Grisha Dobrosklonov is a key figure in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'". Let me tell you a little about him. Grisha was born into the family of a poor clerk, a lazy and mediocre man. The mother was a type of the same female image, drawn by the author in the chapter "Peasant Woman". Grisha determined his place in life at the age of 15. No wonder, after all, a hungry childhood, hard labor hardening, donated by his father; a strong character, broad soul, inherited from the mother; a sense of collectivism, vitality, incredible perseverance, brought up in the family and the seminary, ultimately resulted in a feeling of deep patriotism, moreover, responsibility for the fate of an entire nation! I hope I have explained the origins of Grisha's character in an accessible way?
And now let's look at the real-biographical factor of Grisha's appearance. Perhaps you already know that Dobrolyubov was the prototype. Like him, Grisha, a fighter for all the humiliated and offended, stood for peasant interests. He had no desire to satisfy prestigious needs (if anyone remembers lectures on social science), i.e. in the foreground, he does not care about personal well-being.
Now we know something about Dobrosklonov. Let's identify some of his personal qualities in order to find out the degree of significance of Grisha as a key figure. To do this, we just need to highlight from the above words that characterize it. Here they are: the ability to compassion, strong convictions, iron will, unpretentiousness, high efficiency, education, excellent mind. Here you and I, imperceptibly for ourselves, approached the meaning of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Look: these qualities are enough to reflect the main idea of the poem. Hence the conclusion is as prosaic as it is laconic: Grisha himself reflects one of the main ideas of the poem. Here is the idea: it is good to live in Rus' only for such fighters for the happiness of the oppressed people. To explain why I am unlikely to succeed is a philosophical question and knowledge of psychology is required. Nevertheless, I will try to give an example: when you save someone's life, you get the feeling that you are strong and kind, a servant of the king, a father to soldiers, ... yes? And then you save the whole people ...
But these are only consequences, and we still have to find out where it started. Let's reason, we know that from childhood Grisha lived among unfortunate, helpless, despised people. What pushed him to such a height that made him sacrifice himself for the sake of the common people, because, frankly, limitless opportunities opened up before a literate and educated, talented young man. By the way, this feeling, quality or sensation, call it what you want, nourished Nekrasov's work, with his submission it was determined main idea poems, patriotism, a sense of responsibility are taken from him. This is the capacity for compassion. The quality that Nekrasov himself possessed and gave him to the key figure of his poem. It is quite natural that patriotism follows this, human from the people, well, a sense of responsibility to the people.
It is very important to determine the era in which the hero appeared. The epoch is the upliftment of the social movement, the many millions of people are rising to the struggle. Look:
“... The army rises innumerable -
her power is invincible…”
The text directly proves that people's happiness is possible only as a result of a nationwide struggle against the oppressors. The main hope of the revolutionary democrats, to which Nekrasov belonged - peasant revolution. And who raises revolutions? - revolutionaries, fighters for the people. For Nekrasov, it was Grisha Dobrosklonov. From this follows the second idea of the poem, or, rather, it has already flowed out, it remains for us to single it out from the general stream of reflections. The people, as a result of the direction of the reforms of Alexander II, remains unhappy, oppressed, but (!) Forces for protest are ripening. The reforms stimulated in him the desire to a better life. Have you noticed the words:
"…Enough! Finished with the last calculation,
Finished sir!
The Russian people gather with strength
And learns to be a citizen! ... "
The form of transmission was songs performed by Grisha. The words just reflected the feelings that the hero is endowed with. We can say that the songs were the crown of the poem because they reflect everything that I was talking about. And in general, they inspire hope that the Motherland will not perish, despite the suffering and troubles that overwhelm it, and the comprehensive revival of Russia, and most importantly, changes in the consciousness of the simple Russian people.
Grisha Dobrosklonov is fundamentally different from other characters in the poem. If the life of the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, Yakim Nagogoy, Saveliy, Yermila Girin and many others is shown in submission to fate and the prevailing circumstances, then Grisha has a completely different attitude to life. The poem shows Grisha's childhood, tells about his father and mother. His life was more than hard, his father was lazy and poor:
Poorer than seedy
the last peasant
Trifon lived.
Two chambers:
One with a smoking stove
The other is a sazhen - summer,
And all here is short-lived;
No cow, no horse
There was a dog Itchy,
There was a cat - and they left.
Such was Grisha's father, he least of all cared about what his wife and children eat.
The deacon boasted of the children,
And what do they eat?
And I forgot to think.
He was always hungry
All spent looking
Where to drink, where to eat.
Grisha's mother died early, she was ruined by constant sorrows and worries about daily bread. The poem contains a song that tells about the fate of this poor woman. The song cannot leave any reader indifferent, because it is evidence of a huge inescapable human grief. The lyrics of the song are very simple, they tell how a child suffering from hunger asks his mother for a piece of bread with salt. But salt is too expensive for poor people to buy. And the mother, in order to feed her son, waters a piece of bread with her tears. Grisha remembered this song from childhood. She made him remember his unfortunate mother, mourn her fate.
And soon in the heart of a boy
With love to the poor mother
Love for all vakhlachin
Merged - and fifteen years
Gregory knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark Good Corner.
Gregory does not agree to submit to fate and lead the same sad and miserable life that is characteristic of most people around him. Grisha chooses a different path for himself, becomes a people's intercessor. He is not afraid that his life will not be easy.
Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.
From childhood, Grisha lived among poor, unfortunate, despised and helpless people. He absorbed all the troubles of the people with his mother's milk, therefore he does not want and cannot live for the sake of his selfish interests. He is very smart and has a strong character. And it leads him to a new road, does not allow him to remain indifferent to national disasters. Grigory's reflections on the fate of the people testify to the liveliest compassion that makes Grisha choose such a difficult path for himself. In the soul of Grisha Dobrosklonov, confidence is gradually growing that his homeland will not perish, despite all the suffering and sorrows that have befallen her lot:
In moments of despondency, O Motherland!
I am thinking ahead.
You are destined to suffer a lot,
But you won't die, I know.
Gregory's reflections, which "were poured out in song," betray in him a very literate and educated person. He is well aware of the political problems of Russia, and the fate of the common people is inseparable from these problems and difficulties. Historically, Russia "was a deeply unhappy country, repressed, slavishly without justice." The shameful seal of serfdom has turned the common people into disenfranchised creatures, and all the problems caused by this cannot be discounted. The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke also had a significant impact on the formation national character. Russian man combines slavish obedience to fate, and this is the main cause of all his troubles.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov is closely connected with the revolutionary democratic ideas that began to appear in society in the middle of the 19th century. Nekrasov created his hero, focusing on the fate of N. A. Dobrolyubov Grigory Dobrosklonov is a type of revolutionary raznochinets. He was born into the family of a poor deacon, from childhood he felt all the disasters that are characteristic of the life of ordinary people. Grigory received an education, and besides, being an intelligent and enthusiastic person, he cannot remain indifferent to the situation in the country. Grigory is well aware that now there is only one way out for Russia - radical changes in the social system. The common people can no longer be the same dumb community of slaves that meekly endures all the antics of their masters:
Enough! Finished with the last calculation,
Done with sir!
The Russian people gather with strength
And learn to be a citizen.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov's poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” inspires hope in the moral and political revival of Rus', in changes in the consciousness of the simple Russian people.
The end of the poem shows that people's happiness is possible. And even if it is still far from the moment when a simple person can call himself happy. But time will pass and everything will change. And far from the last role in this will be played by Grigory Dobrosklonov and his ideas.
Each poet, defining a creative credo for himself, is guided by his own motives. Someone sees the meaning of their creativity in the glorification of their homeland, for someone creativity is an opportunity to express their idea of the world. Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov considered it his duty to serve the people. All his work is imbued with the ideas of protecting the Russian people from the arbitrariness of the authorities. Therefore, he saw the poet primarily as a citizen:
You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen...
In the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" - the main work of his life - centrally becomes the national poet Grisha Dobrosklonov. Nekrasov never finished this poem - an incurable illness prevented him, the symptoms of which he felt in 1876, when the work was in full swing. But the dying poet, during the last months of unbearable torment, still wrote the last songs.
In almost all of Nekrasov's poems, one can see the image of a real citizen, which the poet sought to make an ideal for everyone. honest people Russia. In the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'", the search for this ideal continues throughout the development of the action. The peasants depicted by the poet show themselves as persistent seekers of truth. After all, the plot of the work begins with how “seven temporarily liable ... got together and argued about who lives happily, freely in Rus'”.
Nekrasov did not idealize the peasants, knowing that many were and "last slaves", and lackeys, and born lackeys. In the mass scenes one can hear peasant polyphony: there are drunken voices, and sympathetic exclamations, and well-aimed aphorisms. The poet, who spent time with the peasants from childhood, studied their speech well, which made it possible to make the language of the poem colorful, bright, truly creative.
Gradually, individual heroes stand out from the masses. First, Yakim Nagoi, "drunk", "wretched" who has survived a lot in his lifetime. He is sure that it is impossible for a sober person to live in Rus' - he simply cannot endure overwork. If not for drunkenness, peasant riots would not have been avoided.
Relying on moral ideals people, Nekrasov created images of people from the peasant environment who became fighters for the happiness of the people. And only in the final part of the work - the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" - does the image of a national intellectual appear. This is Grigory Dobrosklonov. The poet did not have time to finish this part of the poem, but the image of the hero still looks holistic.
Grisha comes from the so-called raznochin environment, he is the son of a laborer and a deacon. Only the dedication of his mother and the generosity of the people around him did not allow both Grisha himself and his younger brother Savva "babies in the ground" decay. A half-starved childhood and a harsh youth helped him get closer to the people, determined life path young man, after all, already at the age of fifteen "Gregory already knew for sure" for whom he will die and to whom he will devote his life.
The author first puts “Bitter Songs” into the mouth of the hero, reflecting the bitter time. But already towards the end of the chapter, “Good Songs” begin to sound. The brightest are "Rus" and "Among the world of the valley." The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov embodied the features of many revolutionaries of that time, even the name of the hero is consonant with another famous surname- Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Like the revolutionary democrat, Grisha Dobrosklonov is a fighter for the interests of the peasants, he is ready to go "for the humiliated" and "for the offended" in order to be the first there.
The image of Grisha is realistic, but at the same time generalized, almost conditional. This is an image of youth looking forward, hoping for the best. He is all in the future, so the image of the hero turned out to be indefinite, only outlined. Gregory is not interested in wealth, does not care about his own well-being, he is ready to devote his life to “So that every peasant lives freely and cheerfully in all of Holy Rus'!” That is why fate literary hero predetermined: life is preparing Grisha "Glorious path, loud name of the people's intercessor", but at the same time - "Consumption and Siberia". But the young man is not afraid of the upcoming trials, because he believes in the triumph of the cause, to which he is ready to devote his whole life.
Almost all the contemporaries of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov passed through Siberia, having earned themselves consumption. Only "strong, loving souls", according to the author, embark on a glorious but difficult path of struggle for the happiness of the people. Thus, answering the main question of the poem: “Who is living well in Rus'?” - the author gives an unambiguous answer: to the fighters for the happiness of the people. This idea reveals the whole meaning of the poem.
- Images of landlords in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Rus'"
- The image of Saveliy in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Rus'"
- The image of Matryona in the poem "To whom in Rus' it is good to live"
Dobrosklonov Grisha
TO WHOM IN Rus' LIVE WELL
Poem (1863-1877, unfinished)
Dobrosklonov Grisha is a character who appears in the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World", the epilogue of the poem is entirely devoted to him. "Grigory / His face is thin, pale / And his hair is thin, curly / With a hint of red." He is a seminarian, the son of the parish deacon Tryphon from the village of Bolshie Vahlaki. Their family lives in extreme poverty, only the generosity of Vlas the godfather and other men helped put Grisha and his brother Savva on their feet. Their mother Domna, “an unrequited laborer / For everyone who did something / Helped her on a rainy day”, died early, leaving a terrible “Salty” song as a memory of herself. In D.'s mind, her image is inseparable from the image of her homeland: "In the heart of a boy / With love for a poor mother / Love for all Vakhlachin / Merged." Already at the age of fifteen, he was determined to devote his life to the people. “I don’t need any silver, / No gold, but God forbid, / So that my fellow countrymen / And every peasant / Live freely and cheerfully / In all holy Rus'!” He is going to Moscow to study, but in the meantime, together with his brother, they help the peasants to the best of their ability: they write letters for them, explain the “Regulations on peasants emerging from serfdom”, work and rest “on a par with the peasantry”. Observations on the life of the surrounding poor, reflections on the fate of Russia and its people are clothed in poetic form, the songs of D. are known and loved by the peasants. With his appearance in the poem, the lyrical beginning intensifies, the direct author's assessment intrudes into the narrative. D. is marked with the "seal of the gift of God"; a revolutionary propagandist from among the people, he should, according to Nekrasov, serve as an example for the progressive intelligentsia. In his mouth, the author puts his convictions, his own response to social and moral questions set in the poem. The image of the hero gives the poem compositional completeness. The real prototype could be N. A. Dobrolyubov.
All characteristics in alphabetical order:
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The very appearance of Grisha as actor serves in the general concept of the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" as a guarantee of growth and the coming victory of new beginnings. The final chapter of the poem good time — good songs”is completely related to his image. The people go home. A good time in his life has not yet come, he still does not sing cheerful songs,
Another end to suffering
Far from the people
The sun is still far away
but the presentiment of this liberation permeates the chapter, giving it a cheerful, joyful tone. It is no coincidence that the action unfolds against the background of a morning landscape, a picture of the sun rising over the expanse of the Volga meadows.
In the proofreading of “Feast ...”, donated by Nekrasov to A.F. Koni, the final chapter had the heading: “Epilogue. Grisha Dobrosklonov. It is very important that Nekrasov considered the final chapter of the plot-incomplete poem as an epilogue, as a logical conclusion to its main ideological and semantic lines, moreover, he connected the possibility of this completion with the figure of Grigory Dobrosklonov.
Introducing the image of the young man Grisha Dobrosklonov into the final chapter of the poem, the author gave an answer to the question, borne by thoughts and experience of a lifetime, in the name of what a person should live and what is his highest purpose and happiness. Thus, the ethical problematic “Who should live well in Rus'” was completed. In the dying lyrical cycle "Last Songs", which was created simultaneously with the chapter " A Feast for the Whole World", Nekrasov expresses an unshakable conviction that the highest content human life is altruistic service to the "great purposes of the age":
Who, serving the great purposes of the age,
He gives his whole life
To fight for the brother of man
Only he will outlive himself ... ("Zine")
According to Nekrasov's plan, Grisha Dobrosklonov also belongs to this type of people who completely give their lives to the struggle "for the brother of man". For him there is no greater happiness than serving the people:
The share of the people
his happiness,
Light and freedom
First of all!
He lives for the sake of his countrymen
And every peasant
Lived freely and cheerfully
All over holy Rus'!
Like the hero of the poem "In Memory of Dobrolyubov", Nekrasov refers Grisha to that type of "special", "marked / by the Seal of the gift of God" people, without whom "the field of life would have died out." This comparison is not accidental. It is well known that, creating the image of Dobrosklonov, Nekrasov gave the hero certain features of resemblance to Dobrolyubov, a man who knew how to find happiness in the struggle for the "great goals of the century." But, as mentioned above, in drawing the moral and psychological image of Dobrosklonov, Nekrasov relied not only on memories of the great sixties, but also on the facts that the practice of the revolutionary populist movement of the 70s gave him.
In the planned artistic image young man Grigory Dobrosklonov was a poet and wanted to embody the features of the spiritual image of the revolutionary youth of that time. After all, this is about them in the poem of the line:
Rus' has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of the gift of God,
On honest paths.
After all, “fate” did not prepare for them, but prepared (as in the past for Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky) “consumption and Siberia”. Nekrasov and Grisha Dobrosklonova equate these people, marked with the "seal of God's gift": "No matter how dark the vakhlachina," but she
Blessed, put
In Grigory Dobrosklonov
Such a messenger.
And apparently, at a certain stage of work on the "Epilogue" Nekrasov wrote the famous quatrain about the future of the hero:
Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.
We must not forget about the lyrical basis of the image of Grisha. Nekrasov perceived the struggle for "the share of the people, / his happiness" as his personal, vital matter. And in a painful time
illness, mercilessly punishing himself for insufficient practical participation in this struggle (“Songs prevented me from being a fighter ...”), the poet, however, found support and consolation in the consciousness that his poetry, his “Muse, excised with a whip” helps the movement towards victory. It is no coincidence that the author of “To whom in Rus' ...” made Grisha a poet. In the image of the young hero of the poem, he put the best part of himself, in his heart - his feelings, in his mouth - his songs. This lyrical fusion of the author's personality with the image of a young poet is especially well revealed in the draft manuscripts of the chapter.
Reading the "Epilogue", we sometimes no longer distinguish where Grisha is, and where the author-narrator, the great folk poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Let's try to separate Grisha from Nekrasov, the result from the intention, and, using only the text of the poem (including draft versions), take a closer look at how the seventeen-year-old seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, the seventeen-year-old seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, appears on the pages of the "Epilogue" of the poem. Nekrasov said that the "originality" of his poetic work lies in "reality", reliance on the facts of reality. And we remember that the poet brought many plots from his hunting trips to the outback of Russia. In 1876, Nekrasov no longer went hunting, did not talk around the fire with the surrounding peasants, but even bedridden, he still sought to "keep in touch" with the world, rely on some real facts.
After talking with the Vakhlaks, Grisha goes “to the fields and meadows” for the rest of the night and, being in an elevated state of mind, composes poems and songs. I saw a walking barge hauler and composed the poem "Barge hauler", in which he sincerely wishes this worker returning home: "God forbid to reach and rest!" It’s more difficult with the “song” “In moments of despondency, O motherland!”, which is a lengthy reflection on the historical fate of Russia from ancient times to the present, written in the traditions of the civil lyrics of the Nekrasov era and would sound quite natural in Nekrasov’s collection of poems. But the image of the seventeen-year-old Grisha, who grew up in the village of Bolshie Vakhlaki, does not fit in with the archaic civil vocabulary of the verse (“companion of the days of a Slav”, “Russian maiden”, “draw to shame”). And if N. A. Nekrasov, as a result of his life and creative way came to the conclusion that
The Russian people gather with strength
And learn to be a citizen
then Grisha Dobrosklonov, fed by the dark vakhlachina, could not have known this. And the key to understanding the essence of the image of Grisha is the song that the seminarian brothers Grisha and Savva sing, leaving the Vahlatsky “feast”:
The share of the people
his happiness,
Light and freedom
First of all!
We are a little
We ask God:
honest deal
do skillfully
Give us strength!
What kind of “honest cause” do young seminarians pray to God for? The word "deed" in those days had a revolutionary connotation. So, is Grisha (and Savva too) rushing into the ranks of the revolutionary fighters? But here the word "business" is placed next to the words "working life." Or maybe Grisha, who in the future "rushes" to Moscow, "to the New World", dreams of becoming a "sower of knowledge for the people's field", "sowing the reasonable, good, eternal" and asks God for help in this honest and difficult task? What is more associated with Grisha's dream of an "honest cause", the punishing sword of the "demon of rage" or the invocative song of the "angel of mercy"?
A. I. Gruzdev, in the process of preparing the 5th volume of Nekrasov’s academic edition, carefully studied the manuscripts and all materials related to the “Feast ...”, came to the conclusion that, by drawing the image of Grisha, Nekrasov more and more freed him from the halo of revolutionism and sacrifice: the quatrain about consumption and Siberia has been crossed out, instead of “To whom he will give his whole life / And for whom he will die”, the line “What will live for happiness ...” appeared.
So the “honest cause”, to which Grigory Dobrosklonov dreams of devoting his life, is increasingly becoming a synonym for “selfless work for the enlightenment and welfare of the people.”
So, happy man is depicted in the poem, although the truth-seekers are not allowed to know this. Grisha is happy, happy with the dream that with his life and work he will make at least some contribution to the cause of "the embodiment of the happiness of the people." It seems that the text of the chapter does not provide sufficient grounds for interpreting the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov as the image of a young revolutionary, which has become almost trivial in non-beautiful studies. But the point, apparently, is that in the mind of the reader this image somehow doubles, because there is a certain gap between the character Grisha - a guy from the village of "Big Vakhlaki" (a young seminarian with poetic soul and a sensitive heart) and several authorial declarations, in which he is equated with the category of "special people", marked with the "seal of the gift of God", people who "fall like a falling star" sweep across the horizon of Russian life. These declarations, apparently, come from the original intention of the poet to paint the image of a revolutionary who emerged from the bowels of the people, an intention from which Nekrasov gradually departed.
One way or another, but the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov somehow falls out of his contours and incorporeality from figurative system epics, where every, even casually flashed figure is visible and tangible. The epic underdrawing of Grisha's image cannot be explained by referring to the ferocity of censorship. There are immutable laws of realistic creativity, from which even Nekrasov could not be free. He, as we remember, gave great importance the image of Dobrosklonov, but when working on it, the poet lacked "reality", direct life impressions for the artistic realization of his plan. Just as seven peasants were not allowed to know about Grisha’s happiness, so Nekrasov was not given the reality of the 70s of the “building material” for creating a full-fledged realistic image of the “protector of the people”, who emerged from the depths of the people's sea.
"Epilogue. Grisha Dobrosklonov,” wrote Nekrasov. And although Nekrasov connected the “Epilogue” with Grisha, we allow ourselves, having separated Nekrasov from Grisha, the epilogue, the result of the whole epic “Who should live well in Rus'” with the voice of the poet himself, who said the last word to his contemporaries. It seems strange that the epic poem has a lyrical finale, two confessional songs of a dying poet: "Among the world of the valley ..." and "Rus". But with these songs, Nekrasov himself, not hiding behind the heroes created by his pen, seeks to answer two questions that permeate the poem from beginning to end: about understanding happiness by a human person and about the paths to people's happiness.
Only a highly civic, not a consumerist attitude to life can give a person a sense of happiness. It seems that Nekrasov's call to the democratic intelligentsia played a role in shaping its civic consciousness.
