There are a lot of classifications of mental illnesses, almost every psychiatric school, every country uses its own ways of dividing mental illnesses. At the same time, according to A.V. Snezhnevsky (1983), all existing classification systems include three main groups of mental pathology:
1) a group of endogenous diseases originating from internal causes (most often hereditary): schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, etc.;
Many reviews confirm that psychotic depression has a more severe pathophysiology and uses the same treatments as for non-psychotic depression, even at much higher doses, is not adequate. Their remission rate was 95% compared to 83% for non-psychotic depression, with the reaction rate being faster in patients with depression.
pseudodementia
Because the depressed patient ignores daily events, little happens to him and memory is compromised. The condition is difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's dementia. It should be considered in any patient with a rapid onset of severe dementia, especially if the patient has had prior depressive episodes.
2) a group of exogenous diseases, external “hazards” are involved in their occurrence: intoxication, infections, injuries, somatic diseases;
3) a group of mental disorders caused by developmental disorders of the psyche: mental retardation, personality disorders.
The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to achieve uniformity in diagnostics and statistics mental disorders in different countries of the world, therefore, from time to time, its experts propose such classifications of mental disorders that could be applied in most states. Since 1997, the “Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders” of the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision (ICD-10) has been introduced in Russia instead of the systematics of ICD-9 that have been in force in our country since the early 80s.
Since the syndrome is not known, patients are often sent to nursing care. An example is reported of a 58-year-old woman who developed reversible dementia and did not receive adequate treatment for 8 years. Treatment with antidepressants relieved the syndrome and returned the patient to a more normal family life.
When the patient is mute, sitting motionless in a chair or lying motionless on his bed and not responding to questions and commands, it seems as if in a daze, the condition is catatonia or depressive stupor. A mood disorder dominated by grandiosity, expansiveness, increased energy, and excitement may last for hours, days, or weeks. The disorder alternates or is combined with depression. When the switch between mania and depression occurs over the course of one or more days, the experience is referred to as rapid cycling, a malignant form of the illness.
The main principles of the modern classification of mental disorders are divided into the following diagnostic headings:
F0 - organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders;
F1 - mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances;
F2 - schizophrenia, schizothymic and delusional disorders;
Bipolar disorder is a label applied to both mania and mixed forms of the illness. Disturbances in eating and sleeping, thinking, memory and movement are features of mania. Patients do not sleep, eat poorly, lose weight and have poor concentration of thoughts. Memory is impaired, often severely, and patients may appear crazy and delusional. There are variations of melancholia, psychosis, pseudodepression and catatonia.
Disgusting mania is a striking form. Otherwise, a normal person becomes agitated, restless, sleeps poorly and is afraid of being followed. He hides in the house, dresses unobtrusively and wanders the streets. Confusion, mutism, posturing and repetitive movements ensue, as well as physical exhaustion to the point of death.
F3 - affective mood disorders;
F4 - neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders;
F6 - disorders of mature personality and behavior in adults;
F7 - mental retardation.
There are also other headings in this classification, which, like heading 5, have no forensic psychiatric significance.
28. The main types of mental processes. Psychopathological symptoms, their grouping and features
2.1. Symptoms of mental disorders
With the help of mental processes in our minds, the existing objective reality is displayed independently of us and outside of us - everything around us and ourselves as part of this reality. Thanks to mental processes, we cognize the world: with the help of the senses in the act of perception, we reflect objects and phenomena in our minds; with the help of the process of thinking, we learn the connections between objects and phenomena, real-life patterns; memory processes are aimed at fixing this information, contributing to the further development of cognition. Thus, perception, thinking and memory constitute the process of cognition. However, mental activity is not limited to the knowledge of the world. Part of the mental act is our attitude to the outside world and to everything that happens in it - emotions. Mental phenomena include volitional processes: attention, desires, drives, facial expressions, pantomime, individual actions and holistic human behavior.
Effective doses were high, resulting in sudden death, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and tardive dystonia. Then lithium was administered, followed by the use of anticonvulsants. Despite these factors, many patients refuse medication.
Catatonia is a motor syndrome associated with thought and mood disorders. Characteristic features are muscle stiffness, posture, negativism, mutism, echolalia, echopraxia, and stereotypical mannerisms. Catatonia is recognized in patients with depression and mania, in patients with systemic disorders, and in poisonous brain states caused by hallucinogenic drugs.
Thus, the main types of mental processes that together make up the normal functioning of the human psyche are: perception, thinking, memory, emotions, volitional processes.
Features of the course of mental processes, their strength, balance, mobility, orientation are purely individual, determined by the biological properties of each person and his social experience. The ratio of biological and social in a person is a single, unique personality. Personality is determined by its properties such as character, temperament, abilities, attitudes.
For decades, the prevailing belief was that every case of catatonia represented schizophrenia. Catatonia is defined as the persistence of two or more characteristic motor signs for more than 24 hours in a patient with a psychiatric disorder. While postures and observation can be observed, most symptoms appear in the studies described in the Catatonia Rating Scales. Intravenous challenge with lorazepam or amobarbital verifies the diagnosis in more than two-thirds of patients; a positive test response predicts well for high-dose benzodiazepine therapy.
Normally, in a mentally healthy person, all mental processes are harmoniously connected, adequate to the environment and correctly reflect what is happening around. With mental illness, this harmony is disturbed, individual mental acts suffer, or the pathological process covers all mental activity in a generalized way; the most severe mental illnesses affect the personality of a person, affect his human essence.
Catatonia may be temporary or may persist for months or years. It is caused by all antipsychotics, most commonly with highly active agents such as haloperidol, fluphenazine, and thiothixene, but also with atypical antipsychotics. Delusions are a feature of many psychiatric conditions, especially psychotic depression, postpartum depression, toxic psychosis, and delusional mania. Despite the effectiveness of antipsychotic agents, including clozapine, a cadre of patients with drug resistance has developed.
mental illness- the result of complex and diverse violations of the activity of various systems of the human body with a primary lesion of the brain.
The most important information for the recognition of mental illness can be obtained by identifying, recording and analyzing the clinical signs of a mental disorder - symptoms. Symptoms are derivatives of the disease, part of it. They are generated by the same causes as the disease in general. Therefore, with their characteristics, the symptoms reflect both the general properties of the disease itself and its individual qualities.
Very ill psychotic patients develop disturbances of consciousness and appear confused. Delirium is common in drug-induced toxic conditions, or secondary to drug elimination, or associated with systemic disease. Delirium is a feature of acute manic states.
Psychopathy is not a diagnosis in current psychiatric classification systems. This is a subtype of antisocial personality characterized by persistent, violent, offensive stories, lack of emotional warmth or empathy for others, and a deceptive and predatory attitude towards others. Such men and women are a minority even in criminal groups, and psychiatrists in general psychiatric practice are unlikely to notice them. It is wrong to call any criminal a "psychopath"; technically, only those who rate highly specific assessment measures, such as the Psychopathy Checklist, can be called that.
The history of the development of the disease, not only in the past, but also in the future, is created by the dynamics of symptoms. Based on knowledge of the patterns of symptom formation, their content, combinations, sensitivity to therapeutic effects, one can not only successfully diagnose a mental illness, but also judge the trends in its further course and outcome. Symptoms can only be considered in combination with other symptoms associated with them signs of the disease.
However, these measures have only been validated by specific populations and there are problems, ethical and otherwise, with their use. The general use of the term by professionals should be discouraged as it adds little to clinical discourse and is really only relevant to risk assessment in forensic settings.
Treatment in these hospitals focused on the use of "moral cures", as opposed to the more harsh methods used in medieval asylums. The need to identify more successful treatments for people with mental disorders has led to the need to classify these disorders as well. The first recognized attempt to classify mental health disorders came from the French psychiatrist Jean-Étienne-Dominique Esquirol and was called On Mental Illnesses.
The diagnostic significance of a symptom is determined by the degree of its specificity. Attention exhaustion, insomnia, irritability, headache can be symptoms of both a mental illness and severe somatic, neurological diseases. Hallucinations are characteristic of a limited number of mental illnesses.
Krapelin identified two main forms of mental illness: praecox dementia and manic-depressive disorder. Later, the Krapelin classification system became the basis for the modern Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
The government decided that it needed to collect data on the prevalence of mental illness. The extended categories led to confusion about mental illness diagnoses and led to problems with uncertainty when trying to formally identify these diagnostic categories.
The same psychopathological symptoms look different in different diseases, because there are differences in pathogenesis. At the same time, united by the unity of origin, all the symptoms of the same disease have common features.
A nosological diagnosis is a set of clinical syndromes characteristic of a certain category of diseases. Sometimes the diagnosis also includes etiological signs: for example, vascular dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder. But often the diagnosis does not reflect the cause of the disease, especially since there may be several such causes. For example, the consequences of an organic lesion of the central nervous system may be due to traumatic brain injury, hypertension, or a combination thereof.
The occurrence, course and outcome of the disease largely depend on the impact of external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous) factors. The significance of endogenous and exogenous factors for individual mental illnesses is different, which served as the basis for dividing all diseases into two large groups - exogenous and endogenous. Exogenous include disorders caused by psychogenic factors, somatic diseases, exogenous organic damage to the brain (vascular, infectious, traumatic).
To endogenous - schizophrenia, affective disorders, mental retardation.
There is a second way of dividing mental illnesses, taking into account their etiology. According to this classification, organic diseases are distinguished, in which a pathological change in the structure of the brain occurs; and functional, the anatomical and physiological basis of which has not been established.
Organic diseases include mental disorders associated with cerebral vascular disorders, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, in which the brain tissue itself atrophies, mental disorders resulting from somatic diseases or intoxications, such as psychosis in typhoid fever, alcoholic delirium.
Functional mental illnesses are neurosis, personality disorders, mood disorders, this group of diseases also includes schizophrenia, functional senile psychoses.
The main categories into which all mental disorders are divided in accordance with their clinical manifestations are psychoses and neuroses, or, more precisely, mental disorders of a neurotic (non-psychotic) level.
It is customary to refer to psychosis as states in which there are pronounced thought disorders, altered perception, delusions, hallucinations, severe arousal or severe psychomotor retardation, catatonic disorders, and inappropriate behavior. At the same time, the patient cannot distinguish his painful experiences from reality.
The terms neurosis, neurotic level refer to disorders of mental activity, characterized by symptoms that are closer to normal sensations and states.
The terminology used to refer to the various syndromes and nosological entities is organized into classifications. The classifications used in psychiatry are constantly subject to critical rethinking and change. At different stages of the development of psychiatry, the corresponding classifications reflected knowledge about the causes of mental illness and their clinical manifestations. Throughout the history of psychiatry, many classifications of mental illness have been proposed. Each country created and used its own national classifications. But in order to achieve consistency in establishing the diagnosis of a mental illness, both between specialists from different medical institutions in one country and between foreign colleagues, a single classification is necessary. For this purpose, international studies were carried out to compare the diagnostic criteria adopted in various countries by national and various psychiatric schools.
Currently, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 is adopted and used in most countries. It offers a description of clinical signs for each nosological form or disorder, which determines the number and ratio of symptoms necessary for a reliable diagnosis.
The ICD-10 does not use the traditional differentiation between neuroses and psychoses that has been adopted in other classifications. Nevertheless, the term "psychotic disorders" has been retained as a convenient way to describe a mental state. The term "neurotic" is retained in individual cases and is used, for example, in the name of a large group of disorders F40-F48 "Neurotic stress-related and somatoform disorders". Most of the disorders considered neuroses by those who use this term are mentioned in this section, with the exception of depressive neurosis and some other neurotic disorders classified in subsequent sections.
"ICD-10" covers 458 categories of mental disorders, which are grouped into 10 main groups and coded according to an alphanumeric scheme. Below are the main groups and the most common mental disorders in each of them. The clinical characteristics of the most important of the nosological forms will be covered in detail in the next section of the manual; many mental disorders are not included in the curriculum - only the names of the classification rubrics are given for them. For selected psychiatric disorders that are not studied in detail but are of interest to social worker or a social educator, a brief diagnostic description is given.
F00-F09 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders
This section includes a group of psychiatric disorders that share the same etiology of cerebral disease, brain injuries or other damage leading to cerebral dysfunction and mental disorders. These mental disorders include:
F00 Dementia in Alzheimer's disease
F01 Vascular dementia
F02 Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere.
F03 Dementia, unspecified
F04 Organic amnestic syndrome not caused by alcohol or other psychoactive substances
F05 Delirium not caused by alcohol or other psychoactive substances
F06 Other mental disorders due to damage and dysfunction of the brain or physical illness
F07 Personality and behavioral disorders due to disease, damage or dysfunction of the brain
F09 Organic or symptomatic mental disorder, unspecified
F1 Mental and behavioral disorders associated with (caused by) substance use
This section includes a wide variety of disorders that range in severity (from uncomplicated drunkenness to severe psychotic disorders and dementia), but all of which can be explained by the use of one or more psychoactive or narcotic substances, which may or may not be prescribed by a doctor.
F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
Schizophrenia is the most common and important disorder in this group. The classification presents its main forms and types of flow. Schizotypal disorders have many characteristic features schizophrenic disorders and appear to be genetically related to them. However, they do not detect hallucinatory and delusional symptoms, gross behavioral disorders characteristic of schizophrenia. This group also includes delusional disorders, the nature of which is unclear.
F20 Schizophrenia
F20.0 Paranoid schizophrenia
F20.1 Hebephrenic (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
F20.2 Catatonic schizophrenia
F20.3 Undifferentiated schizophrenia
F20.4 Post-schizophrenic depression
F20.5 Residual schizophrenia
F20.6 Simple type of schizophrenia
F20.8 Other type of schizophrenia
The types of course of schizophrenic disorders are classified by using the following fifth sign:
F20.x0 continuous
F20.xl episodic with progressive defect
F20.x2 episodic with stable defect
F20.x3 episodic remitting (recurrent)
F20.x7 other
F20.x9 observation period less than a year
The condition or absence during observation of the patient in remission and its type is classified by using the following sixth character:
F20.xx4 incomplete remission
F20.xx5 complete remission
F20.xx6 no remission
F20.xx8 other type of remission
F20.xx9 remission NOS
F21 Schizotypal disorder
F22 Chronic delusional disorders
F23 Acute and transient psychotic disorders, unspecified
F24 Induced delusional disorder
F25 Schizoaffective disorders
F28 Other nonorganic psychotic disorders
F29 Nonorganic psychosis, unspecified
F3 Mood disorders (affective disorders)
These are disorders in which the main disturbance is a change in affect or mood and various other symptoms. Most of these disorders tend to recur and the onset of individual episodes is often associated with stressful events or situations. This section includes mood disorders in all age groups, including childhood and adolescence.
F30 Manic Episode
F31 Bipolar affective disorder
F32 Depressive episode
F33 Recurrent depressive disorder
F34 Persistent (chronic) mood disorders (affective disorders)
F34.0 Cyclothymia
F34.1 Dysthymia
F38 Other mood disorders (affective disorders)
F4 Neurotic stress-related and somatoform disorders
Neurotic stress-related and somatoform disorders are combined into one large group due to their historical connection with the scientific concept of neurosis and the conditionality of these disorders by psychological causes - psychogenies, which can also be a severe somatic disease.
F40 Phobic anxiety disorders
F40.0 Agoraphobia
F40.1 Social phobias
F40.2 Specific (isolated) phobias
F40.8 Other phobic anxiety disorders
F40.9 Phobic anxiety disorder, unspecified
F41 Other anxiety disorders
F41.0 panic disorder(episodic paroxysmal anxiety)
F41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder
F41.2 Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder
F41.3 Other mixed anxiety disorders
F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
F43 Severe stress response and adjustment disorders
F43.0 Acute stress reaction
F43.1 Post-traumatic stress disorder
F43.2 Adjustment disorder
F43.8 Other reactions to severe stress
F43.9 Severe stress response, unspecified
F44 Dissociative (conversion) disorders
F45 Somatoform disorders
F48 Other neurotic disorders
F5 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disorders and physical factors
F50 Eating disorders
F50.0 Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by loss of appetite and intentional weight loss by the patient himself. Weight loss is achieved by avoiding fattening foods, vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, appetite suppressants, and/or diuretics. The perception of one's figure and body weight is distorted, and the fear of obesity is in the nature of an obsessive and / or overvalued idea. Most often, the disorder occurs in adolescent girls and young women, and boys, young men, as well as children approaching puberty, and older women up to menopause can get sick less often. With repeated vomiting, electrolyte disturbances, physical complications (tetany, epileptic seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness) and further very significant weight loss are possible. The desire to lose weight can lead to dystrophy and death.
F50.2 Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent bouts of binge eating and an excessive preoccupation with controlling body weight, which leads the patient to take extreme measures to mitigate the “fattening” effect of food eaten. The distribution by age and sex is similar to that of anorexia nervosa, but the age of manifestation of the disorder is slightly higher. Bulimia nervosa can be seen as a continuation of chronic anorexia nervosa (although the reverse sequence may also occur).
F51 Sleep disorders of non-organic etiology
F51.0 Insomnia of non-organic etiology
F51.1 Drowsiness (hypersomnia) of non-organic etiology
F51.2 Sleep-wake disorder of non-organic etiology
F51.3 Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
F51.5 Nightmares
F52 Sexual disorders (dysfunctions) not due to organic disorders or diseases
F53 Mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium
F55 Abuse of non-addictive substances
This can include a wide variety of drugs and folk remedies treatment, but three particularly important groups can be distinguished: non-addictive drugs such as antidepressants, laxatives and analgesics.
F6 Personality and behavioral disorders in adulthood
The section includes a number of clinically significant conditions of behavioral types that tend to persist and are an expression of the characteristics of the individual's lifestyle and way of relating to himself and others. Some of these states and behaviors appear early in the process of individual development as a result of the influence of constitutional factors and social experience, while others are acquired later. It is necessary to distinguish personality disorders from secondary psychopathic syndromes that occur as a result of various mental illnesses, such as chronic alcoholism, traumatic brain injury, and schizophrenia.
In personality disorders, a violation of mental activity is expressed in disharmony, imbalance, instability, weakness of various mental processes, disproportionate reaction to the force of influence. States included in this group, cover deeply rooted and permanent patterns of behavior, are manifested by rigid responses to a wide range of personal and social situations. They represent either excessive or significant deviations from the way of life of an ordinary, "average" individual with the characteristics of perception, thinking, feeling, and especially interpersonal relations characteristic of him in a given culture. Such patterns of behavior tend to be stable and involve many areas of behavior and psychological functioning. They are often, but not always, associated with varying degrees of subjective distress and impaired social functioning and productivity.
F60.0x Paranoid (paranoid) personality disorder
F60.1x Schizoid personality disorder
F60.2x Dissocial personality disorder
F60.3x Emotionally unstable personality disorder
F60.4x Histrionic personality disorder
P60.5xAnancastic personality disorder
F60.6x Anxious personality disorder
F60.7x Dependent personality type disorder
F60.8x Other specific personality disorders
F63 Disorders of habits and inclinations
F63.0 Pathological gambling
F63.1 Pathological desire for arson (pyromania)
F63.2 Pathological desire to steal (kleptomania)
F63.3 Trichotillomania (obsessive desire to pull out hair, eyebrows, eyelashes)
F63.8 Other disorders of habits and drives
F64 Gender identity disorders
F65 Disorders of sexual preference
F66 Psychological and behavioral disorders associated with sexual (psychosexual) development and gender orientation
F70-F79 Mental retardation
Mental retardation is a state of delayed or incomplete development of the psyche, which is primarily characterized by impaired abilities that appear during maturation and provide a general level of intelligence, i.e. cognitive, speech, motor and social abilities. Retardation can develop with or without any other mental or physical disorder. Associated mental or physical disorders have a great influence on the clinical picture and the use of available skills.
The diagnostic category should be based on an assessment of the level of intellectual functioning and general abilities, and not on an assessment of any particular area or one type of skill.
F70 Mild mental retardation
F71 Moderate mental retardation
F72 Severe mental retardation
F73 Profound mental retardation
F78 Other forms of mental retardation
F79 Mental retardation, unspecified
F80 - F89 Disorders of psychological (mental) development
The disorders included in F80-F89 have the following features:
a) the onset is necessarily in infancy or childhood;
b) damage or delay in the development of functions closely related to the biological maturation of the central nervous system;
c) a constant course, without remissions or relapses, characteristic of many mental disorders.
In most cases, the functions affected include speech, visuospatial skills, and/or motor coordination. A characteristic feature of the damage is that it tends to decrease progressively as children get older (although milder failure often persists into adulthood). Typically, developmental delay or damage appears as early as it could be detected, with no preceding period of normal development. Most of these conditions are observed in boys several times more often than in girls.
Developmental disorders are characterized by a hereditary burden of similar or related disorders, and there is evidence suggesting an important role of genetic factors in the etiology of many (but not all) cases. Environmental factors often influence impaired developmental functions, but in most cases they are not of paramount importance.
F80 Specific developmental disorders of speech and language
These are disorders in which normal speech development is disrupted in the early stages. The condition cannot be explained by a neurological or speech mechanism of pathology, sensory damage, mental retardation or environmental factors. The child may be more able to communicate or understand in certain well-known situations than others, but language ability is always impaired.
F81.0 Specific reading disorder
The main feature is a specific and significant impairment in the development of reading skills that cannot be explained solely by mental development, age, visual impairment problems, or inadequate schooling.
F82 Specific developmental disorders of motor function
The main feature of this disorder is a severe impairment in the development of motor coordination, which cannot be explained by general intellectual retardation or by any specific congenital or acquired neurological disorder. Motor clumsiness is typically associated with some degree of impairment in visuo-spatial performance.
F84 General disorders of psychological (mental) development
A group of disorders characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social interaction and communication and a limited, stereotyped, repetitive set of interests and activities. These qualitative disturbances are common features of individual functioning in all situations, although they may vary in degree. In most cases, development is disturbed from infancy and, with few exceptions, manifests itself in the first 5 years. Often there is some degree of cognitive impairment.
F84.0 Childhood autism
General developmental disorder. It manifests itself before the age of 3 years with abnormal functioning in various areas of social life, communication and limited, repetitive behavior. In boys, the disorder develops 3-4 times more often than in girls.
F90-F98 Emotional and behavioral disorders with onset usually in childhood and adolescence
F90 Hyperkinetic disorders
This group of disorders is characterized by: early onset; a combination of overly active, poorly modulated behavior with marked inattention and lack of perseverance in completing tasks; the fact that these behavioral characteristics appear in all situations and show constancy over time.
Hyperkinetic syndromes always occur early in development (usually in the first 5 years of life). Boys are several times more common than girls. Their main characteristics are a lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive effort and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any of them, along with poorly organized, poorly regulated and excessive activity. These deficiencies usually persist during the school years and even into adulthood, but many patients experience a gradual improvement in activity and attention.
Several other disorders may be associated with these disorders. Hyperkinetic children are often reckless and impulsive, prone to accidents and disciplined for thoughtless rather than outright disturbing rules. Their relationships with adults are often socially disinhibited, lacking normal caution and restraint; other children do not like them, so hyperkinetic children may be isolated. Cognitive impairment is common, and specific delays in motor and speech development are disproportionately common. Associated reading difficulties (and/or other school problems) are common.
F91 Conduct disorders
Conduct disorders are characterized by a persistent type of dissocial, aggressive, or defiant behavior. Such behavior, in its most extreme degree, amounts to a marked violation of age-appropriate social norms and is therefore more severe than ordinary childish malice or adolescent rebelliousness. Isolated dissocial or criminal acts are not in themselves grounds for a diagnosis of a permanent pattern of behavior. Signs of conduct disorder may also be symptoms of other psychiatric conditions for which the underlying diagnosis should be coded.
In some cases, behavioral disturbances may develop into antisocial personality disorder (F60.2x). Conduct disorder is often associated with an unfavorable psychosocial environment, including unsatisfactory family relationships and school failures; it is more common in boys.
F91.2 Socialized conduct disorder
This category applies to conduct disorders involving persistent dissocial or aggressive behavior (meeting the general criteria of F91 and not limited to oppositional, defiant behavior) and occurring in children who are usually well integrated in a peer group. The following types of conduct disorder are distinguished:
group conduct disorder;
group delinquency;
gang offenses;
stealing in company with others;
leaving school (at home) and vagrancy in the group;
syndrome of increased affective excitability, group type;
skipping school, absenteeism.
F92.0 Depressive conduct disorder
This category requires a combination of childhood conduct disorder (F91.x) with persistent severe depression, manifested by symptoms such as excessive suffering, loss of interest and pleasure in ordinary activities, self-blame and hopelessness. Sleep or appetite disturbances may also occur.
F93 Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood
This group includes disorders that are often observed in children and adolescents, but are reduced and usually completely disappear in adults:
F93.0 Separation anxiety disorder in children
F93.1 Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood
F93.2 Social anxiety disorder of childhood
F95 Tiki
F98.0 Inorganic enuresis
F98.5 Stuttering (stammering)
Question for self-control
What are the main qualification groups according to the "International Classification of Diseases-10".
