decided to attack the enemies at the sixth hour of the day. And there was a strong battle with the Romans; he beat countless enemies and wounded the king himself in the face with his sharp spear. In this episode, the prince- experienced commander. He is determined, sharp-witted, dexterous . Then the author dwells on the exploits of six Novgorod warriors of Alexander, calling each by name and talking about his deeds. Such a prince and warriors are miracle heroes. Mutual understanding and solidarity lead the Russians to victory.

Along with a specific description of the events characteristic of the military story, this part also contains an element characteristic of the lives - a story about a miracle across the Izhora River, where the Swedes stood, where the Russian soldiers could not go, and where after the battle they found many enemies "killed by the angel of the Lord ".

Thus, this fragment of The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky as a whole is a military story of an event-narrative type, inside which two “small genres” are interspersed, widely used by the lives: vision and miracle.

The battle on Lake Peipsi with German knights on April 5, 1242 is depicted in the traditional manner of military stories: “And there was a fierce slaughter, and there was a crack from breaking spears and a ringing from swords, and it seemed that the frozen lake had moved, and no ice was visible, for it was covered with blood."

In fact, Alexander in this battle showed an outstanding military talent, having unraveled the tactical plan of the enemies.

From Pskov to the north lies Lake Pskov, even further north - Lake Peipsi. They are connected by a wide channel. The Crusaders are to the west of the lakes. Alexander decided to step back and build his regiments between the lakes. Here, on the snowy ice, the Crusaders must accept Alexander's challenge. The whole army is built in the form of a wedge: its tip is knights dressed in armor, knights are on the sides of the wedge, and infantry is inside this movable armor. Alexander's army is mostly on foot. And Alexander decided: the middle regiment would consist of militias - townspeople and villagers, armed with spears, axes, knives; experienced warriors, well-armed, will stand on the flanks, cavalry squads will also be located there. The wedge will easily crush the middle regiment. The knights will consider that the main thing has already been done, but at this time powerful warriors attack them from the flanks. Behind the middle regiment, Alexander ordered to put a sleigh on which they carried weapons, armor and food. Behind the sleigh, behind this artificial barrier, began the coast, strewn with large boulders - a natural barrier. Between stones and sleighs, you can’t ride a horse. But the militia, dressed in light armor, will act deftly among obstacles. So Alexander Nevsky prepared victory for his army.

In this battle, more useful than a personal example was the timely order of the commander. Alexander gave a sign to join the battle regiments of the right and left hands. Mounted warriors attacked the enemy from the rear. The Russian soldiers dragged the knights who had huddled together from their horses. The spring ice broke under the weight of the fighters, the knights drowned in polynyas and gaps. Up to the opposite bank of the channel, the ice was littered with the bodies of enemies. Thus ended the battle. Already in the summer, ambassadors from the order arrived in Novgorod and asked Alexander for eternal peace. The world was closed. They say that then Alexander uttered the words that became prophetic on Russian soil: “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword!”

This battle brought him fame: "And his name was glorified in all countries, from the Khonuzh Sea to the mountains of Ararat, and on the other side of the Varangian Sea and to the great Rome." The fame of Alexander Nevsky began to spread throughout all countries. All his battles and victories were only in the name of saving the Russian people.

The prince appears before us not only as a warrior - the prince. From the "Tale ..." we learn that "the great Alexander erected churches, rebuilt cities, gathered dispersed people into their houses. Isaiah the prophet said about such people: “The prince is good in the countries - quiet, affable, meek, humble - and in that he is like God.” Not seduced by wealth, not forgetting the blood of the righteous, orphans and widows, he judges in truth, is merciful, kind to his household and hospitable to those who come from foreign countries. God also helps such people, for God does not love angels, but in his generosity he generously bestows on people and shows his mercy in the world. A wise ruler stands before us - friendly, caring, merciful. The glorification of Alexander, the defender of Orthodoxy, is dedicated in his life to the story of the arrival of papal ambassadors to Rus'. Alexander rejects their proposal to accept Catholicism, and in this the author of the life sees the triumph of the national policy of the Russian prince.

After accomplishing the feat of arms in the battle with the West, he had to accomplish the feat of humility before the power of the East. "Alexander Nevsky could, showing special organizational and diplomatic skills, yield to a stronger enemy in order to save his people from unnecessary sacrifices."

The author of the Tale succinctly reports about the decision of Alexander Nevsky to go to the Horde and ask the khan to free the Russian soldiers from participating in the campaigns of the Tatar troops: “There was great violence from the infidels in those days, they persecuted Christians, forcing them to fight on their side. The great prince Alexander went to the king to pray for his people from this misfortune.

Batu releases Alexander: “And Tsar Batu saw him, and was amazed, and said to his nobles:“ They told me the truth that there is no prince like him. Honoring him with dignity, he released Alexander. The author informs us that on the way from the Horde, the prince fell ill. But before writing about his death, he pours out his feelings in a sorrowful exclamation: “Woe to you, poor man! How can you describe the death of your master!” . The story about the "wonderful" and "worthy of memory" miracle that happened during the burial of the prince ends. When the metropolitan wanted to put a spiritual letter into the prince's hand, Alexander, as if alive, extended his hand and took it himself.

The final part of the "Tale ..." includes the genre of lamentation. The story, having announced the death of the prince, ends with the traditional cry of the people, the author.

Having carefully read the “Tale ...” we found in the text episodes demonstrating Prince Alexander, on the one hand, a glorious commander, on the other, a righteous (living in truth, fulfilling Christian commandments) ruler. In our opinion, the purpose of this work is to glorify the courage and bravery of Alexander, to give the image of an ideal Christian warrior, defender of the Russian land.

Many of the mentioned character traits of Alexander Nevsky are more appropriate in a military story than in a life, since they emphasize the worldly, rather than religious virtues of Alexander: courage, determination, gift for leadership, strength and courage in battle, concern for his people - and only then hope for help higher powers, loyalty to Orthodoxy. In other words, main character life acquires features characteristic of the image of a positive hero-prince in military stories, at the same time, the idealization characteristic of life remains the main way of depicting him.

According to I.P. Eremin, Alexander “appears before us in the form of either a king-commander of biblical antiquity, or a brave hero of a book epic, or an icon-painting “righteous man”. This somewhat motley stylistic outfit, in which the author of his life sometimes dresses his hero, is another enthusiastic tribute on his part to the blessed memory of the late prince.

2.3 Language Features"The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky"

The personality of Alexander Nevsky made a charming impression on everyone who saw him. The secret of his charm lay not only in his wisdom, courage, external beauty but also into something higher, which irresistibly attracted him.

The very first characterization of Alexander Nevsky is given already in the title of the work. "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander" already contains two epithets. What is the meaning of the word "faithful"? This word, as we see, consists of two bases - “good” and “faith”. Good is goodness, well-being, therefore, “faithful” is faithful to the good, faithful to something good.

At the very beginning of "The Tale...", characterizing the hero, the author resorts not to description, but to the comparative method: his image is created with the help of numerous comparisons. Alexander Nevsky is compared with various biblical heroes of the Old Testament - rulers who were the embodiment of the best human qualities - beauty, wisdom, strength, courage.

The language of “The Tale ...” is very interesting, in it you can find metaphors: “the lake was covered and moved.” This path allows you to more clearly realize how many soldiers were during the battle on Lake Peipsi. The image of the prince, who "burned his heart" from the invasion of the enemy, "drunk with madness" makes it possible to more clearly characterize Alexander Nevsky. For the same purpose, epithets serve: “about his holy, and honest, and glorious life”, “wonderful miracle”, the piety of the protagonist is also emphasized with the help of this trope. Alexander had "great faith in the holy martyrs." The paraphrase also gives complete description Alexander Nevsky: “Metropolitan Kirill said: “My children, know that the sun of the land of Suzdal has already set!”

Creating a biography of his contemporary long before his canonization, the author of The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky used as a model the tradition of lives - the only ancient Russian genre that gave a biography of the hero. But real life, which he described, required the use of literary forms and means characteristic of a genre common and well-known to the author - a military story. That is why there are so many descriptions of battles, battles, and in them, of course, a description of Alexander Nevsky is also given. Again, these are epithets. Alexander gathered a strong army, where "there were many brave warriors", they were filled with the "spirit of war". And the comparison undoubtedly shows their courage: "for their hearts were like the hearts of lions."

Undoubtedly, the influence of military style, which is found in the military formulas used in the battle paintings: “The battle is fierce, and there was a crack from breaking spears and a ringing from the blows of swords, and it seemed that the frozen lake was moving, and no ice was visible, because it was covered blood." Among the tropes, we can single out the hyperbole: "it was covered with blood." The commander himself does not lag behind his soldiers, but it seems that he surpasses them: “Alexander cut them down, driving them as if through the air, and there was nowhere for them to hide.” So, with the help of comparison, the author emphasizes the God-chosen warrior-prince. And now in front of us vivid image prince - protector, commander, warrior, saint.

The multi-alliance gives the narrative slowness, the length of the battles in time: “Prince Alexander prepared for battle, and they went against each other, and Lake Peipsi was covered with a multitude of both warriors.” “And there was a fierce slaughter, and there was a crack from breaking spears and a ringing from the blows of swords, and it seemed that the frozen lake moved, and no ice was visible, for it was covered with blood.”

A rhetorical question is also found in the “Tale ...”: “That king, having heard about such glory and courage of Alexander, sent ambassadors to him and said: “Alexander, you know that God has conquered many nations for me. submit?"

Emotional tension culminates at the end of life with the rhetorical exclamation: “Oh, woe to you, poor man! You cannot describe the death of your master! How will your eyes not fall out with tears together! How the heart will not break from bitter sadness! A man can forget his father, but he cannot forget a good sovereign, he would be ready to lie down alive with him in a coffin!

As we found out, the description of the valor of Prince Alexander and his squad does not leave readers indifferent. Contribute to the depth of perception artistic techniques used by the author (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, polyunion, opposition, rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical exclamations).

At the same time, the narrative is full of biblical analogies, quotations, and literary parallels. The author constantly reminds of the heavenly patronage of the prince, trying to show that "God looks after such." The idea of ​​the sacredness of princely power determines the features artistic structure Biography of Alexander Nevsky.

Military formulas, Church Slavonicisms and living language are used by the author together, which is undoubted genre originality works.

3. Conclusion

"The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky" refers to the 80s of the ΧІІІ century. The very title of the work gives a definition of its specificity: “The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander” is a story about life, the main content of which was the exploits of “courage”. This work is a princely biography, combining the features of life and military history.

It opens with "glory" to the hero, ends with lamentation for Alexander Nevsky. An eyewitness of those events is a kind of "portrait" of Alexander Nevsky.

Biblical comparisons and analogies have become one of the main elements art system"Tales ...", the prince's deeds are comprehended in comparison with the biblical story, and this gives the biography a special majesty and monumentality. Constant likenings and references to David, Hezekiah, Solomon, Joshua and Alexander himself elevate to a biblical hero. Indications for help from above (the appearance of Boris and Gleb Pelgugia before the Battle of the Neva, the miraculous deliverance from the Swedes by angels across the Izhora River, the help of God's regiment in the battle on Lake Peipus) convince Alexander of the special protection of divine forces.

The very structure of The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky is a work of a complex nature: inside the central hagiographic part, independent military stories are introduced as two episodes, and they include genres characteristic of hagiographies - visions and miracles.

In the style of "The Tale ..." there is also a place for the unusual - military formulas and living language are used by the author together, which is also a genre originality of the work. And Biblical memories are combined with Russian historical tradition, literary traditions - with real observations of the battle. All this gives the "Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky" as literary work kind of unique character.

Lifetime merits are far from all that the image of the Grand Duke is famous for. Prince Alexander was destined to find a second, posthumous life. His name has become a symbol of military prowess. The halo of holiness surrounding the prince made it possible to expect from Nevsky and heavenly intercession. In 1547, he was included among the saints whose memory was celebrated in all churches of the Russian Church without exception. In 1724, on the orders of Peter I, the holy relics were installed in the Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, where they still rest.

Conclusions:

1. We studied the text of "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Noble and Great Alexander Nevsky." The author of "The Tale ..." similarly spoke about three exploits: the battle on the Neva with the Swedes (1240), the Battle on the Ice with the Germans on Lake Peipus (1242), and a trip to the Horde.

We see that the first exploits of Alexander Nevsky are swearing, and the third is associated with self-sacrifice. Alexander Nevsky went to Batu Khan to pray that the Tatars would not force the Russian people to perform military service.

2. We found out that the "Tale ..." combines elements of two genres - life and military story. Elements of life: the author's self-abasement, pious parents, the image of a Christian is drawn (refused to become a Catholic, pious admonition), elements of the miraculous, lamentation over the hero's death, an abundance of quotations and correlations from the Bible.

Elements of a military story: the story is not the whole life of the prince, but only about military victories, stable formulas are used to describe military operations, exaggeration of the physical qualities of the hero, glorification of his strength.

3. We found the answer to the question: why is the image of Alexander Nevsky remarkable? In this we were helped by the "Tale ...", written by a person who personally knew this hero, himself witnessed his mature age and is glad to tell "about his holy, and honest, and glorious life." The "Tale" glorifies Alexander as a commander and warrior, ruler and diplomat.

4. We analyzed the means of speech expressiveness in the Tale ... and identified those with which the author of the 13th century recreated the personality of Alexander Nevsky. The depth of perception is facilitated by the artistic techniques used by the author (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, polyunion, opposition, rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical exclamations).

4. References:

Big soviet encyclopedia Warrior story. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/

Gumilyov L. N. The search for a fictitious kingdom: (The legend of the “State of Prester John”). - M., Nauka, 1970.

Eremin I.P. Life of Alexander Nevsky. In the book: Artistic prose of Kievan Rus XI-XIII centuries. / Comp. per. and note. I. P. Eremina and D. S. Likhachev. M., 1957, p. 354-356;

Genres of ancient Russian literature. - http://licey.net/free/

Genre originality of "The Life of Alexander Nevsky". No. 24.- [Electronic resource].- Access mode.- https://studopedia.ru/nevskogo

Life and exploits of Alexander Nevsky. 3 exploits of Alexander Nevsky - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - http://fb.ru/article/

Kargalov V. V. Generals of the X - XVI centuries. -M.: DOSAAF, 1989.

Lurie Ya. S. Generalization of the chronicle of the XIV-XV centuries / Ed. ed. D. S. Likhachev. - Science, 1976

Dictionary literary terms S.P. Belokurova 2005- [Electronic resource]. -Access mode. - http://enc-dic.com/litved/Zhanr-literaturn-383

Application

Temple-chapel in the name of the Right-Believing Prince Alexander Nevskyin Voronezh

• Prepared by: teacher of Russian language and literature, secondary school

• Mezentseva T.S.

Conversation on questions to the article "From Old Russian Literature".

• What topics attracted the attention of the authors of ancient Russian literature?

• - What works of ancient Russian literature do you remember?

• - What genres of ancient Russian literature do you know?

• - What are the genre features of The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom?

life

• - What sign of the life genre do you remember?

• Life is a description of the life of a saint. In ancient Russian literature

• the image of Christ was put forward as a model of human behavior. The hero of life in his life follows this pattern. Life, as a rule, describes how a saint becomes one, passing through a series of trials.

The life of a saint is a story about the life of a saint, which necessarily accompanies the official recognition of his holiness (canonization). As a rule, the life reports on the main events of the life of the saint, his Christian exploits (pious life, martyrdom, if any), as well as special evidence of Divine grace, which marked this person (these include, in particular, intravital and posthumous miracles).

The lives of the saints are written according to special rules (canons). So, it is believed that the appearance of a child marked by grace most often occurs in the family of pious parents (although there were cases when parents, guided, as it seemed to them, by good intentions, interfered with the feat of their children, condemned them). Most often, a saint from an early age leads a strict, righteous life (although sometimes repentant sinners, for example, St. Mary of Egypt, also achieved holiness). In the course of his life, the saint gains wisdom, goes through a series of temptations and overcomes them. The saint could predict his own death, as he felt it. After death, his body remained incorruptible.

The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Noble and Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.

Reading the work and its analysis

• - What is the theme of the story?

• What feelings does the story evoke in you?

• - What does the narrator call himself and what does he want to emphasize with this?

• - How does he say that he was a contemporary of Alexander?

• - Before meeting Prince Alexander Nevsky, the author of “Life. ..” includes the words of the Old Testament prophet Isaiah in the narrative: “Thus says the Lord: “I set princes, they are sacred, and I lead them.” And truly, his reign was not without God’s command.” What is the author's purpose in using these words?

• (The words of the prophet Isaiah speak of the God-chosenness of Alexander Nevsky, that the birth of Prince Alexander was predetermined, and this should have affected his personality.)

- Read the description of the appearance of the prince and his characteristics. What is the significance of this description?

• (The author not only shows the physical perfection of Prince Alexander, but also compares him with biblical heroes: Joseph, Samson, Solomon. All the best qualities of a person are reflected in the prince: strength, beauty, wisdom, courage.)

• - In what other ways does the author emphasize the chosenness of Prince Alexander?

• (The author refers to the statement of an authoritative, but outsider, which should confirm the extraordinary merits of the prince.)

• - What are the genre features of "The Life of ... Alexander Nevsky"?

• ( The work combines the features of life and military story. In addition, the final part of the "Life ..." includes the genre of lamentation).

• - Answer the textbook questions from the sections “Reflect on what we read” (No. 2, 3), “Be attentive to the word” (No. 1-3).

Oral description of reproductions

• Prepare an oral description of a reproduction of a painting dedicated to Alexander Nevsky.

Characteristics of Alexander Nevsky

• - How did you imagine Prince Alexander?

• - Describe his personality.

• - What surprised you in the personality of Alexander Nevsky? When characterizing, you can use reproductions of paintings dedicated to Alexander Nevsky.

Alexander Nevskiy

• fearless, brave, just ruler, great commander, living according to Christian precepts, quiet, friendly, wise righteous man, a man of high spirituality, a true defender of the Russian land.

Expressive reading of A. Maykov's poem "Death of Alexander Nevsky"

• Night outside and frost.

• A month - two iridescent light crowns around it ...

• The sky is like a celebration.

• In the abbot's cell - a spectacle of sorrow and tears ...

• Quietly the abbot stands before him at prayer.

• Quietly the boyars stand in the corners.

• Quiet and motionless lies head to the images

• Prince Alexander, covered with black schema...

• Quietly the lamp before the image of the Savior burns...

• Prince motionless into darkness, into infinity

• looks...

• Where the veil parted suddenly before him,

• He sees: drenched like a ray of gold,

• The bank of the Neva, where he smashed the enemy...

• Suddenly a city appears there!

• Colored ships fly flags around...

• They lift the coffin from the ship, carry it to the temple,

• Ringing is heard, sacred hymns are sung...

• The lid was opened... The Tsar says something there...

• Here in front of the coffin they make earthly bows,

• Then all the people go to venerate the relics.

• In the coffin - the prince sees - he himself.

• Quietly the lamp before the image of the Savior burns.

• The prince lies motionless...

• The wonderful face lit up with beauty.

• Quietly the abbot approached him and with a trembling hand

• His heart felt him and his forehead -

• And, sobbing, he exclaimed: “Our sun has set!”

Literature lesson

The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Noble and Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky (2 hours)

Educational:

Give an idea of ​​Alexander Nevsky as historical figure and hero artwork;

· Shape literary concepts Key words: life, hagiography, personality, faithful.

Developing:

Improve the ability to analyze a literary text and draw conclusions based on the analysis;

Improve the ability of expressive reading, coherent utterance;

・Practice skills comparative analysis historical material and artistic work;

· To form the skill of working with various sources of information in order to search and select the necessary material;

· Develop independence of thought.

Educational:

· To cultivate in the learning process such moral qualities: honesty, kindness, justice, a sense of duty, mercy;

· Instill a love for literature and the history of their homeland.

Equipment: video from the film "Alexander Nevsky")

Type of lesson: iterative-generalizing.

May the descendants of the Orthodox native Earth know the past fate. They revere their great kings For their labors, for glory, for good... A.S. Pushkin

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

III. Exploring a new topic.

1. "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Noble and Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky" (Al-r Nevsky c. 1220-1263).

Life is a description of the life of a saint. In ancient Russian literature, the image of Christ was put forward as a model of human behavior. The hero of life in his life follows this pattern. Life, as a rule, describes how a saint becomes one, passing through a series of trials.

As a rule, in life it is reported

about the main events of the saint's life,

his Christian deeds (pious life, martyrdom, if any),

as well as special evidence of divine grace, which was marked by this person (these include life and posthumous miracles)

The lives of the saints are written according to special rules (canons):

o so, it is believed that the appearance of a child marked by grace most often occurs in the family of pious parents (although there were cases when parents, guided, as it seemed to them, by good intentions, interfered with the feat of their children, condemned them)

o Most often, a saint leads a strict, righteous life from an early age (although sometimes repentant sinners, such as St. Mary of Egypt, also achieved holiness)

o In the course of his life, the saint gains wisdom, goes through a series of temptations and overcomes them.

o The saint could predict his death, as he felt it.

o After death, his body remained imperishable.

V. Reading the introductory article to the "Tale of Life ..." on pages 18 - 19.

In 1237-1240. the Mongol-Tatar invasion fell upon the Russian principalities, weakened by external and internal wars. The development of Russian literature was delayed and weakened. Religious motives intensified in chronicles about this invasion: the events were understood as "God's wrath" for "sins".

At the very beginning of the Mongol-Tatar conquest, German and Swedish aggression in Russian literature, there is a desire to awaken the patriotic feelings of readers. This topic is devoted in North-Eastern Rus' "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land" and "The Life of Alexander Nevsky", which we will discuss today in the lesson.

1) When was the "Tale of the Life of ... Al-ra Nevsky" written? (in the 80s of the 3rd century) The very title of the work gives a definition of its specificity: "The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander" is a story about life, the main content of which was the exploits of "courage". What is the purpose of this life? (Glorify the courage and bravery of Alexander, give the image of an ideal Christian warrior, defender of the Russian land). 2) Who was it written by? (Scribe of the Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin in Vladimir)

3) Where was the body of Prince A. Nevsky buried? (here)

6) What exploits of A. Nevsky did he tell about? (about 3 feats:

Battle on the Neva with the Swedes (1240),

About the Battle on the Ice (with the Germans on Lake Peipsi (1242),

About a trip to the Horde.

7) What is the difference between the first 2 feats and the 3rd? (1-3 - swear words. 3rd self-sacrifice)

8) Why did A. Nevsky go to the Khan? (to pray that the Tatars do not force Russian people to carry out military service)

9) What is the meaning of "The Tale ..." in the development of Russian literature?

She was imitated, followed as Lit. sample,

Her influence is reflected in many other princely lives and military stories.

What is the meaning of the word "faithful"?

Good - what is it? (Good, well-being)

Good - what is it? (The same as good. Good intention. Good impulses).

So, faithful - what is it? (Faithful to the good, faithful to something good. Defense of the Motherland, for example.)

And why is Alexander called Nevsky?

(He won the battle with the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240).

II. Analysis of the text "The Tale of the Life ... of Al - Ra Nevsky" Expressive reading of the roles of the fragments of "The Tale of the Life ... of Alexander Nevsky."

Work on r / r: Checking dictionaries: reading words and expressions (in a chain), words characteristic of a given text that can be used today and which are “gone in the past” and their explanations.

(Acts - (high) - actions, deed.

Secha (old) - battle.

Discord (obsolete) - quarrels, strife.)

1) Reading the intro

§ How does the narrator call himself and what does he want to emphasize by this? How does he say that he was a contemporary of Alexander?

"Life" glorifies Alexander as a commander and warrior, ruler and diplomat. It opens with "glory" to the hero, which is likened to the glory of all the world famous heroes antiquities.

§ Read the description of the appearance of the prince and his characteristics. What is the significance of this description? (the author not only shows the physical perfection of Prince Alexander, but also compares him with biblical heroes. But if each of them was distinguished mainly by one trait (strength, beauty, wisdom, courage), then all these qualities were found in the personality of Prince Alexander reflection.

§ Question 2 (p. 26) To what characters does the narrator liken the prince? The Novgorod hero was of the same name to Alexander the Great, similar to the "king" Achilles as well as biblical heroes Joseph, Samson, Solomon, Roman emperor Vespasian. The prince reflected all the best qualities of a person: strength, beauty, wisdom, courage).

§ Before the appearance of the "Life of Alexander Nevsky", the "Word about the destruction of the Russian Land" was written. This is a kind of preface to the story of Alexander Nevsky. I want to read you a snippet:

“O bright and skillfully decorated Russian land! It is endowed with many marvelous beauties: many lakes, marvelous rivers, locally revered springs, steep mountains, high hills, frequent oak forests, wonderful fields, various animals, countless birds, great mountains, marvelous villages, monastic vineyards, church churches and formidable princes, honest boyars, many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith ... "

How does the author describe the Russian Land? The description of the Russian Land (nature, villages) is very beautiful. It is precisely such a beautiful, rich land that should have such a prince as Alexander Nevsky. And now he appears for the salvation and liberation of the Russian Land. In the personality of the prince, despite his high position, we observe amazing qualities of character.

2) It is known that the traits of a person's character are especially pronounced in trials. And what did Prince Alexander have to go through in his life? Question 3 (p. 26) What exploits does he talk about?

3) Page 26 “Be attentive to the word”, question 1 (1st part)

4) Find in the text episodes that demonstrate Prince Alexander, on the one hand, a glorious commander, on the other, a righteous (living in truth, fulfilling Christian commandments) ruler.

Prince Alexander lived in terrible years. He had to defend the Russian borders from foreigners. Despite his youth, as it is written in the Life of ..., Prince Alexander "won everywhere, was invincible." This speaks of him as a skillful, brave commander.

5) The king of the Midnight country heard these words, but, blinded by envy, distraught with pride, he took with him a large army and went to Alexander: “I am already here, I want to captivate your land - if you can, defend yourself.”

And the prince at that time had a small squad, and there was nowhere to expect help. But there is a strong faith in the help of God. Alexander went to the church of St. Sophia, "fell on his knee in front of the altar and began to pray with tears to God." “He remembered the song of the psalm and said: “Judge, Lord, and judge my quarrel with those who offend me, overcome those who fight with me.” Having finished the prayer and having received the blessing of Archbishop Spiridon, the prince, strengthened in spirit, went out to his squad. Encouraging her, instilling courage in her and infecting her with his own example, Alexander told the Russians: "God is not in power, but in truth." With a small squad (Courage; warrior commander), Prince Alexander met the enemy, fought fearlessly, knowing that he was fighting for a just cause, protecting his native land.

6) The next episode: Someone Pelgusy, the elder of the Izhora land, told the prince a wondrous vision. (Slide: Saints Boris and Gleb). Alexander asked not to tell anyone (the wise ruler) “And he decided to attack the enemies at the sixth hour of the day. And there was a strong battle with the Romans; he beat countless enemies and wounded the king himself in the face with his sharp spear. In this episode, the prince is an experienced commander. He is determined, smart, smart. Such a prince and warriors are miracle heroes. Mutual understanding and solidarity lead the Russians to victory.

7) the valor of the prince is emphasized, who “put a seal on the face of the king [the Swedish prince Lespa] with your sharp spear” - p. 22.

8) "Life" highlights the main points of Alexander's biography, linking them with victorious battles and biblical reminiscences (memories) are combined here with Russian historical tradition, literary traditions - with real observations of the battle: "the rising sun, and the wallpaper stops. And it was a slash of evil and a coward from spears of breaking and a sound from a sword cut, as if the lake was frozen to move; and you can’t see the ice, covered with blood” - “When the sun rose, both sides came together. And there was an evil slash, and a crack from the breaking of spears, and a sound from the cutting of swords, as if a frozen lake moved. And no ice was visible, for it was covered with blood” - p. 23, below.

9) Page 26 “Reflect on what we read”, question 3: What pictures do you see behind the words of the narrator: “It was as if a frozen lake moved”?

10) Page 26 “Be attentive to the word”, question 1 (part 2) Who does Alexander call the people “arrogant” and who boasted: “We will shame the Slavic people”, “We will take Alexander with our hands” (German cities) - p. 23)?

11) Page 26 “Be attentive to the word”, question 1 (part 2). Page 22. The exploits of six men, “brave and strong” (Gavrila Aleksich, Zbyslov Yakunovich, etc.) constitute interconnected episodes that have the character of a retelling of an epic song that developed in the princely squad environment shortly after the battle and, obviously, at the initiative of the prince himself (“ I heard all this from my master, Grand Duke Alexander, and from others who were then in that battle ”- p. 22, penultimate paragraph).

12) what is the last feat of Alexander? Why did he go to the king? How is this described in the story? "Pray people from that misfortune" so that the Tatars do not force Russian people to carry out military service.

13) In what words and on whose behalf does the author describe the grief from the loss suffered by the land of Suzdal with the death of Alexander? (p. 25, from the words “Oh, woe to you, poor man! ..” and to the words “Understand, the sun of the land of Suzdal has set.”) Say the words aloud and explain their meaning.

14) The work combines the features of life and military story. In addition, the final part of the "Life ..." includes the genre of lamentation. The "Life" adopted the best "military" examples of original and translated monuments of Kievan Rus, also continuing the stylistic traditions of Galician literature. It later influenced the "Word about the life and death of Prince Dmitry Donskoy" chronicle story "On the Battle of Mamaev".

15) Reading textbook material (p. 25-26).

16) Examination of P. Korin's illustration "Alexander Nevsky".

(Triptych - (gr. triptychos folded in three) - 1) a folding icon with three wings; 2) a work of art from three paintings, reliefs, drawings, etc., united by one idea, theme, plot.)

Pay attention to the central part of the triptych. We compare the life and the icon-painting image.

Is this how you imagined Alexander Nevsky when you read the story about him? Find quotes from "The Tale ..." depicting Alexander. (“His height was greater than other people”, “his face is like the face of Joseph.”) The hero is depicted monumentally, in full height, with a sword).

What is the prince wearing? Before us is a prince-warrior and a prince-ruler. This is quite consistent with how Prince Alexander is depicted in the "Life ...". We see the prince dressed in military armor, over which is thrown mantle.

Is it possible to see in the work of the artist that he depicted a wise ruler? The icon depicts Alexander Nevsky as a wise ruler: his face is concentrated, a deep wrinkle.

What signs tell us that this is an experienced warrior? This is a fearless and experienced warrior - nose bridge cross volitional folds, whitened hair gray hair.

How are Alexander's eyes depicted? The eyes of Prince Alexander reflect peace, humility, kindness. These are the eyes of a righteous person.

Outcome. The painter knows the "Life of Alexander Nevsky", and the iconographic image shows how much he was imbued with soul and thoughts in the content literary monument and how dear to him the image of Prince Alexander.

17) Examination of the paintings by G. Semiradsky "Alexander Nevsky receives papal legates", p. 27.

o What role do the details play in the picture? The most important detail is the banner with the image of Christ, which is located in the center of the upper part of the picture. It carries an ideological load: Alexander is firm in his faith.

18) V. Serov "Entry of Alexander Nevsky to Pskov after the Battle of the Ice", p. 28. The figure of Alexander in center, but does not separate from the figures of other people who rushed to him in a fit of delight and gratitude. All faces are turned to the winner, the people's liberator. Alexander Nevsky is a hero from the people and with the people.

I. Summing up the lesson.

Characteristics of A. Nevsky

§ How did you present Prince Alexander?

§ Describe his personality.

§ What surprised you in the personality of A. Nevsky? When characterizing, you can use reproductions of paintings dedicated to A. Nevsky.

§ Let's make notes in notebooks: A. Nevsky is a fearless, brave, just ruler, a great commander who lives according to Christian precepts, a quiet, friendly, wise righteous man, a man of high spirituality, a true defender of the Russian land. The personality of Prince Alexander surprisingly combines the features of a glorious commander, a wise ruler and a faithful Christian. No wonder the name Alexander in Greek means "protector".

What do you think, what works of Ancient Rus' were especially close and dear to their contemporaries? Why did they prefer lives?

Is it worth rereading the works of antiquity? Are they alive?

So, what is the artistic world of the literature of Ancient Rus', its intonations, images, colors?

Comparison of A. Maikov's poem "Death of Alexander Nevsky" and the final part of "Life ...".

Guys, so that you perceive the personality of Alexander Nevsky in its entirety, I suggest you listen to A. Maikov's poem "The Death of Alexander Nevsky." Listen carefully and answer the question:

What mood pervades this poem and the final part of the "Life ..."?

Death of Alexander Nevsky. (slide number (icon (fresco)

Night outside and frost. A month - two iridescent light crowns around it ... A celebration seems to be going on across the sky. In the abbot's cell, there is a spectacle of sorrow and tears... Quietly, the lampada before the image of the Savior burns... Quietly, the abbot stands before him in prayer. Quietly the boyars stand in the corners. Quiet and motionless lies with his head towards the images Prince Alexander, covered with a black schema ... Quietly the lampada in front of the image of the Savior burns ... The prince motionlessly into the darkness, into infinity looks ... There, like a veil, suddenly parted in front of him ... He sees: drenched like a golden ray, the Bank of the Neva , where he smashed the enemy ... Suddenly a city appears there ... the shores are teeming with people, Ships are flying with colored flags ... The coffin is lifted from the ship, carried to the temple, the ringing is heard, sacred hymns are sung ... The lid was opened ... The king says something there ... Here in front of the coffin they make prostrations to the ground, Then all people go to venerate the relics. In the coffin - the prince sees - he himself. Quietly the lamp before the image of the Savior burns. The prince lies motionless ... The wonderful face lit up with beauty. Quietly, the abbot approached him and with a trembling hand felt his heart and forehead - And, sobbing, exclaimed: “Our sun has set!”

These works convey the grief that gripped all the Russians. In A. Maykov's poem, the word "quiet" is so often repeated. Of course, you can mourn in silence. But in this grief, again, the people's love for Prince Alexander and the irreparable grief from his loss are expressed, which is felt even more sharply in silence. In the "Life ..." the death of the prince is described in the final part and reminds us of crying (children read the quote): "Oh, woe to you, poor man! You cannot describe the death of your master! How will your eyes not fall out with tears together! How the heart will not break from bitter sadness! A man can forget his father, but he cannot forget a good sovereign, he would be ready to lie down alive with him in a coffin!

Metropolitan Kirill told people: “My children, understand that the sun of the land of Suzdal has already set…”. "We're already dying!"

It is impossible to better express one’s attitude towards Prince Alexander and once again emphasize his merits than it sounded in the lament of the third part of the Life ...

5) The relevance of the personality of Alexander Nevsky in the 20-21 centuries.

Centuries have passed ... 13th century - 20th century ... more than 700 years! In 1938, the feature film directed by Sergei Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" was released on the screens of the country, where leading role performed by Nikolai Cherkasov. (video from the movie "Alexander Nevsky")

Teacher: Guys, why do you think this movie comes out at this time? What did the director want to say?

On the eve of what event was it created? On the eve of the 2nd World War. This is a film that inspired Soviet soldiers to win, this is a warning film. enemy that "the enemy will be defeated, victory will be ours"

The words of the hero came true: "Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword." And in 1941, the Order of Alexander Nevsky was established for the officers of the Red Army. The award was given for leading a successful operation in which the enemy suffered heavy losses. During the Great Patriotic War More than 40 thousand people were awarded the Order. (slide Order of Alexander Nevsky)

The words of the hero are relevant today ... 21st century ... 2011 ...

On the TV screens there was a project “The Name of Russia”, in which His Holiness Patriarch Kirill represented the Right-Believing Prince Alexander Nevsky. He was able to show the scale of the feat and achievements of Alexander Nevsky, for which he was awarded the highest Russian public award - the star of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky "For Labor and Fatherland" At the beginning of the 21st century, when the country is embarking on a path of deep modernization, it becomes very symbolic that the Holy Man became the name of Russia. Saint Alexander Nevsky is the name that will really help our contemporaries change their lives for the better.

Individual task: prepare expressive reading"The Tale of the Shemyakin Court".

Work (independent) by options.

1st option.

1. Name the genres of ancient Russian literature. Define military history.

2. What were the names of the six brave men who “fought hard with him [Alexander]”? With what does the author compare the hearts of the "Alexander's husbands"?

2nd option.

1. Name the genres of ancient Russian literature. Define lives.

2. With what words does Alexander strengthen “the spirit of his squad”? How do you understand them? By what means is the image of the hero created?

How Russian history is reflected in the paintings.

“Find sufficiently precise words-definitions artistic world literature of Ancient Rus' and write them down, correlating them with the studied works (including "The Tale of the Life ... of Alexander Nevsky").