Frame from the film "Doctor Zhivago" (2005)
When Yurin's uncle Nikolai Nikolayevich moved to Petersburg, other relatives, Gromeko, took care of him, left an orphan at the age of ten, in whose house they visited Sivtsev Vrazhka interesting people, and where the atmosphere of a professorial family was quite conducive to the development of Yuri's talents.
The daughter of Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna (nee Kruger) Tonya was a good friend to him, and a classmate at the gymnasium Misha Gordon was a close friend, so he did not suffer from loneliness.
Once, during a home concert, Alexander Alexandrovich had to accompany one of the invited musicians on an urgent call to the rooms where his good friend Amalia Karlovna Guichard had just tried to commit suicide. The professor yielded to the request of Yura and Misha and took them with him.
While the boys stood in the hallway and listened to the complaints of the victim that she was driven to such a step by terrible suspicions, which fortunately turned out to be only the fruit of her frustrated imagination, a middle-aged man came out from behind the partition into the next room, waking up the girl sleeping in the armchair.
At the looks of the man, she answered with a wink of an accomplice, pleased that everything worked out and their secret was not revealed. There was something frighteningly magical about this silent communication, as if he were a puppeteer and she a puppet. Yura's heart sank from the contemplation of this enslavement. On the street, Misha told a friend that he had met this man. A few years ago, he and dad rode with him on the train, and he soldered Yuri's father on the road, who then rushed off the platform onto the rails.
The girl Yura saw turned out to be the daughter of Madame Guichard. Larisa was a high school student. At sixteen, she looked eighteen years old and was somewhat burdened by the position of a child - the same as her friends. This feeling intensified when she succumbed to the courtship of Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky, whose role under her mother was not limited to the role of an adviser in business and a friend at home. He became her nightmare, he enslaved her.
A few years later, already a medical student, Yuri Zhivago met Lara again under unusual circumstances.
Together with Tonya Gromeko, on the eve of Christmas, they went to the Christmas tree to Sventitsky along Kamergersky Lane. Recently, Anna Ivanovna, who was seriously ill for a long time, joined their hands, saying that they were made for each other. Tonya really was a close and understanding person. And at that moment, she caught his mood and did not interfere with admiring the frosty, glowing windows from the inside, in one of which Yuri noticed a black thaw patch, through which the candle fire was visible, turned to the street with an almost conscious look. At that moment, the lines of poems that had not yet taken shape were born: “The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning ...”
He did not even suspect that outside the window Lara Guichard was saying at that moment to Pasha Antipov, who had not hidden his adoration since childhood, that if he loves her and wants to keep her from death, they should immediately get married. After that, Lara went to the Sventitskys, where Yura and Tonya were having fun in the hall, and where Komarovsky was sitting at the cards. At about two o'clock in the morning, a shot suddenly rang out in the house. Lara, shooting at Komarovsky, missed, but the bullet hit a fellow prosecutor of the Moscow Court of Justice. When Lara was led through the hall, Yura was stunned - she was the one! And again the same grey-haired one that was related to the death of his father! To crown it all, having returned home, Tonya and Yura no longer found Anna Ivanovna alive.
Through the efforts of Komarovsky, Lara was saved from trial, but she fell ill, and Pasha was not allowed to see her yet. However, Kologrivov came, brought "premium". More than three years ago, Lara, in order to get rid of Komarovsky, became the tutor of his youngest daughter. Everything was going well, but then her empty brother Rodya lost the public money. He was going to shoot himself if his sister didn't help him. The Kologrivovs helped out with money, and Lara handed them over to Roda, taking away the revolver from which he wanted to shoot himself. Kologrivov could not repay the debt. Lara, secretly from Pasha, sent money to his exiled father and paid extra money to the owners of the room in Kamergersky. The girl considered her position with the Kologrivovs to be false, she did not see a way out of it, except to ask Komarovsky for money. Life disgusted her. At the ball at the Sventitskys, Viktor Ippolitovich pretended to be busy with cards and did not notice Lara. He turned to the girl who entered the hall with a smile, the meaning of which Lara understood so well ...
When Lara got better, she and Pasha got married and left for Yuryatin, in the Urals. After the wedding, the young people talked until the morning. His guesses alternated with Larina's confessions, after which his heart sank ... In the new place, Larisa taught at the gymnasium and was happy, although she had a house and a three-year-old Katenka. Pasha taught Latin and ancient history. The wedding was celebrated by Yura and Tonya. Meanwhile, the war broke out. Yuri Andreevich ended up at the front, not having time to really see his son who was born. In another way, Pavel Pavlovich Antipov fell into the heat of battle.
Relations with his wife were not easy. He doubted her love for him. In order to free everyone from this fake family life, he completed officer courses and ended up at the front, where he was captured in one of the battles. Larisa Fedorovna entered the hospital train as a sister and went to look for her husband. Lieutenant Galiullin, who knew Pasha from childhood, claimed to have seen him die.
Zhivago witnessed the collapse of the army, the excesses of the anarchist deserters, and when he returned to Moscow, he found even more terrible devastation. What he saw and experienced made the doctor reconsider a lot in his attitude to the revolution.
To survive, the family moved to the Urals, to the former estate of the Krugers Varykino, not far from the city of Yuriatin. The path ran through snow-covered spaces, where armed gangs ruled, through areas of recently pacified uprisings, repeating with horror the name of Strelnikov, who was pushing the whites under the command of Colonel Galiullin.
In Varykino, they stopped first at the former manager of the Krugers, Mikulitsyn, and then in an annex for servants. They planted potatoes and cabbage, put the house in order, the doctor sometimes received patients. The half-brother Evgraf, who suddenly appeared, energetic, mysterious, very influential, helped to strengthen their position. Antonina Alexandrovna, it seems, was expecting a child.
Over time, Yuri Andreevich got the opportunity to visit Yuriatin in the library, where he saw Larisa Fedorovna Antipova. She told him about herself, that Strelnikov was her husband Pavel Antipov, who returned from captivity, but disappeared under a different surname and did not maintain relations with his family. When he took Yuryatin, he bombarded the city with shells and never once inquired whether his wife and daughter were alive.
Two months later, Yuri Andreevich once again returned from the city to Varykino, He deceived Tonya, continuing to love her, and was tormented by this. On that day, he was driving home with the intention of confessing everything to his wife and not seeing Lara again.
Suddenly, three armed men blocked his path and announced that the doctor had been mobilized into the detachment of Livery Mikulitsyn from that moment on. The doctor's work was up to his neck: in winter - typhus, in summer - dysentery, and in all seasons - the wounded. Before Liveriy, Yuri Andreevich did not hide the fact that the ideas of October did not inflame him, that they were still so far from being implemented, and seas of blood were paid for just talk about this, so that the end does not justify the means. And the very idea of remaking life was born by people who did not feel its spirit. Two years of captivity, separation from the family, deprivation and danger ended with an escape.
In Yuriatin, the doctor appeared at the moment when the whites left the city, handing it over to the reds. He looked wild, unwashed, hungry and weak. Larisa Fyodorovna and Katenka were not at home. In the key cache, he found a note. Larisa and her daughter went to Varykino, hoping to find him there. His thoughts were confused, fatigue drove him to sleep. He kindled the stove, ate a little and, without undressing, fell sound asleep. When he woke up, he realized that he was undressed, washed and lying in a clean bed, that he had been ill for a long time, but was quickly recovering thanks to the cares of Lara, although there was nothing to think about returning to Moscow until he was fully recovered. Zhivago went to serve in the Guberniya, and Larisa Fedorovna - in Gubono. However, clouds were gathering over them. The doctor was seen as a social alien, under Strelnikov the ground began to tremble. An emergency was raging in the city.
At this time, a letter arrived from Tony: the family was in Moscow, but Professor Gromeko, and with him her children (now they have a daughter, Masha, in addition to their son), are being sent abroad. Woe is that she loves him, but he does not love her. Let him build life according to his own understanding.
Komarovsky unexpectedly showed up. He is invited by the government of the Far Eastern Republic and is ready to take them with him: they are both in mortal danger. Yuri Andreevich immediately rejected this proposal. Lara told him a long time ago about the fatal role that this man played in her life, and he told her that Viktor Ippolitovich was the culprit of his father's suicide. It was decided to take refuge in Varykino. The village was long abandoned by the inhabitants, wolves howled around at night, but the appearance of people would have been worse, but they did not take weapons with them. In addition, recently Lara said that she seems to be pregnant. I had to think about myself. Just then Komarovsky arrived again. He brought the news that Strelnikov had been sentenced to death and Katenka had to be saved if Lara did not think about herself. The doctor told Lara to go with Komarovsky.
In the snowy, forest solitude, Yuri Andreevich was slowly losing his mind. He drank and wrote poems dedicated to Lara. Lamentation for the lost beloved grew into generalized thoughts about history and man, about the revolution as a lost and lamented ideal.
One evening the doctor heard the crunch of footsteps, and a man appeared at the door. Yuri Andreevich did not immediately recognize Strelnikov. It turned out that Komarovsky had deceived them! They talked almost all night.
About the revolution, about Lara, about childhood on Tverskaya-Yamskaya. They lay down in the morning, but, waking up and going out for water, the doctor found his interlocutor shot dead.
Zhivago appeared in Moscow already at the beginning of the New Economic Policy, emaciated, overgrown and run wild. He traveled most of the way on foot. Over the next eight or nine years of his life, he lost his medical skills and lost writing, but still took up the pen and wrote thin little books. The fans appreciated them.
The daughter of the former janitor Marina helped him with the housework, she served in the telegraph on the foreign communication line. In time, she became the doctor's wife and they had two daughters. But in one of summer days Yuri Andreevich suddenly disappeared. Marina received a letter from him that he wants to live alone for a while and not be looked for. He did not say that brother Evgraf, who had appeared again from nowhere, had rented a room for him in Kamergersky, provided him with money, and began to fuss about a good job.
However, on a stuffy August day, Yuri Andreevich died of a heart attack. Unexpectedly, a lot of people came to Kamergersky to say goodbye to him. Among those saying goodbye was Larisa Fedorovna. She went into this apartment out of old memory. Her first husband, Pavel Antipov, once lived here. A few days after the funeral, she suddenly disappeared: she left home and did not return. Apparently she was arrested.
Already in the forty-third year, at the front, Major General Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago, asking the underwear maker Tanka Bezcheredova about her heroic friend, scout Christina Orletsova, also took an interest in her, Tanina, fate. He quickly realized that this was the daughter of Larisa and brother Yuri. Fleeing with Komarovsky to Mongolia, when the Reds were approaching Primorye, Lara left the girl at the railway siding with the watchman Marfa, who ended her days in a madhouse. Then homelessness, wandering ...
By the way, Evgraf Andreevich not only took care of Tatyana, but also collected everything written by his brother. Among his poems was the poem “Winter Night”: “It is snowy, snowy all over the earth / To all limits. / The candle was burning on the table, / The candle was burning ... "
retold
- Yuri Zhivago — main character novel, doctor, writes poetry in his spare time.
- Tonya Zhivago (nee Gromeko) is the wife of Yuri.
- Lara Antipova- sister of mercy, wife of Antipov.
- Pavel Antipov- revolutionary, Lara's husband.
- Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky- a prominent Moscow lawyer.
- Alexander Gromeko- professor, deals with agronomic issues, Tony's father.
- Anna Gromeko- Tony's mother.
- Mikhail Gordon- philologist, Yuri's best friend.
- Innokenty Dudorov- studied with Zhivago at the gymnasium.
- Osip Galiullin- General of the Whites.
- Evgraf Zhivago- Major General, half-brother of the protagonist.
Yuri Zhivago and the Gromeko family
Yuri Zhivago was raised by his uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin. After his departure to St. Petersburg, Yura lived in a family of educated and intelligent people Gromeko. Alexander Alexandrovich was a professor, dealt with agricultural issues.
His wife, Anna Ivanovna, was a kind and sweet woman. Yura got along well with their daughter Tonya, and Misha Gordon was his best friend. In Gromeko's house, a society of people who were close to them in terms of interests often gathered.
When there was a concert in their house, Alexander Alexandrovich was asked to go to an urgent call. Amalia Karlovna Guichard, his good friend, tried to commit suicide. Despite the annoyance that he was so suddenly summoned, Gromeko agrees.
The boys, Yuri and Misha, persuade him to take them with him. The professor agrees, and when they arrive at the rooms, he leaves them to wait for him in the hallway.
The boys heard Guichard's complaints about the suspicions that forced her to take such a step, but they turned out to be far-fetched. At this time, a stately man of 40 years old comes out from behind a partition, and approaches the armchair, and wakes up the girl. Yuri is fascinated by their communication, which looks like a conspiracy. It seems to him that this man is a puppeteer, and the girl is his puppet.
Out on the street, Gordon informs his friend that he once saw this man while riding with his father on a train. That man was with Yuri's father, and all the time he got him drunk, then Zhivago Sr. threw himself off the train.
Christmas tree near the Sventitskys
This girl was the daughter of Amalia Karlovna, Lara Guichard. She was 16 years old, but she looked older than her age, and it was painful for her to feel that she was being treated like a child. The man was a well-known lawyer Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky. The girl's mother needed him not only as an assistant in her affairs, and Lara knew this very well.
Komarovsky liked the girl and he began to court her. Lara succumbed to his advances, but later regretted it, because it seemed to her that he had enslaved her. Yura and Larisa were destined to meet under unusual circumstances.
Zhivago and Tonya were invited to the Sventitsky's Christmas tree. Anna Ivanovna was seriously ill, so before they left, she called them to her and said that they were made for each other.
It was true - Tonya understood Yura like no one else. As they were driving to the party, the young man saw a candle burning in the window. What he saw began to form the future poem "The candle was burning ...".
This candle was lit by Lara, who at that moment was telling Pasha Antipov, who was in love with her, that they needed to get married as soon as possible. After this conversation, the girl went to the Sventitskys, where Yura and Tonya were already dancing. Among the guests was Komarovsky, who played cards.
When it was about 2 am, a shot rang out. It was Lara who shot at Komarovsky, but missed and the bullet hit a high-ranking person. When the girl was led through the hall, Yuri was shocked that it turned out to be the same one that he saw then in the hallway.
And then there was this lawyer who was somehow involved in the death of his father. When Yura and Tonya returned home, Anna Ivanovna was no longer alive.
Lara, thanks to the intercession of Komarovsky, managed to be saved from trial, but because of what happened, she had a strong nervous shock. No one was allowed to see her, but Kologrivov, in whose house she worked as a governess, managed to go to her and hand over the money she had earned.
Everything was fine with the girl, but her frivolous brother Rodya lost a large sum and was ready to shoot himself if his sister did not help him out. The Kologrivovs rescued her, and after giving the required amount to her brother, Lara took the revolver from him.
But the girl could not repay the debt to her benefactors, because secretly from Pasha, she sent money to his father and paid for his room.
Lara was tormented by the situation with the Kologrivovs, which seemed to her wrong. She could think of nothing else but to borrow money from Komarovsky.
It became difficult for her to live. When she arrived at the Sventitsky feast, the lawyer pretended not to notice the poor girl, and bestowed smiles familiar to Lara on another girl. It was beyond what Lara could bear, which is why that unpleasant incident at the ball happened.
Moving Antipov and Zhivago to the Urals
When Lara recovered, she and Pasha got married. After the ceremony, at night, they had a serious conversation in which Lara told everything about her life. Pasha was unpleasantly surprised. They moved to the Urals in Yuryatino.
In this city, husband and wife taught at the same gymnasium. Lara was happy: she liked family life, household chores. Soon their daughter Katenka was born. Pasha constantly doubted the love of his wife. Their family happiness seemed to him false.
Therefore, when the war broke out, Antipov signed up for officer courses. After passing them, he went to the front and went missing. Lara decided to find her husband herself, so she became a nurse and went to fetch her husband.
Lieutenant Galiulin, whom she met, who had known Pasha since childhood, said that he had seen Pasha die. Meanwhile, Yura and Tonya also got married. But the war began, and Zhivago was taken to the front.
He did not even have time to stay with his newborn son. Yuri saw how the army was defeated, how deserters rioted, and when he returned to Moscow, he found decline and devastation. Everything he saw changed his attitude towards the revolution.
It was not possible for the Zhivago family to survive in Moscow, so it was decided to go to the Urals to Varykino, where Tony's mother had an estate, which was not far from Yuriatin. Their trip passed through places where robber bands were in charge.
They also passed regions where uprisings were brutally suppressed by a certain Strelnikov, whose name inspired horror and awe in the inhabitants. He was a revolutionary commissar, and the troops under his command pressed the army of the "whites" commanded by Galiulin.
In Varykino, they had to stay with the manager of the estate, Mikulitsyn, and then settle down in an outbuilding for servants. They took care of the garden, put their house in order, Zhivago sometimes received the sick.
Unexpectedly for everyone, the half-brother of Yuri Evgraf comes to them - he was a young man, active and occupying an important position among the revolutionaries.
He is grateful to Yuri that he once renounced the inheritance in his favor, and thereby saved him and his mother. Evgraf helps the Zhivago family improve their situation. Meanwhile, it turns out that Tonya is in a position.
After some time, Yuri was able to visit Yuriatin and go to the library. Unexpectedly, he meets Antipova in this way, with whom life had previously confronted him at the front.
Lara tells Zhivago her story, and reveals to him that Strelnikov is actually her husband Antipov, who escaped from captivity, changed his last name and stopped all communication with his family. When he dropped shells on the city, he did not even take an interest in the further fate of his wife and daughter.
Yuri and Lara felt kindred spirits in each other and they realized that they fell in love with each other. But for each of them this love was complicated by the fact that Antipova continued to love her husband, while Zhivago loved his wife.
Such a double life weighed on him, he could no longer deceive Tonya, so after another meeting with Lara, Yuri made a firm decision to tell his wife about everything and not to meet with Antipova anymore.
Captivity by the "Red" partisans and later life with Lara
On the way home, he is blocked by three armed men who inform him that he is being taken to the detachment of Livery Mikulitsyn, since he is a doctor. There was a lot of work for Yuri: in winter he treated typhus, in summer dysentery brought trouble and constantly wounded.
In front of his commander, Livery, Zhivago did not hide his attitude to the revolution. He believed that the ideals were still far from being realized, and people paid for the lofty revolutionary speeches with thousands of lives and destruction, and in the end, the end did not justify the means. For two years, Yuri was with the "Reds", but still he managed to escape.
When the doctor reached Yuriatin, the "whites" left him, leaving the "reds". Zhivago was wild, exhausted, unwashed, but he still managed to reach Antipova's house. Lara was not at home, but in the cache for the keys, the doctor finds a note in which the woman says that she went to Varykino to meet him there. Zhivago could hardly think, he could only kindle the stove, eat and fall asleep soundly.
When he woke up, he realized that someone had undressed him, washed him and laid him in a clean bed. It took Zhivago a long time to restore his strength, but thanks to Lara's efforts he is recovering. But Yuri cannot return to Moscow until he has fully recovered. In order to survive in the new regime, the doctor gets a job at the Gubernia Health Department, while Antipova gets a job at Gubono.
But the people of Yuryatin still perceive Zhivago as a stranger, at this time the authority of Strelnikov was shaken, and in the city they began to look for all the objectionable revolution.
Yuri receives a letter from Tony, in which she reports that she and her children (they have a daughter, Masha) and father are in Moscow, but they will soon be sent abroad. But Zhivago realizes that he no longer feels the same love for Tonya as before. Therefore, he replies that she builds life as she wants.
Meanwhile, Lara fears that she will be taken away as objectionable to the revolution, Zhivago is in the same position. They try to find a way out of a difficult situation.
Arrival of Komarovsky and Strelnikov
Unexpectedly, Komarovsky arrives in Yuryatino. He was offered to become the head of the Ministry of Justice, in the Far East region. He knows what danger threatens Lara and Zhivago, so he invites them to go with him.
Yuri immediately refuses: he has long known about the role he played in Lara's life and about his involvement in the suicide of his father. Lara also refuses. Zhivago and Antipova decided to take refuge in Varykino, because no one had lived in the village for a long time.
Lara thinks she is pregnant. Viktor Ippolitovich comes to them again, who brings a message that Strelnikov has been sentenced to death. Now Lara must take care of her daughter if she doesn't want to take care of herself. Zhivago tells Antipova to leave with a lawyer.
After their departure, Yuri began to gradually lose his mind. He drank, wrote poems that he dedicated to Lara. Later, these poems turned into discussions about man, revolution, and ideals. One evening, Strelnikov suddenly comes to him.
Antipov talks about what happened to him, how he managed to escape, about Lenin, about the revolution. Zhivago tells him his story, that Lara never forgot him and loved him. Pavel is in despair, because now he understands how wrong he was about his wife. They finished talking only in the morning, and waking up, Yuri saw that Strelnikov had shot himself.
The further fate of Zhivago
After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor goes to Moscow, where the NEP era already reigns. He was sheltered by the former Zhivagovsky janitor Markelov. Later, his daughter Marina will become Yuri's wife and give him two daughters. Meanwhile, Zhivago gradually loses all his medical skills, practically stops writing. But sometimes, he wrote thin little books that lovers liked.
Brother Evgraf comes to his aid, who arranges for him to Good work and helps to strengthen his position. But one day in August, when Yuri was riding a tram to work, he becomes ill and dies of a heart attack.
Evgraf comes to say goodbye to him, all his friends and acquaintances, among whom Lara appears. A few days after the funeral, Antipova suddenly disappears: most likely, she was arrested. Lara was never seen again.
In 1943, at the front, Major General Evgraf Zhivago finds the daughter of Yuri and Lara Tanya. The girl had a difficult fate: an orphan, wandering. Uncle takes full care of her. Evgraf also collects all the poems written by his brother and compiles a collection of his writings.
Test on the novel Doctor Zhivago
The novel "Doctor Zhivago" became the apotheosis of the brilliant work of Pasternak as a prose writer. He describes the procession and transformation of the consciousness of the Russian intelligentsia through dramatic events throughout the first half of the 20th century.
History of creation
The novel was created over a decade (from 1945 to 1955), the fate of the work was surprisingly difficult - despite world recognition(the pinnacle of it was the receipt of the Nobel Prize), in the Soviet Union the novel was allowed for publication only in 1988. The prohibition of the novel was explained by its anti-Soviet content, in connection with this, Pasternak began to be persecuted by the authorities. In 1956, attempts were made to publish the novel in Soviet literary journals, but, of course, they were unsuccessful. The foreign publication brought glory to the poet-prose writer and responded in Western society with an unprecedented resonance. The first Russian edition was published in Milan in 1959.
Analysis of the work
Description of the work
(Cover for the first book, drawn by the artist Konovalov)
The first pages of the novel reveal the image of an early orphan little boy, who would later be adopted by his own uncle. The next stage is Yura's move to the capital and his life in the Gromeko family. Despite the early manifestation of a poetic gift, the young man decides to follow the example of his adoptive father, Alexander Gromeko, and enters to study at the Faculty of Medicine. Tender friendship with the daughter of Yuri's benefactors, Tonya Gromeko, eventually turns into love, and the girl becomes the wife of a talented doctor-poet.
The further narration is a complex interweaving of the fates of the main characters of the novel. Shortly after his marriage, Yuri becomes passionately in love with a bright and extraordinary girl, Lara Guichard, later the wife of Commissar Strelnikov. tragic story the love of the doctor and Lara will periodically appear throughout the novel - after many ordeals, they will never be able to find their happiness. A terrible time of poverty, hunger and repression will separate the families of the main characters. Both lovers of Doctor Zhivago are forced to leave their homeland. The theme of loneliness sounds sharp in the novel, from which the main character subsequently goes crazy, and Lara Antipov's husband (Strelnikov) commits suicide. Doctor Zhivago's last attempt to find family happiness also fails. Yuri leaves attempts at scientific and literary activity and ends his earthly life as a very degraded person. The protagonist of the novel dies of a heart attack on his way to work in the center of the capital. In the last scene of the novel, childhood friends Nika Dudorov and…….. Gordon are reading a collection of poems by the poet-doctor.
Main characters
(Poster for the film "Doctor Zhivago")
The image of the protagonist is deeply autobiographical. Pasternak through him reveals his inner "I" - his reasoning about what is happening, his spiritual worldview. Zhivago is an intellectual to the marrow of his bones, this trait is manifested in everything - in life, in creativity, in the profession. The author skillfully embodies the highest level of the hero's spiritual life in the doctor's monologues. The Christian essence of Zhivago does not undergo any changes due to circumstances - the doctor is ready to help all those who suffer, regardless of their political worldview. Zhivago's outward lack of will is in fact the highest manifestation of his inner freedom, where he exists among the highest humanistic values. The death of the protagonist will not mark the end of the novel - his immortal creations will forever erase the line between eternity and existence.
Lara Guichard
(Larisa Fedorovna Antipova) is a bright, even in a sense shocking woman with great fortitude and a desire to help people. It is in the hospital, where she gets a job as a nurse, that her relationship with Dr. Zhivago begins. Despite attempts to escape from fate, life regularly pushes the heroes together, these meetings each time strengthen the mutual pure feelings that have arisen. Dramatic circumstances in post-revolutionary Russia lead to the fact that Lara is forced to sacrifice her love for the sake of saving her own child and leave with her hated former lover lawyer Komarovsky. Lara, who finds herself in a hopeless situation, will reproach herself for this act all her life.
A successful lawyer, the embodiment of the demonic principle in Pasternak's novel. Being the lover of Lara's mother, he vilely seduced her young daughter, and subsequently played a fatal role in the girl's life, separating her from her beloved by deceit.
The novel "Doctor Zhivago" consists of two books, which in turn contain 17 parts, which have continuous numbering. The novel shows the whole life of a generation of young intelligentsia of that time. It is no coincidence that one of the possible titles of the novel was "Boys and Girls". The author brilliantly showed the antagonism of two heroes - Zhivago and Strelnikov, as a person who lives outside of what is happening in the country, and as a person wholly subordinate to the ideology of the totalitarian regime. Spiritual impoverishment The author conveys the Russian intelligentsia through the image of Tatyana, the illegitimate daughter of Lara Antipova and Yuri Zhivago, a simple girl who bears only a distant imprint of hereditary intelligentsia.
In his novel, Pasternak repeatedly emphasizes the duality of being, the events of the novel are projected onto the New Testament plot, giving the work a special mystical overtones. Yuri Zhivago's poem notebook crowning the novel symbolizes the door to eternity, this is confirmed by one of the first variants of the novel's title - "There will be no death."
Final conclusion
"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel of a lifetime, the result of creative searches and philosophical searches of Boris Pasternak, in his opinion, main topic novel - the relationship of equal beginnings - personality and history. The author attaches no less importance to the theme of love, it permeates the entire novel, love is shown in all possible forms, with all the versatility inherent in this great feeling.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" has become one of the most controversial works of our time. The West was read to them and categorically did not recognize Soviet Union. It was published in all European languages, while the official publication in the original language came out only three decades after it was written. Abroad, he brought fame to the author and Nobel Prize, and at home - persecution, persecution, expulsion from the Union of Soviet Writers.
Years passed, the system collapsed, fell whole country. The homeland finally started talking about its unrecognized genius and his work. Textbooks were rewritten, old newspapers were sent to the firebox, Pasternak's good name was restored, and even the Nobel Prize was returned (as an exception!) To the laureate's son. "Doctor Zhivago" was sold in millions of copies to all parts of the new country.
Yura Zhivago, Lara, the scoundrel Komarovsky, Yuryatin, the house in Varykino, "It's snowy, it's snowy all over the earth ..." - any of these verbal nominations is for modern man an easily recognizable allusion to a Pasternak novel. The work boldly stepped outside the framework of the tradition that existed in the twentieth century, turning into a literary myth about a bygone era, its inhabitants and the forces that ruled them.
History of creation: recognized by the world, rejected by the motherland
The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1945 to 1955. The idea to write a long prose about the fate of his generation appeared in Boris Pasternak as early as 1918. However, for various reasons, it was not possible to implement it.
In the 1930s, Zhivult's Notes appeared - such a test of a pen before the birth of a future masterpiece. In the surviving fragments of the "Notes" there is a thematic, ideological and figurative similarity with the novel "Doctor Zhivago". So, Patriky Zhivult became the prototype of Yuri Zhivago, Evgeny Istomin (Luvers) - Larisa Fedorovna (Lara).
In 1956, Pasternak sent the manuscript of "Doctor Zhivago" to leading literary publications - " New world”,“ Banner ”,“ Fiction". All of them refused to publish the novel, while behind the Iron Curtain the book was released already in November 1957. She saw the light thanks to the interest of the employee of the Italian radio in Moscow Sergio D'Angelo and his compatriot publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.
In 1958, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." Pasternak became the second, after Ivan Bunin, Russian writer to be awarded this honorary prize. European recognition had the effect of an exploding bomb in the domestic literary environment. Since then, a large-scale persecution of the writer began, which did not subside until the end of his days.
Pasternak was called "Judas", "anti-Sovestvennoy bait on a rusty hook", "literary weed" and "black sheep" that wound up in a good herd. He was forced to refuse the award, expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers, showered with caustic epigrams, arranged “minutes of hatred” for Pasternak at factories, factories and other state institutions. Paradoxically, the publication of the novel in the USSR was out of the question, so that most of the detractors did not see the work in the face. Subsequently, the persecution of Pasternak entered the literary history under the title “I didn’t read, but I condemn!”
Ideological meat grinder
Only in the late 60s, after the death of Boris Leonidovich, did the persecution begin to subside. In 1987, Pasternak was reinstated in the Union of Soviet Writers, and in 1988 the novel Doctor Zhivago was published on the pages of the Novy Mir magazine, which not only refused to publish Pasternak thirty years ago, but also posted an accusatory letter to him demanding deprive Boris Leonidovich of Soviet citizenship.
Today, Doctor Zhivago remains one of the most novels read in the world. He spawned a number of other works of art- Dramatizations and films. The novel has been filmed four times. The most famous version was filmed by a creative trio - USA, UK, Germany. The project was directed by Giacomo Campiotti, starring Hans Matheson (Yuri Zhivago), Keira Knightley (Lara), Sam Neill (Komarovsky). There is also a domestic version of Doctor Zhivago. It was released on TV screens in 2005. The role of Zhivago was played by Oleg Menshikov, Lara by Chulpan Khamatova, Komarovsky was played by Oleg Yankovsky. The film project was directed by director Alexander Proshkin.
The action of the novel begins with a funeral. They say goodbye to Natalya Nikolaevna Vedepyanina, the mother of little Yura Zhivago. Now Yura has remained an orphan. The father left them long ago with his mother, safely squandering the millionth fortune of the family somewhere in the expanses of Siberia. During one of these trips, drunk on a train, he jumped out of the train at full speed and hurt himself to death.
Little Yura was taken in by relatives - the professorial family of Gromeko. Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna accepted young Zhivago as their own. He grew up with their daughter Tonya, his main friend from childhood.
At the time when Yura Zhivago lost his old one and found a new family, the widow Amalia Karlovna Guichard arrived in Moscow with their children, Rodion and Larisa. A friend of her late husband, a respected Moscow lawyer Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky, helped organize the move for Madame (the widow was a Russified Frenchwoman). The benefactor helped the family to settle in the big city, placed Rodka in the cadet corps and continued to visit Amalia Karlovna, a narrow-minded and amorous woman, from time to time.
However, interest in the mother quickly faded when Lara grew up. The girl developed quickly. At 16, she already looked like a young beautiful woman. The graying ladies' man snarled an inexperienced girl - without having time to come to her senses, the young victim found herself in his nets. Komarovsky lay at the feet of his young lover, swore his love and blasphemed himself, begged to open up to his mother and have a wedding, as if Lara argued and did not agree. And he went on and on, in disgrace, led her under a long veil to special rooms in expensive restaurants. “Is it when they love, do they humiliate?” Lara wondered and could not find an answer, hating her tormentor with all her heart.
A few years after the vicious connection, Lara shoots Komarovsky. This happened during a Christmas celebration at the venerable Moscow Sventitsky family. Lara did not hit Komarovsky, and, by and large, did not want to. But without suspecting it herself, she hit right in the heart of a young man named Zhivago, who was also among those invited.
Thanks to Komarovsky's connections, the shooting incident was hushed up. Lara hastily married a childhood friend Patulya (Pasha) Antipov, a very modest young man who was selflessly in love with her. Having played the wedding, the newlyweds leave for the Urals, in the small town of Yuriatin. There their daughter Katenka is born. Lara, now Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova, teaches at the gymnasium, and Patulya, Pavel Pavlovich, reads history and Latin.
At this time, changes also take place in the life of Yuri Andreevich. His named mother Anna Ivanovna dies. Soon, Yura marries Tonya Gromeko, a tender friendship with whom has long since turned into adult love.
The measured life of these two families was aroused by the outbreak of war. Yuri Andreevich is mobilized to the front as a military doctor. He has to leave Tonya with his newborn son. In turn, Pavel Antipov leaves his relatives of his own free will. He has long been burdened by family life. Realizing that Lara is too good for him, that she does not love him, Patulya considers any options, up to suicide. The war came in very handy - the perfect way to prove yourself as a hero, or find a quick death.
Book Two: The Greatest Love on Earth
Having sipped the sorrows of the war, Yuri Andreevich returns to Moscow and finds his beloved city in terrible ruin. The reunited Zhivago family decides to leave the capital and go to the Urals, to Varykino, where the factories of Kruger, Antonina Alexandrovna's grandfather, used to be. Here, by coincidence, Zhivago meets Larisa Fyodorovna. She works as a nurse in the hospital, where Yuri Andreevich gets a job as a doctor.
Soon a connection is formed between Yura and Lara. Tormented by remorse, Zhivago again and again returns to Lara's house, unable to resist the feeling that this a beautiful woman. He admires Lara every minute: “She does not want to be liked, to be beautiful, captivating. She despises this side of the feminine essence and, as it were, punishes herself for being so good ... How good everything she does. She reads as if this is not the highest human activity, but something simple, accessible to animals. It's like she's carrying water or peeling potatoes."
The love dilemma is again solved by war. One day, on the way from Yuryatin to Varykino, Yuri Andreevich was taken prisoner by the Red partisans. Only after a year and a half of wandering through the Siberian forests, Doctor Zhivago will be able to escape. Yuriatin captured by the Reds. Tonya, father-in-law, son and daughter, who was born after the doctor's forced absence, left for Moscow. They manage to secure the opportunity to emigrate abroad. Antonina Pavlovna writes about this to her husband in a farewell letter. This letter is a scream into the void, when the writer does not know whether his message will reach the addressee. Tonya says that she knows about Lara, but does not condemn Yura, who is still dearly beloved. “Let me rebaptize you,” the letters scream angrily, “For all the endless separation, trials, uncertainty, for all your long, long dark path.”
Having lost forever the hope of reuniting with his family, Yuri Andreevich again begins to live with Lara and Katenka. In order not to once again flicker in the city that raised the red banners, Lara and Yura retire to the forest house of the deserted Varykino. Here they spend the most happy Days their quiet family happiness.
Oh, how good they were together. They liked to talk in an undertone for a long time when a candle burned comfortably on the table. They were united by the community of souls and the abyss between them and the rest of the world. “I’m jealous of you for the items of your toilet,” Yura confessed to Lara, “For the drops of sweat on your skin, for contagious diseases floating in the air ... I love you without a mind, without memory, without end.” “We were definitely taught to kiss in the sky,” whispered Lara, “and then the children were sent to live at the same time in order to test this ability on each other.”
Komarovsky bursts into Varykin's happiness of Lara and Yura. He reports that they are all threatened with reprisal, conjures to be saved. Yuri Andreevich is a deserter, and the former revolutionary commissar Strelnikov (aka the supposedly dead Pavel Antipov) fell out of favor. His loved ones face imminent death. Luckily, a train will pass by in a few days. Komarovsky can arrange a safe departure. This is the last chance.
Zhivago categorically refuses to go, but in order to save Lara and Katenka, he resorts to deceit. At the instigation of Komarovsky, he says that he will follow them. He himself remains to the forest house, so plainly and without saying goodbye to his beloved.
Poems by Yuri Zhivago
Loneliness drives Yuri Andreevich crazy. He loses count of days, and drowns out his furious, bestial longing for Lara with memories of her. During the days of Varykin's seclusion, Yura creates a cycle of twenty-five poems. They are attached at the end of the novel as "Poems by Yuri Zhivago":
"Hamlet" ("The rumble subsided. I went out onto the stage");
"March";
"On Strastnaya";
« White Night»;
"Spring libertine";
"Explanation";
"Summer in the city";
“Autumn” (“I let my family go away ...”);
"Winter Night" ("The candle burned on the table ...");
"Magdalene";
Garden of Gethsemane, etc.
One day, a stranger appears on the threshold of the house. This is Pavel Pavlovich Antipov, aka Strelnikov Revolutionary Committee. The men talk all night. About life, about revolution, about disappointment, and about a woman who was loved and continues to be loved. Towards morning, when Zhivago fell asleep, Antipov put a bullet in his forehead.
It is not clear how the doctor's affairs were further on, it is only known that he returned to Moscow on foot in the spring of 1922. Yuri Andreevich settles with Markel (the former janitor of the Zhivago family) and converges with his daughter Marina. Yuri and Marina have two daughters. But Yuri Andreevich no longer lives, he seems to be living out. throws literary activity, in poverty, accepts the humble love of the faithful Marina.
One day Zhivago disappears. He sends a small letter to his common-law wife, in which he says that for some time he wants to be alone, to think about future fate and life. However, he never returned to his family. Death overtook Yuri Andreevich unexpectedly - in a Moscow tram car. He died of a heart attack.
In addition to people from the immediate environment recent years, an unknown man and woman came to Zhivago's funeral. This is Evgraf (half-brother of Yuri and his patron) and Lara. “Here we are together again, Yurochka. How again God brought me to see each other ... - Lara whispers softly at the coffin, - Farewell, my big and dear, goodbye my pride, goodbye my fast little river, how I loved your all-day splash, how I loved to rush into your cold waves ... Your departure, mine end".
We invite you to familiarize yourself with the biography of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, a poet, writer, translator, publicist - one of the most prominent representatives Russian literature of the twentieth century. The novel “Doctor Zhivago” brought the greatest fame to the writer.
Laundress Tanya
Years later, during the Second World War, Gordon and Dudorov meet with the laundress Tanya, a narrow-minded, simple woman. She shamelessly tells the story of her life and a recent meeting with Major General Zhivago himself, who for some reason found her himself and invited her on a date. Gordon and Dudorov soon realize that Tanya is the illegitimate daughter of Yuri Andreevich and Larisa Fedorovna, who was born after leaving Varykino. Lara was forced to leave the girl at the railway crossing. So Tanya lived in the care of the watchman Aunt Marfushi, not knowing affection, care, not hearing the words of the book.
There was nothing left of her parents in her - the majestic beauty of Lara, her natural intelligence, Yura's sharp mind, his poetry. It is bitter to look at the fruit of great love mercilessly beaten by life. “This has happened several times in history. What was conceived is ideal, sublime, - coarse, materialized. So Greece became Rome, Russian enlightenment became the Russian revolution, Tatyana Zhivago turned into the washerwoman Tanya.
In 1957, the Italian publishing house Feltrinelli published the first copies of Doctor Zhivago. In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for this novel, which he was forced to publicly refuse. In Russia, the work was published only in 1988 (in the journal Novy Mir), more than thirty years after the first publication of Doctor Zhivago. The action of the novel takes place at that difficult time, when all the trials fell to the lot of Russia at once: the First World War and the Civil Wars, the abdication of the tsar, the revolution. A novel by Boris Pasternak about the fate of his generation, which became a witness, participant and victim of this madness. Reviews in the press The famous novel of the Nobel laureate has been repeatedly republished and has long become a program piece of Russian literature. Your attention is an audio performance of the work performed by the Honored Artist of Russia Alexei Borzunov. The text is reproduced without abbreviations: both parts of a masterpiece and a poem by Yuri Zhivago. Your leisure Listening to a novel performed by an artist is not as easy as it might seem at first glance, because the listener will need full participation, and this is affected by the specifics of the novel as a whole and the intonational features of Borzunov: he reads as if he is telling a story about himself, very trusting and very sincere, so you start to listen, empathize, follow the course of history and eventually become a part of it. Those who are familiar with the plot of the novel should listen to the audio version, if only to compare their own attitude to certain events taking place in the novel, with the accents that Aleksey Borzunov placed. AIF “I want to know everything” © B. Pasternak (heirs) ©&? IP Vorobyov V.A. ©&? ID SOYUZ
"Doctor Zhivago" - plot
The protagonist of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, appears to the reader as a little boy on the first pages of the work describing the funeral of his mother: “We walked and walked and sang“ Eternal Memory ”...”. Yura is a descendant of a wealthy family who made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations. The marriage of the parents was not happy: the father left the family before the death of the mother.
Orphaned Yura will be given shelter for a while by his uncle who lives in the south of Russia. Then numerous relatives and friends will send him to Moscow, where he will be adopted as a native into the family of Alexander and Anna Gromeko.
The exclusivity of Yuri becomes apparent quite early - even as a young man, he manifests himself as a talented poet. But at the same time, he decides to follow in the footsteps of his foster father Alexander Gromeko and enters the medical department of the university, where he also proves himself as a talented doctor. The first love, and later the wife of Yuri Zhivago, is the daughter of his benefactors - Tonya Gromeko.
Yuri and Tony had two children, but then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.
At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader. All of them will be connected into a single ball by the further course of the story. One of them is Larisa, the slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who is trying with all her might and cannot escape from the captivity of his "protection". Lara has a childhood friend - Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him. Having married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel will leave his family and go to the front of the First World War. Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his last name to Strelnikov. At the end civil war he plans to reunite with his family, but this wish will never come true.
Fate brings Yuri Zhivago and Lara in different ways during the First World War in the front-line settlement of Melyuzeevo, where the protagonist of the work is drafted to war as a military doctor, and Antipova is voluntarily a nurse, trying to find her missing husband Pavel. Subsequently, the lives of Zhivago and Lara intersect again in the provincial Yuriatin-on-Rynva (a fictional city in the Urals, the prototype of which was Perm), where they vainly seek refuge from the revolution that destroys everything and everything. Yuri and Larisa will meet and fall in love with each other. But soon poverty, hunger and repression will separate both the family of Doctor Zhivago and Larina's family. For a year and a half, Zhivago would disappear in Siberia, serving as a military doctor as a prisoner of the Red partisans. Having escaped, he will walk back to the Urals - to Yuriatin, where he will meet Lara again. His wife Tonya, together with the children and Yuri's father-in-law, while in Moscow, writes about the imminent forced expulsion abroad. Hoping to wait out the winter and the horrors of the Yuryatinsky Revolutionary Military Council, Yuri and Lara take refuge in the abandoned estate of Varykino. Soon an unexpected guest arrives - Komarovsky, who received an invitation to head the Ministry of Justice in the Far Eastern Republic, proclaimed on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Russian Far East. He persuades Yuri Andreevich to let Lara and her daughter go east with him, promising to send them abroad. Yuri Andreevich agrees, realizing that he will never see them again.
Gradually, he begins to go crazy with loneliness. Soon Lara's husband, Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov), comes to Varykino. Degraded and wandering across the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but, having learned from Yuri Andreevich that Lara loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Strelnikov commits suicide with a shot from a rifle. After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his later life. There he meets his last woman - Marina, the daughter of the former (still under Tsarist Russia) Zhivagovsky janitor Markel. In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls. Yuri gradually descends, abandons his scientific and literary activities, and, even realizing his fall, cannot do anything about it. One morning, on his way to work, he becomes ill on the tram and dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow. His half-brother Evgraf and Lara come to say goodbye to his coffin, who will go missing soon after.
Ahead will be the Second World War, and the Kursk Bulge, and the washerwoman Tanya, who will tell the gray-haired childhood friends of Yuri Andreevich - Innokenty Dudorov and Mikhail Gordon, who survived the Gulag, arrests and repressions of the late 30s, the story of his life; it turns out that this is the illegitimate daughter of Yuri and Lara, and Yuri's brother Major General Evgraf Zhivago will take her under his care. He will also compile a collection of Yuri's works - a notebook that Dudorov and Gordon read in the last scene of the novel. The novel ends with 25 poems by Yuri Zhivago.
Story
In November 1957, the novel was first published in Italian in Milan by the Feltrinelli publishing house, "despite all the efforts of the Kremlin and the Italian Communist Party" (for this, Feltrinelli was later expelled from the Communist Party).
On August 24, 1958, a “pirated” (without agreement with Feltrinelli) edition in Russian was released in Holland with a circulation of 500 copies.
A Russian edition based on a manuscript not corrected by the author was published in Milan in January 1959.
Awards
On October 23, 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." The authorities of the USSR, headed by N. S. Khrushchev, perceived this event with indignation, since they considered the novel to be anti-Soviet. Due to the persecution that unfolded in the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse to receive the award. Only on December 9, 1989, the Nobel diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the son of the writer Yevgeny Pasternak.
Criticism
V. V. Nabokov gave a negative assessment to the novel, which ousted Lolita in the list of bestsellers: “Doctor Zhivago is a pitiful thing, clumsy, banal and melodramatic, with hackneyed provisions, voluptuous lawyers, implausible girls, romantic robbers and banal coincidences”
Ivan Tolstoy, author of The Laundered Novel: Because this man overcame what all other writers in the Soviet Union could not overcome. For example, Andrei Sinyavsky sent his manuscripts to the West under the pseudonym Abram Tertz. In the USSR in 1958 there was only one person who, raising his visor, said: “I am Boris Pasternak, I am the author of the novel Doctor Zhivago. And I want it to come out in the form in which it was created. And this man was awarded the Nobel Prize. I believe that this highest award was given to the most correct person at that time on Earth.
Reviews
Reviews of the book "Doctor Zhivago"
Please register or login to leave a review. Registration will take no more than 15 seconds.
Julia Olegina
Great Russian epic novel
I really liked this novel! Moreover, "Doctor Zhivago" has become my favorite Russian novel!
Everyone knows that it was for this work that Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "... for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." And it is true. "Doctor Zhivago" is a new "War and Peace", only a century later. Shown here different fates, the impact of the First World War on the lives of people from different social strata. There is love that breaks through the walls and love that is locked up.
At first I didn't like it very much. The description of the life of Yura Zhivago, Gordon, Lara in childhood is not very interesting and even a little "intrusive". The plot jumps from one character to another, you don’t even have time to remember everyone, who, to whom and by whom. But from the moment Yura and Tony promise to Tony's dying mother to love each other, the novel seems to have a "second wind". Now the action unfolds rapidly, excitingly and most importantly - strongly. You read on and on and can't stop. Pasternak tried very hard on the manner of narration, each of his words is exact, you can neither throw out nor add. So, as it should.
1. Anyone who loves classic Russian novels like "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", " captain's daughter" etc.
