Not recognizing the division of literature into prose and lyrics, he created a collection of stories, amazing in beauty and tragedy of the worldview. Dark alleys". Penetrating and poetic, it would seem, is a simple, dry language, life story of the heroine of the story "Cold Autumn". As in the entire collection, here are tightly intertwined with each other two themes: love and death.

Love is perceived by Bunin as the highest gift of human destiny. But the purer, more perfect, more beautiful the feeling, the shorter it is. True love always ends in tragedy, for moments of happiness the heroes pay with longing and pain. A high love experience is associated with the idea of ​​infinity and a mystery that a person can only touch.

The story has no traditional plot construction - there is no intrigue in it. The plot is easy to retell, but true meaning the text is barely visible. Bunin has no causal relationships, everything is based only on sensations, and therefore life is perceived in a pure, undistorted form.

With tenderness, the heroine recalls her youthful love, a feeling of aching sadness, longing for unfulfilled, failed happiness is hidden behind her every word. But the death of a beloved is spoken of as something ordinary, the most terrible event in life is presented in an instant in a series of events.

Bunin is the subtlest psychologist. There is no vivid expression in the text, no open emotions, but behind the outward calm lies a carefully suppressed desire to once again enjoy that breath of happiness that the cold autumn once gave. Callousness speaks to a woman about a series of ridicule of fate. What was her life? All of it is concentrated only in that cold autumn evening when happiness was so possible. And then only a string of events and faces. The heroine speaks about something that does not excite, unimportant, about hunger that does not know mercy, about the death of her husband, the flight of relatives, the distance of the named daughter. The driest mention is the words about the death of a loved one. How stronger pain, the more emotions it absorbs, burning out the soul. The unique, lively intonation is associated only with the description of that moment, the "lightning of happiness", which the heroine was lucky to know.

Hidden in the text of the story oxymoron. The coldest evening becomes the hottest, exciting, tender time. And autumn is a symbol, a time when winter is near, death, oblivion during life. Only the hope of meeting there, somewhere outside of being and space, everything that supported the existence of the heroine.

• Analysis of the story "Easy breathing"
• "Dark Alleys", analysis of Bunin's story
• Summary of Bunin's work "The Caucasus"
• "Sunstroke", analysis of Bunin's story

Having survived two world wars, revolution and emigration, the Nobel laureate, Russian writer Ivan Bunin, at the age of seventy-four, creates a cycle of stories called “Dark Alleys”. All his works are dedicated to one eternal theme- love.

The collection consists of 38 stories, among the rest stands out the story called "Cold Autumn". Love is presented here as an invisible ideal, a feeling that the heroine carries through her whole life. The story is read in one breath, leaving behind a feeling of lost love and faith in the immortality of the soul.

Bunin himself distinguished this story from the rest. The story seems to start in the middle. A noble family, consisting of a father, mother and daughter, celebrates the name day of the head of the family on Peter's day. Among the guests is the future groom main character. The girl's father proudly announces her daughter's engagement, but a few days later everything changes: a sensational news is published in the newspaper - Crown Prince Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo, the situation in the world has escalated, war is coming.

The time is late, the parents tactfully leave the young alone and go to sleep. Lovers do not know how to calm the excitement. For some reason, the girl wants to play solitaire (usually in quivering moments you want to do something ordinary), but the young man cannot sit still. Reciting Fet's poems, they go out into the courtyard. The culmination of this part of the story is a kiss and the words of the groom that if he is killed, let her live, enjoy life, and then come to him ...

Dramatic events in the story "Cold Autumn"

If you don’t have enough time to read, check out Bunin’s summary of Cold Autumn. The description is short, so it will be easy to read it to the end.

A month later he was killed, this "strange word" constantly sounds in her ears. The author is abruptly transferred to the future and describes the state of the heroine thirty years later. This is no longer a young woman who was destined to go through, like many who did not accept the revolution, all the circles of hell. Like everyone else, she was slowly selling to soldiers in hats and unbuttoned overcoats (the author emphasizes this important detail) some of the property, and suddenly she met a retired military man, a man of rare spiritual beauty. He was much older than her, so he soon offered his hand and heart.

Like many, they emigrated, dressed in peasant clothes to Yekaterinodar and lived there for two years. After the retreat of the whites, they decided to sail to Turkey, with them fled the husband's nephew with his young wife and seven-month-old daughter. On the way, the husband died of typhus, the nephew and his wife joined Wrangel's army, leaving their daughter and missing.

The hardships of emigration

Further narration ( summary"Cold Autumn" by Bunin is presented in the article) becomes tragic. The heroine had to work hard, wandering all over Europe, to earn a living for herself and the girl. She received nothing in gratitude. The adopted daughter turned out to be a “real Frenchwoman”: she got a job in a Parisian chocolate shop, turned into a well-groomed young woman and completely forgot about the existence of her trustee, who had to beg in Nice. The heroine does not condemn anyone, this is noticeable in the words: at the end of the story, she says that she has lived, rejoiced, all that remains is a meeting with her beloved.

Analysis of "Cold Autumn" by Bunin

For the most part, the writer presents his works in the usual way, in the third person, starting with the protagonist's memories of tremulous moments in life, outbursts of feelings and inevitable parting.

In the story "Cold Autumn" Bunin changes the chronology of events.

The story is told from the point of view of the heroine, which gives the story an emotional coloring. The reader does not know when she met her fiancé, but it is already clear that there are feelings between them, so at the name day her father announces her engagement. Arriving to say goodbye to the bride's house, the hero feels that this is the last meeting. Bunin briefly but capaciously describes the last joint minutes of the heroes. The restraint of the characters contrasts with the excitement they experienced. The words “answered indifferently”, “feigned a sigh”, “looked absent-mindedly”, and so on characterize the aristocrats of that time as a whole, among whom it was not customary to talk excessively about feelings.

The hero understands that this is his last meeting with his beloved, so he tries to capture in his memory everything connected with his beloved, including nature. He is “sad and good”, “creepy and touching”, he is afraid of the unknown, but bravely goes to lay down his life for “his friends”.

Anthem of love

Bunin touched on the theme of "Cold Autumn" already in adulthood, having gone through all the hardships of life and received international recognition.

The cycle "Dark Alleys" is a hymn to love, not only platonic, but also physical. The works of the collection are more poetry than prose. There are no full impressions of battle scenes in the story, Bunin considers the problem of "Cold Autumn" - a dramatic story about love - a war that destroys the fate of people, creating unbearable conditions for them, and those who unleash it are responsible for the future. This is written by Russian émigré writer Ivan Bunin.

The rest of the characters in the story "Cold Autumn"

The love drama develops against the backdrop of the First World War. Time in the story seems to slow down when we are talking about the main characters. Most of the description is dedicated to young people, rather, one evening in their lives. The remaining thirty years are placed in one paragraph. The secondary characters of the story "Cold Autumn" by Bunin Ivan Alekseevich are described by two or three features. The father, mother of the girl, the landlady who sheltered and abused her, the husband of the main character and even the nephew with his young wife are shown in a tragic light. Another characteristic feature of the work is that no one has names.

And this is symbolic. Bunin's heroes are collective images of that time. They are not specific people, but those who suffered during the First World War, and later the civil one.

Two main parts of the story

Analyzing "Cold Autumn" by Bunin, you understand that the story is divided into two parts: local and historical. The local part involves heroes, their problems, their inner circle, and the historical part includes such names and terms as Ferdinand, the First World War, European cities and countries, such as Paris, Nice, Turkey, France, Ekaterinodar, Crimea, Novocherkassk and so on. This technique immerses the reader in a particular era. Using the example of one family, one can deeply get used to the state of people of that time. Obviously, the writer condemns the war and the destructive force that it brings. Not by chance best books and movies about war are written and made without war scenes. So, the film "Belarusian Station" is a picture about the fate of people who survived after the Great patriotic war. The film is considered a masterpiece of Russian cinema, although it completely lacks battle scenes.

Final part

Once upon a time, the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy told Ivan Alekseevich Bunin that there is no happiness in life, there are only moments, the lightning of this feeling, which should be protected, appreciated and lived by them. The hero of the story "Cold Autumn", leaving for the front, asked his beloved to live, to be glad in the world even if he was killed. But was there happiness in her life, what did she see and experience? The heroine herself answers this question: there was only one cold autumn day when she was truly happy. The rest seems like an unnecessary dream to her. But this evening was, memories of him warmed her soul and gave strength to live without despair.

Whatever happened in a person's life, these events were, they gave experience and wisdom. Everyone deserves what they dream of. A woman with a difficult fate was happy, because her life was illuminated by the lightning of memories.

Review of Bunin's story "Cold Autumn" from the cycle "Dark Alleys". Ivan Bunin wrote this cycle in exile when he was seventy years old. Despite the fact that Bunin spent a long time in exile, the writer did not lose the sharpness of the Russian language. This can be seen in this series of stories. All stories are devoted to love, only in each of them the author showed different facets of love. In this cycle there is love, both as a carnal attraction and as a sublime feeling. Compositionally, the story "Cold Autumn" is divided into two parts. Before and after the death of the main character's lover. The line dividing the story and the life of the heroine into two parts is drawn very clearly and precisely. The heroine talks about her past in such a way that it seems to the reader that all events are taking place at the present moment. This illusion arises from the fact that the author describes everything in such small details that a whole picture appears before the reader's eyes, having form, color and sound. The story "Cold Autumn", in my opinion, can be called historical, although the story in this story has been changed. In the first part of the story, events develop rapidly, reaching the climax of the story. On June 15, the crown prince was killed, on Peter's day at dinner, he was declared the fiance of the main character, and on July 19, Germany declared war ... In my opinion, it was no coincidence that the author put ellipsis in this place. He is declared a groom and immediately an idyll of a happy family life is drawn in the reader's head, but in the next phrase war is declared. And all dreams and hopes are shattered in an instant. Further, the author focuses on the farewell party. He was called to the front. In September, he comes to say goodbye before leaving. This evening the father of the bride says: - Surprisingly early and cold autumn! This phrase is pronounced as a statement of fact. At the end of the story, the heroine will say that that cold autumn, that autumn evening is all that she had in her life. This evening is described in great detail, every action of the heroes is described.

The story "cold autumn" was written by I.A. Bunin in 1944. This is a difficult time for the world as a whole. There is a second world war. She greatly influenced Bunin's life. He, already in exile from the USSR in France, was forced to leave Paris, as German troops entered it.

The action of the story begins at the beginning of the First World War, in which Russia was drawn into European intrigues. Betrothed because of the war, the family collapses. He goes to war. And from their love they have only one autumn evening left. This is the evening of farewell. He dies in the war. After the death of her parents, she sells the remnants of property in the market, where she meets an elderly retired military man, whom she marries and with whom she travels to the Kuban. They lived in the Kuban and on the Don for two years and during a hurricane they escape to Turkey. Her husband dies on the ship from typhus. She had only three close people: her husband's nephew, his wife and their seven-month-old daughter. The nephew and his wife went missing after leaving for the Crimea. And she was left with the girl in her arms. It follows Bunin's emigration route (Constantinople-Sofia-Belgrade-Paris). The girl grows up and stays in Paris. The main character moves to Nice, located not far from Bunin's place of residence during the Nazi occupation of France. She realizes that her life has passed "like an unnecessary dream." All life except for the autumn evening saying goodbye to your loved one. This evening is all that was in her life. And she feels that she will soon die and thus be reunited with him.

Love can be so powerful that the death of a loved one devastates the lover's life. And this is tantamount to death in life.

In this story, one can hear a protest against the war, as a weapon of mass murder of people and as the most terrible phenomenon of life. In "Cold Autumn" Bunin draws an analogy of the main character with herself. He himself lived in a foreign land for more than thirty years. And under the conditions of fascist occupation, Bunin wrote "Dark Alleys" - a story about love.

Question #26

The theme of nature in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Feta

A. A. Fet- a representative of "pure art" or "art for art's sake". In Russian poetry it is difficult to find a poet more "major" than he is. The poet relied on the philosophy of Schopenhauer - a philosopher who denied the role of reason, art is an unconscious creativity, a gift from God, the artist's goal is beauty. Beauty is nature and love philosophical reflections about them. Nature and love are the main themes of Fet's lyrics.

The poem "I came to you with greetings ..." became a kind of poetic manifesto by Fet. Three poetic subjects - nature, love and song - are closely interconnected, penetrate each other, forming Fetov's universe of beauty. Using the method of personification, Fet animates nature, she lives with him: “the forest has woken up”, “the sun has risen”. And the lyrical hero is full of thirst for love and creativity.

Fet's impressions of the world around him are conveyed by vivid images "A bonfire blazes with a bright sun in the forest ...":

A bonfire blazes with the bright sun in the forest,

And, shrinking, the juniper cracks;

Like drunken giants, a crowded choir,

Flushed, the spruce tree staggers.

One gets the impression that a hurricane is raging in the forest, swaying mighty trees, but then one becomes more and more convinced that the night depicted in the poem is quiet and windless. It turns out that it's just the glare from the fire that gives the impression that the trees are staggering. But it was this first impression, and not the giant firs themselves, that the poet sought to capture.

Fet consciously depicts not the object itself, but the impression that this object makes. He is not interested in details and details, is not attracted to motionless, finished forms, he seeks to convey the variability of nature, the movement human soul:

Every bush buzzed with bees,

Happiness weighed on the heart,

I trembled so that from timid lips

Your confession did not fly off ...

He is helped to solve this creative task by peculiar visual means: not a clear line, but blurry contours, not color contrast, but shades, halftones, imperceptibly passing one into another. The poet reproduces in the word not an object, but an impression. We encounter such a phenomenon in Russian literature for the first time precisely in Fet.

The poet not only likens nature to man, but fills it with human emotions. Fet's poems are saturated with aromas, the smell of herbs, "fragrant nights", "fragrant dawns":

Your luxurious wreath is fresh and fragrant,

All incense flowers are heard in it ...

But sometimes the poet still manages to stop the moment, and then a picture of a frozen world is created in the poem:

The mirror moon floats across the azure desert,

The grasses of the steppe are humiliated by evening moisture,

Speech is jerky, the heart is again superstitious,

Long shadows in the distance sank into a hollow.

Here, each line captures a brief complete impression, and there is no logical connection between these impressions.

In the poem "Whisper, timid breathing ..." the rapid change of static pictures gives the verse an amazing dynamism, airiness, gives the poet the opportunity to depict the subtlest transitions from one state to another. Without a single verb, only with short nominal sentences, like an artist - with bold strokes, Fet conveys a tense lyrical experience.

The poem has a specific plot: it describes the meeting of lovers in the garden. In just 12 lines, the author managed to express a whole bunch of feelings, subtly convey all the shades of experiences. The poet does not describe in detail the development of relationships, but recreates only the most important moments of this great feeling.

In this poem, momentary sensations are perfectly conveyed, and, alternating them, Fet conveys the state of the heroes, and the course of the night, and the consonance of nature with the human soul, and the happiness of love. The lyrical hero strives to “stop the moment”, to capture the most precious and sweetest moments of communication with his beloved, with beauty, with nature, with God himself: the whisper and breathing of his beloved, the sounds of a stream flowing by, the first timid rays of the approaching dawn, his delight and ecstasy.

Thus, the main themes of Fet's lyrics - nature and love, seem to be merged into one. It is in them, as in a single melody, that all the beauty of the world, all the joy and charm of life are combined.

TYUTCHIV Being a contemporary of Pushkin, F. I. Tyutchev, however, was ideologically connected with another generation - the generation of “wise men”, who sought not so much to actively intervene in life as to comprehend it. This propensity for knowledge of the surrounding world and self-knowledge led Tyutchev to a completely original philosophical and poetic concept.

Tyutchev's lyrics can be thematically presented as philosophical, civil, landscape and love. However, these themes are very closely intertwined in each poem, where a passionate feeling gives rise to a deep philosophical thought about the existence of nature and the universe, about the connection of human existence with universal life, about love, life and death, about human destiny and historical destinies of Russia.

Tyutchev's worldview is characterized by the perception of the world as a dual substance. The ideal and the demonic are two beginnings that are in constant struggle. The existence of life is impossible if one of the principles is missing, because there must be balance in everything. So, for example, in the poem "Day and Night" these two states of nature are opposed to each other:

Day - this brilliant cover -

Day - earthly revival,

Souls of the aching healing,

Friend of man and gods.

Tyutchev's day is filled with life, joy and boundless happiness. But he is only an illusion, a ghostly cover thrown over the abyss. The night has a completely different character:

And the abyss is naked to us,

With your fears and darkness

And there are no barriers between her and us:

That is why we are afraid of the night.

The image of the abyss is inextricably linked with the image of the night; this abyss is that primordial chaos from which everything came and into which everything will go. It beckons and scares at the same time. Night leaves a person alone not only with cosmic darkness, but also alone with himself. The night world seems to Tyutchev true, for true world, in his opinion, is incomprehensible, and it is the night that allows a person to touch the secrets of the universe and his own soul. The day is dear to the human heart because it is simple and understandable. Night gives rise to a feeling of loneliness, being lost in space, helplessness in front of unknown forces. That is, according to Tyutchev, the true position of man in this world. Maybe that's why he calls the night "holy."

The quatrain "The Last Cataclysm" prophesies the last hour of nature in grandiose images, heralding the end of the old world order:

When the last hour of nature strikes,

The composition of the parts will collapse earthly:

Everything visible will again be covered by water,

And God's face will be depicted in them.

Tyutchev's poetry shows that the new society never got out of the state of "chaos". Modern man he did not fulfill his mission before the world, he did not allow the world to ascend with him to beauty, to reason. Therefore, the poet has many poems in which a person is, as it were, recalled back to the elements as having failed in his own role.

Poems "Silentium!" (Silence) - a complaint about the isolation, the hopelessness in which our soul resides:

Be silent, hide and hide

And your feelings and dreams ...

The true life of a man is the life of his soul:

Only know how to live in yourself -

There is a whole world in your soul

Mysterious magical thoughts ...

It is no coincidence that images of a starry night, pure underground springs are associated with inner life, and images of daylight rays and external noise are associated with outer life. The world of human feelings and thoughts is a true world, but unknowable. As soon as a thought takes on a verbal form, it is instantly distorted: "A thought uttered is a lie."

Tyutchev tries to see things in contradiction. In the poem "Gemini" he writes:

There are twins - for terrestrial

The two deities are Death and Sleep...

Tyutchev's twins are not twins, they do not echo each other, one is feminine, the other is masculine, each has its own meaning; they coincide with each other, but they are also at enmity. For Tyutchev, it was natural to find polar forces everywhere, one and yet dual, consistent with each other and turned against each other.

"Nature", "element", "chaos", on the one hand, space - on the other. These are perhaps the most important of those polarities that Tyutchev reflected in his poetry. Separating them, he penetrates deeper into the unity of nature in order to bring the divided closer together again.

Sections: Literature

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is an outstanding Russian writer who has gained special worldwide fame. Bunin's poetry and prose come from a common verbal-psychological source, his richest language, full of unique plasticity, is united beyond the division into literary types and genres. In it, according to K. Paustovsky, there was everything “from ringing copper solemnity to the transparency of flowing spring water, from measured chasing to intonations of amazing softness, from light melody to slow peals of thunder.

What attracts the creativity of I.A. Bunin today's schoolchildren?

Bunin's work is characterized by an appeal to the inner world of heroes: penetration into the secret impulses of the soul, the riddles of actions, the connection between "mind" and "heart". The environment, surrounding material things lose their meaning. Angle artwork the author is narrowed down to the psychology and emotionality of the hero.

What a cold autumn
Put on your shawl and hood...
Look between the blackening pines
As if a fire is rising.

These lines of Fet, uttered by the hero of the story "Cold Autumn", most clearly reflect the time when I. Bunin wrote the cycle "Dark Alleys" in exile. Time of change, time of struggle, time of contradictions. It is noteworthy that in the story "Cold Autumn" contradictions appear constantly. If traced creative activity Bunina, we will see that her " hallmark is the opposition of the poetic traditions of the Russian muse of the "golden age" to the innovative searches of the symbolists. According to Y. Aikhenvald's definition, Bunin's work "... stood out against their background as a good old one."

But for Bunin himself, this was not just an opposition of views, principles, worldviews - it was a stubborn and consistent struggle against symbolism. And this struggle was so heroic that Bunin was alone and was not afraid of the deep wounds that she inflicted on him. “He contrasted the extremes of the Symbolists with too much balance of feeling: their whimsicalness was too complete a sequence of thought, their desire for unusualness was too deliberately emphasized simplicity, their paradoxes were the obvious irrefutability of statements. The more the subject of Symbolist poetry wants to be exceptional, the more the subject of Bunin's poetry tries to be normal. An interesting fact is that while in Italy or Capri, Bunin wrote stories about the Russian village, and while in Russia - about India, Ceylon. Even in this example, one can see the conflicting feelings of the artist. When looking at Russia, Bunin always needed a distance - chronological, and even geographical.

Bunin's position in relation to Russian life looked unusual: to many of his contemporaries, Bunin seemed "cold", albeit a brilliant master. "Cold" Bunin. "Cold autumn". Consonance of definitions. Is it random? It seems that there is a struggle behind both - the struggle of the new with the old, truth with untruth, justice with injustice - and inevitable loneliness.

"Cold" Bunin. He sought to wrest from his work everything that could be in it in common with symbolism. Bunin was especially stubborn against the symbolists in the field of depicting reality. “The symbolist is the creator of his landscape, which is always located around him. Bunin, on the other hand, steps aside, making every effort to reproduce the reality he idolizes most objectively. But the symbolist, depicting not the world, but essentially himself, in each work achieves the goal immediately and completely. Bunin, on the other hand, complicates the achievement of his goal, he depicts the landscape as accurate, truthful, alive, which leads to the fact that most often there is no place left for the personality of the artist. But this is precisely what he opposed himself to the symbolists.

"Cold autumn". Bunin in this story, by awakening the system of associative connections in the mind of the reader, seeks to say about what is left in the past - simplicity, goodness, purity of thoughts and about the inevitability of the coming tragedy.

In it, the fate of the Russian intelligentsia is shown through the fate of a woman, and her fate is revealed not so much through a detailed biography, but through a story about love, in which several days of the past are perceived more fully than the 30 years that have flown by after him. The dissonance between good and evil, peace and war, harmony and chaos can be traced throughout the short story. And in the end - loneliness, disappointment in life, although it is brightened up by a dream and faith in happiness "out there". The story is a tragedy of love in troubled times, a tragedy of reason in the mad flame of revolutionary upheavals.

Contrasting Bunin's worldview and creativity with others, contraposing the old world and the new, good and evil in the story. This is what unites the consonance of definitions - “cold” Bunin and “Cold autumn”. Bunin's antithesis is very attractive, so I would like to consider the story "Cold Autumn" from this point of view.

The aim of the work is to determine the ideological and artistic role of antithesis reception in the story "Cold Autumn" at the level of:

• plot
• compositions
• chronotope
• space
• image systems
• artistic and visual means.

The story "Cold Autumn" begins with an event that sets the stage for historical authenticity - the First World War. Events are given in fragments: "In June he was a guest", "On Peter's day he was declared a groom." The whole work is built on contrast. So in the exposition we read: “In September I came to say goodbye" And "Our wedding has been postponed until spring." Cold autumn can be interpreted as the end of the usual peaceful life along with the dying of nature. But the wedding of the heroes has been postponed until spring. After all, spring appears not only as a time of rebirth of nature, but also as the beginning of a new peaceful life.

Further development of the action takes place in the house of the heroine, where "he" came to say goodbye. Bunin capaciously conveys the atmosphere "farewell party" reapplying one antithesis after another. On the one hand, a window behind which surprisingly early cold autumn. This laconic phrase has a multi-layered meaning: it is both the cold of autumn and the cold of the soul - as if we are hearing a father's prophecy to his child: surprisingly, terribly early you will lose Him, you will know the cold of loneliness. On the other side, "Steam-fogged window" With this phrase, Bunin emphasizes the warmth of the house, comfort, tranquility - “sat quietly”, “exchanged insignificant words, exaggeratedly calm, hiding their secret thoughts and feelings”, “with feigned simplicity”. And again, the antithesis is in the manifestation of external calm and internal anxiety. Bunin masterfully contrasts this state of all the people in the room with the feeling that "touching and creepy." In the same part of the story “in the black sky, pure ice stars sparkled brightly and sharply” and “a hot lamp hanging over the table”. Another vivid illustration of the antithesis: "cold" and "heat", external "ice stars" and internal "hot lamp" - someone else's and one's own.

The next steps take place in the garden. "Get out into the garden" Bunin uses this particular verb so that the reader immediately has a single association: they descended into hell (take away “s” from the word garden). From the world of warmth, family - into autumn, war. “At first it was so dark. Then black boughs began to appear in the brightening sky, showered with sparkling mineral stars.. And from hell “quite especially, the windows of the house shine in autumn.” House-paradise, which will soon burst into autumn, war, hell. There is also a strange dialogue between "her" and "him". The author escalates the state of impending trouble. Deeply symbolic are the words quoted by "him": "look between the blackening pines as if a fire rises ..." Her misunderstanding of the symbol: "What fire? “Moonrise, of course.” The moon symbolizes death, cold. And "fire", fire as a symbol of suffering, pain, destruction of one's own, dear, warm. The atmosphere of non-comfort, non-vitality is discharged by a logical emotional outburst: “Nothing, dear friend. Still sad. Sad and good. I very-very love you". This phrase, warm and light, stands out in contrast to the gloomy and cold background of the story. This makes the dissonance between good and evil, peace and war even stronger.

The climax of the story is the send-off scene, which is built on contrast. Heroes become in opposition to nature. “They crossed themselves with impetuous despair and, after standing, entered the empty house” and felt “only the amazing incompatibility between us and those around us on a joyful, sunny morning sparkling with frost on the grass.” Climax phrase: “Killed him - what a terrible word! - A month later in Galicia "- Bunin capaciously recreated the feeling of an erased emotional perception over the years. That descent has already happened: "I lived in Moscow in the basement." This is from home where “after dinner, as usual, a samovar was served!”, “became a woman in bast shoes.” It's from "Swiss Cape!" Aptly and meaningfully, the author here uses details that characterize better than lengthy descriptions: she sold “some ring, then a cross, then a fur collar ...” That is, she sold the past, renouncing it: "The times of our grandparents", "Oh, my God, my God." The beauty and slowness of life before the death of the hero are contrasted with the frantic pace of life, the abundance of misfortunes and failures after. Paradise-house turned into a hell-foreign land. The descent has ended. There is no life here - it's just an unnecessary dream.

There is another climactic wave in the work - “I always ask myself: yes, but what happened in my life after all? And I answer myself: only that cold evening. Bunin gives the heroine the last chance to realize that that evening was the triumph of the spirit, the meaning of life, life itself.

This contradiction is the basis of the tragic plot. Now the heroine has only faith in the expectation of a meeting, faith in happiness "there" Thus, storyline can be built like this:

			Life

The composition is in the form of a ring: "You live, rejoice in the world ..."- life - "... I lived and rejoiced ...". Explained compositional construction Bunin as follows: “What did happen in my life? Only that cold autumn evening ... the rest is an unnecessary dream. The work begins with a description of the autumn evening, ends with a recollection of it. In the episode of the conversation in the park, the heroine says: "I won't survive your death." And his words: "You live, rejoice in the world, then come to me." And she admits that she did not survive him, she simply forgot herself in a terrible nightmare. And it becomes clear why, in such a dry, hurried, indifferent tone, she told about everything that happened after. The soul died with that evening. The ring composition is used to show the closed circle of the heroine's life: It's time for her to "go", to return to "him". Compositionally, the work can be divided into parts that contrast with each other.

Part 1. From the beginning of the story to the words: “... do you want to walk a little?”- an almost absurd picture of tragic calmness, regularity in life, in the estate against the backdrop of a distant, seemingly unreal war.

Part 2 . From the words: “In my soul ...” to the words: “... or sing at the top of my voice?”- He and she, farewell. Against the backdrop of a joyful, sunny morning, there is emptiness and impotence in the soul of the heroine.

Part 3 From the words: "They killed him ..." to the words: "what did she become for me"-acceleration of action: on one page - the rest of life. The depiction of the wanderings and hardships of the heroine, which begins with a climactic phrase about "his" death. The heroine impartially describes her later life stating the facts.

Part 4 until the end of the story- before us is the heroine-narrator in the present.

So, the story is built on antithesis. This principle is proclaimed by the exclamation: "Well, my friends, war!" The words "friends" and "war" are the main links in the chain of contradictions: farewell to your beloved - and a conversation about the weather, the sun - and separation. The contradictions of the absurd.

But there are also contradictions associated with human psychology, accurately conveying mental confusion: "... cry for me or sing at the top of my voice." And then the beauty and unhurriedness of life before “his” death is contrasted with the frantic pace and abundance of failures and misfortunes after.

The chronotope of the work is very detailed. In the first sentence, the season is right away: "in June". Summer, the flowering of the soul, feelings. There is no exact date of “that year”: the numbers are not important - this is the past, gone. Past, own, native, blood, organic. The official date is a foreign concept, therefore the foreign date is indicated exactly: "the fifteenth of July they killed", "on the nineteenth of July, Germany declared war on Russia," to emphasize rejection even in time. A vivid illustration of Bunin's antithesis of "friend or foe".

The boundaries of the time of the whole story are open. Bunin states only the facts. Mentioning specific dates: “July 15 they killed”, “on the morning of the 16th”, “but on June 19th”. Seasons and months: "in June of that year", "in September", "postponed until spring", "in the winter in a hurricane", "killed him a month later". Enumeration of the number of years: “Thirty whole years have passed since then”, “we spent two years in the Don and Kuban”, “in 1912”. And the words by which you can determine the passage of time: “she lived for a long time”, “the girl grew up”, “that cold autumn evening”, “the rest is an unnecessary dream”. Of course, there is a feeling of vanity, mobility of time. In the episode of the farewell evening, Bunin uses only words by which you can determine the time, feel it: “after dinner”, “that evening”, “time to sleep”, “we stayed a little longer”, “at first it was so dark”, “he left in the morning”. There is a feeling of isolation, everything happens in one place, in one small period of time - evening. But it does not burden, but causes a feeling of concreteness, reliability, warm sadness. The specificity and abstractness of time is the antithesis of “her own” time and “alien” one: the heroine lives in “her own”, while she lives in “alien” as if in a dream.

The boundaries of time and the meaning of living life are contradictory. The words of the time of the whole story are numerous enumerations, but they are insignificant for the heroine. But the words of time in the episode of the farewell evening, according to the meaning of living, are a whole life.

The words of the time of the whole story		Farewell time words
specific dates:		After dinner
		it's time to sleep
on the morning of the 16th		that evening
spring 18th		stay a little longer
seasons and months:		at first it was so dark
in June of that year		he left in the morning
in september postpone until spring in winter in a hurricane
listing the number of years:
as much as 30 years have passed, stayed more than 2 years in 1912
words to tell time:
only lived for a day

The contrast of the narrative is felt in the work immediately. The space of the story seems to expand when the stars appear. They appear in two images: first, sparkling in a black sky, and then shining in a brightening sky. This image carries a philosophical meaning. Stars in world culture symbolize eternity, the continuity of life. Bunin emphasizes the contrast: the quick separation and death of the hero - the eternity and injustice of life. In the second part of the story, when the heroine talks about her wanderings, the space lengthens first to Moscow, and then to Eastern and Western Europe: “lived in Moscow”, “lived in Constantinople for a long time”, “Bulgaria, Serbia, Czech Republic, Paris, Nice...” measured quiet life in the estate turned into endless vanity, the randomness of the heroine's living space : “I was in Nice for the first time in 1912 - and could I think in those happy Days what she will one day be to me".

One of the main means in the formation of the author's position is the system of images. Bunin's principle of presenting heroes is distinguished by its brightness and unusualness. So none of the characters has a name, the name of the “guest” and “groom” is never mentioned - it is too sacred to trust the paper with the sacred letters, the sounds of the beloved name. Name dear person "He" akin to Blok's name of the Beautiful Lady in verse - "She". But the name of not one's own, a stranger's name is called - "Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo." In a surreal sense, it can be considered a source of trouble. Evil is "more expressive" than good - here it has a specific name. Bunin's antithesis of "one's own - someone else's" was embodied in these images.

Bunin introduces a new layer of images into the work: "family - people." The family is in comfort, kindness, happiness, and the people are strangers “like destroyers”, thieves of harmony, “like many”, “on Peter’s day a lot of people came to us”, “Germany declared war on Russia”, “I, too(as mass ) was engaged in trade, sold”, “sailed with a myriad crowd of refugees”. Using these images, the author seems to emphasize that his story is not only about what happened to everyone personally, but also about what happened to a whole generation. Most clearly, Bunin shows the tragedy of the generation, using the fate of the woman - the main character. The image of a woman has always been associated with the image of a homemaker, and family and home are the main values ​​of the time. The events of the First World War, the revolution that followed it, the post-revolutionary years - all this fell to the lot of the heroine - a blooming girl at the first meeting with her and an old woman close to death - at the end of the story with her memories, similar to a life outcome. In her character, the pride of an emigrant coexists with disobedience to fate - are not the traits of the author himself? A lot of things coincide in life: the revolution fell to his lot, which he could not accept, and Nice, which could not replace Russia.

An important touch in the system of images "girl". She is indifferent to her past: she has become "French". The heroine describes "sleek hands", "silver nails" and "gold laces" his pupil with bitter irony, but without any malice. "Sunny bunny" among the dull colors of "her" narrative, but we do not feel heat - an icy shine. The greatest tragedy of the intelligentsia is shown by Bunin through its image: the loss of the future, lack of demand, the death of Russia in the souls of the children of emigrants.

Appears in the story and the metonymic image of soldiers "in folders and unbuttoned greatcoats." This is obvious, the Red Army soldiers, who were sold their things by people who did not fit the new time. The image of the heroine's husband is interesting. He is also not named by name, but the contrast of the place of their (the heroine and future husband) meeting (at the corner of the Arbat and the market) and a very laconic, but capacious characterization of the husband himself is emphasized. "a man of rare, beautiful soul." This perhaps symbolizes the chaos of the history of Russia at that time. Having chosen several characters, Bunin reflected the great tragedy of Russia. Again, the contrast - what was and what has become. Thousands of elegant ladies turned into "Baby in bast shoes", And "people, a rare, beautiful soul", dressed "Worn-out Cossack zipuns" and let go "black beards". So gradually, following ring, cross, fur collar " people were losing their country, and the country was losing its color and pride. The contrast of Bunin's system of images is obvious.

Bunin, as a master of the word, brilliantly, masterfully uses the antithesis at all levels of the language. Bunin's syntax is the most interesting. The language of this work of art is typical for the author: it is simple, not replete with pretentious metaphors and epithets. In the first part of the short story (see above for the boundaries of the parts), the author uses simple, uncommon sentences. This creates the impression of flipping through photos in a family album, only a statement of facts. Offer - frame. Fifteen lines - ten sentences - frames. Flipping through the past. "On June 15, Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo." “On the morning of the sixteenth they brought newspapers from the post office.” "This is war!" "And now our farewell party has come." "Surprisingly early and cold autumn." In the episode of the farewell evening, the author seems to stop time, stretches the space, filling it with events, and the sentences become complex, each of their parts is widespread. In this part, there are many minor members of the sentence, contrasting in meaning: « sweaty from steam windows" and "surprisingly early and cold autumn", "on black sky brightly And sharply sparkled clean icy stars" and "hung over the table hot lamp". Numerically, this is expressed as follows: there are five sentences in fourteen lines. “That evening we sat quietly, only occasionally exchanging insignificant words, exaggeratedly calm, hiding our secret thoughts and feelings.” “Then black boughs began to appear in the brightening sky, showered with minerally shining stars.” “Left alone, we stayed a little longer in the dining room,” I decided to play solitaire, “he silently walked from corner to corner, then asked:“ Do you want to walk a little? In the next part inner world Bunin reveals heroes using dialogue. Dialogues in this part play a particularly important role. Behind all the on-duty phrases, remarks about the weather, about “autumn”, there is a second meaning, subtext, unspoken pain. They say one thing - they think about something else, they speak only for the sake of a word, a conversation. The so-called "undercurrent". And the fact that the distraction of the father, the diligence of the mother, the indifference of the heroine are feigned, the reader understands even without a direct explanation of the author: "only occasionally exchanged insignificant words, exaggeratedly calm, hiding their secret thoughts and feelings." “Dressing in the hallway, he continued to think something, with a sweet smile he remembered Fet’s poems:

What a cold autumn

Put on your shawl and hood...

- I do not remember. It seems so:

Look between the blackening pines As if the fire rises...

- What fire?

- Moonrise, of course. There is some charm in these verses: “Put on your shawl and hood...” The times of our grandparents... Oh, my God, my God!

- What you?

- Nothing, dear friend. Still sad. Sad and good. I really, really love you I love".

The final part of the story is dominated by declarative sentences complicated by homogeneous parts of the sentence. An unusual feeling of rhythm, overflowing with life events is created: “some kind of ring, then a cross, then a fur collar”, “Bulgaria, Serbia, Czech Republic, Belgium, Paris, Nice ...”, “was engaged ..., sold ..., met ..., left. ..", "sleek hands with silver nails... gold laces". Bunin contrasts all this with the inner emptiness, the fatigue of the heroine. She states her misfortunes without any emotion. The overcrowding of events life turns into the fact that life - then there is none. At the level of syntax, the antithesis is clearly expressed: simple - complex sentences, prevalence, saturation with homogeneous members of the sentence and their absence, dialogue - the monologue of the heroine. Consciousness splits: there is yesterday and now, the past and all life. Syntax tools help with this.

The masterful use of morphological means of language also draws attention. So in the first part of the work, the verbs are put in the past tense. Memories... The heroine seems to be making her way through the windbreak of the past to the present, living life, growing old, disappointed: “rose”, “crossed”, “passed”, “looked”, “lived”, “wandered”. In the last part of the story, the narration is conducted using the forms of the present tense: I ask, I answer, I believe, I wait. The heroine awakens. And life is over.

So, the main feature of the "Bunin" antithesis is that it permeates all levels of the story "Cold Autumn".

1. "Bunin's" antithesis is a way of expressing the author's position.
2. Bunin's contrast is a way of reflecting reality, creating a picture of the world.
3. The opposition is used to reveal the worldview, philosophical concept of the author.
4. Antithesis as a demonstration of the catastrophic nature of time at the turn of two centuries, revolutions, wars.
5. The contrast of the psychology of people in the early 20th century.
6. The antithesis in Bunin's story "Cold Autumn" is a technique for creating a composition, plot, chronotope, space, system of images, language features.

The title of the collection "Dark Alleys" evokes images of dilapidated gardens of old estates, overgrown alleys of Moscow parks. Russia, fading into the past, into oblivion.

Bunin is a master who knows how to be unique in the most banal situations, to always remain chaste and pure, for love for him is always unique and holy. In Dark Alleys, love is alien to the concept of sin: “After all, cruel tears remain in the soul, that is, memories that are especially cruel, painful if you remember something happy.” Perhaps, in the melancholy of the short stories of "Dark Alleys", the old pain from the happiness experienced once gains a voice.

Bunin is not a philosopher, not a moralist and not a psychologist. For him, it is more important what sunset was when the heroes said goodbye and went somewhere than the purpose of their trip. "He was always a stranger to both God-seeking and theomachism." Therefore, it is pointless to look for a deep meaning in the actions of the heroes. "Cold Autumn" is a story where love, in fact, is not mentioned. This work is the only one with a documented accurate chronology. The language of the narration is emphatically dry... An elderly woman, neatly dressed, is sitting somewhere in a coastal restaurant, and, nervously fiddling with her scarf, tells her story to a random interlocutor. There are no more emotions - everything has long been experienced. She equally casually speaks of the death of her fiancé and the indifference of her adopted daughter. As a rule, Bunin's action is concentrated in a short time interval. "Cold Autumn" is not just a segment of life, it is a chronicle of a lifetime. Earthly love, cut off by death, but, thanks to this death, became unearthly. And at the end of her turbulent life, the heroine suddenly realizes that she had nothing but this love. “Bunin, at the time of his bleak “cold autumn”, having survived the revolution and exile, in the days of one of the most terrible wars writes a love story, as Boccaccio wrote the Decameron during the plague. For the flashes of this unearthly fire are the light that illuminates the path of mankind.” As one of the heroines of "Dark Alleys" said: "All love is a great happiness, even if it is not divided."

List of used literature

1. Adamovich G.V. Loneliness and freedom. New York, 1985.
2. Aleksandrova V.A. "Dark Alleys" // New Journal, 1947 No. 15.
3. Afanasiev V.O. On some features of Bunin's late lyrical prose // Izvestiya AN SSSR. Dep. Literature and language, 1979, v.29, issue 6.
4. Baboreko A.K. Bunin during the war 1943-1944 // Daugava, 1980 No. 10.
5. Dolgopolov L.O. On some features of late Bunin's realism // Russian Literature, 1973 No. 2.
6. Muromtseva - Bunina V.N. Bunin's life, Paris, 1958.
7. School of Classics. Criticism and comments. silver Age. 1998.

The general meaning of all the works of I.A. Bunin about love can be conveyed by a rhetorical question: “Is love ever infrequent?” So, in his cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" (1943), there is probably not a single work dedicated to happy love. One way or another, this feeling is short-lived and ends dramatically, if not tragically. But Bunin claims that, in spite of everything, love is beautiful. It, albeit for a short moment, illuminates a person's life and gives him a meaning for further existence.

So, in the story “Cold Autumn”, the narrator, having lived a long and very difficult life, sums up her life: “But, remembering everything that I have experienced since then, I always ask myself: yes, but what was still in my life? And I answer myself: only that cold autumn evening. Only that cold autumn evening when she said goodbye to her fiancé, who was leaving for the war. It was so light and, at the same time, sad and heavy in her soul.

Only at the end of the evening, the heroes started talking about the worst: what if the beloved does not return from the war? Would they kill him? The heroine does not want and cannot even think about it: “I thought: “What if they really kill? and will I really forget it at some point - after all, everything is forgotten in the end? And she hastily answered, frightened by her thought: “Don't talk like that! I won't survive your death!"

The heroine's fiancé was indeed killed. And the girl survived his death - this is a feature of human nature. The narrator even got married and had a child. After the 1917 revolution, she had to wander around Russia, endure many humiliations, menial work, illnesses, the death of her husband, and the alienation of her daughter. And now, at the end of years, thinking about her life, the heroine comes to the conclusion that in her life there was only one love. Moreover, in her life there was only one autumn night that illuminated the whole life of a woman. This is her life meaning, her support and support.

The narrator in her bitter life, cut off from her homeland, is warmed by only one memory, one thought: “Live, rejoice in the world, then come to me ...” I lived, rejoiced, now I will come soon.

So, the main part of the story, which has a ring composition, is a description of a cold autumn evening, the last in life together heroes. From the words of the girl's father, we learn that an Austrian crown prince was killed in Sarajevo. This meant that war would inevitably begin. The beloved of the heroine, who was in her family, his own, dear person, had to go to the front.

On the same sad evening, he was announced the bridegroom of the heroine. Ironically, their first evening as bride and groom was also their last. That is why this whole evening, in the perception of the narrator and her lover, was permeated with light sadness, aching melancholy, fading beauty. Like the cold autumn evening that surrounded the heroes in the garden.

Everyday details are of great importance in the story, which turn into psychological ones in the work. So, the heroine accurately lists all the dates that "surrounded" the events described. She remembers everything in the smallest detail, although thirty years have passed and behind her - very hard life. This suggests that this evening was very significant for the woman.

Psychologically subtly describes the last home dinner. All its participants sat in suspense, thinking that this might be their last joint evening. But everyone exchanged insignificant words, masking their tension and what they really wanted to say.

But at last the young people were left alone. The beloved invites the narrator to take a walk in the autumn garden. He quotes lines from Fet's poem. They, to some extent, predict both his fate and the fate of their couple:

Look - between the blackening pines

As if the fire is rising...

And then the hero adds: “Still sad. Sad and good. I love you very, very much…” What simple and, at the same time, poignant words! Young people love each other, but cannot be together. This, according to Bunin's theory, is simply impossible. After all, love is always just a flash, just a brief moment, burning for life ...

The next morning the hero left, as it turned out, forever. A “fatal bag” with a scapular was put around his neck, but he did not save the beloved heroine from death. The narrator returned to the house, not noticing the sunny morning and not feeling joy from it. Bunin subtly conveys her state on the verge of hysteria, a huge emotional experience: "... not knowing what to do with myself now and whether I should sob or sing at the top of my voice ..."

Many years have passed since then. But the elderly heroine in Nice keeps coming back and comes back in memory for this evening and hopefully awaits an early death. What else is left for her? Poor old age, deprived of the support of the only native person - the daughter.

The image of the daughter of the heroine in the story is very important. Bunin shows that a person cut off from his roots, far from his homeland, loses the main thing - his soul: “she became completely French, very pretty and completely indifferent to me, served in a chocolate shop near Madeleine, wrapped boxes in satin with sleek hands with silver nails. paper and tied them with gold cords ... "

The daughter of the narrator is a doll that has lost its essence behind the material tinsel.

“Cold Autumn”… The title of the story is symbolic. This is also a specific designation of the time frame of what is happening in the story. It is also a symbol of the first and last evening in the life of the heroes. This is a symbol of the whole life of the heroine. It is also a designation of the life of all emigrants who lost their homeland after 1917 ... It is also a symbol of the state that comes after the loss of flash love ...

Cold autumn ... It is inevitable, but it also enriches a person, because he retains the most valuable thing - memories.