How did Russian women live in the old days? Museum lesson "How people lived in the old days" Feast, food and clothing in Russia in the X-XVII centuries

"How did people live in Rus'"

1. INTRODUCTION

The research and creative project “How People Lived in Rus'” is devoted to the study of the history of Russian life, the arrangement of a village hut, various customs and beliefs that existed in Russian families. The choice of the topic is caused by the interest of children in the way of life of the Russian people, in the variety of ancient household items, in the division of labor in the family, in the traditions of the Russian people in the upbringing of boys and girls.

Objective of the project:

Study of the history of Russian peasant life and its influence on gender education.

Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.

Project objectives:

To get acquainted with a variety of household items, their names and purpose.

Explore, compare and highlight the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls in Rus'.

Conduct a survey of children in order to clarify the knowledge of the names and purpose of objects.

Conduct experiments on the use of objects of ancient Russian life in modern conditions.

To make a model of an old Russian hut with an interior.

2. MAIN PART

2.1. Hut and its device. Being engaged in the optional "Folklore Art", we always consider the decoration of the "Russian hut" - our classes are held there.

We are interested to know everything:

How did Russian people live before?

Why were all these items of Russian life needed?

What are these objects called and how did people use them?

We began to look for answers to all our questions: we asked teachers, parents, examined illustrations in books about the ancient life of the Russian people, read encyclopedias, watched videos.

We learned that in ancient times almost all of Rus' was made of wood. In Rus' it was believed thattree favorably affects a person, it is good for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. Huts in the old days were built of spruce or pine. From the logs in the hut there was a pleasant resinous smell.

Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families.Izba (village house) - the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes "help" was organized when the whole village worked for one family.

We wanted to look into the Russian hut. What was the situation there? What was the furniture, dishes?

From encyclopedias, we learned that the peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. The situation was modest, strict, everything in its place, everything for the good of the cause.

It turns out that at the entrance to the hut it was possible to stumble. Do you know why? In the hut was tallthreshold and low ceiling. So the peasants took care of the heat, tried not to let it out.

Here we are in the hut. The centerpiece isbake. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the furnace. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall, so that a fire would not happen.

The space between the wall and the oven is called"bake". There the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: tongs, a large shovel, a poker.

Cast iron and pots stood on the hearth near the stove. Inventory and firewood were stored in a niche under the hearth. There were small niches in the oven for drying mittens and felt boots.

“Nurse, mother” was called the stove among the people. “Mother is a stove, decorate your children,” the hostess said when baking bread and pies. Our apartment does not have such an oven, it was replaced by a stove, but in the villages grandmothers still love to bake pies in a Russian stove.

We bake our test toys in the oven, but we also say: “Mother is a stove, decorate your kids.” She hears us and pleases us with ruddy products.

Everyone in the peasant family loved the stove. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy there even in the most severe frosts.

Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: "He wipes bricks on the stove."

Most of the time at the stove was spent by the hostess. Her place at the stove was called "baby kut" (that is, "women's corner"). Here the hostess cooked food, here in a special closet - "dishes" were kept kitchen utensils. There were many shelves near the stove, on the shelves along the walls were milk bowls, earthenware and wooden bowls, and salt shakers.

The other corner near the door was for men. He called"horse". On the bench they made a pattern in the form of a horse's head. The owner worked at this shop. Sometimes he slept on it. The owner kept his tools under the bench. Harness and clothes hung in the men's corner.

In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. An iron ring was made on the central beam - the "mother" and a cradle was attached. A peasant woman, sitting on a bench, put her foot into the loop, rocked the cradle, and worked herself: she spun, sewed, embroidered.

Nowadays, there are no such cradles anymore, children sleep in beautiful cribs.

The main corner in a peasant's hut was called"red corner" In the red corner, the cleanest and brightest, there was a goddess - a shelf with icons. The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel -"rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.

A person entering the hut always took off his hat, turned to face the icons, crossed himself, and bowed low. And then he entered the house. Icons were carefully kept and passed down from generation to generation.

Diningtable according to Orthodox custom, it was always placed in the red corner. At the table, the whole family "ate" - took food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table, and a loaf of bread lay: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family.

A large peasant family sat down at the table according to custom. The place of honor at the head of the table was occupied by the father - "highway". To the right of the owner on the bench sat the sons. The left shop was for the female half of the family. The hostess rarely sat down at the table, and even then from the edge of the bench. She busied herself at the stove, served food on the table. Her daughters helped her.

Sitting at the table, everyone waited for the owner to command: “With God, we started,” and only after that they began to eat. At the table it was forbidden to talk loudly, laugh, knock on the table, turn around, argue. Parents said that from this hungry "sinisters" - ugly little men - would flock to the table, bring hunger, poverty and disease.

Peasants were especially respectful ofbread . The owner cut off from the loaf and distributed to everyone his share of bread. Breaking bread was not accepted. If the bread fell on the floor, they picked it up, kissed it, asked his forgiveness.

Salt also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden "salt licks".

Hospitality was the rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people observe to this day."Bread and salt" - this is how the owners are greeted by people who enter the house while eating.

2.2 Life of peasants. Many items were used in Russian life. And almost all of them were made by hand. The furniture was also homemade - a table, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches.

Each family had "korobeyki" - bast chests, iron-studded wooden chests. Family valuables were stored in the chests: clothes, dowry. The chests were locked. The more chests there were in the house, the richer the family was considered.

Distaffs were a special pride of the hostesses: turned, carved, painted, which were usually put in a prominent place. Spinning wheels were not only a tool of labor, but also a decoration of the home. It was believed that the patterns on the spinning wheels protect the home from the evil eye and dashing people.

There were a lot of utensils in the peasant's hut: clay pots and latki (low flat bowls), pots for storing milk, cast irons of various sizes, valleys and brothers for kvass. Various barrels, tubs, vats, tubs, tubs, and gangs were used on the farm.

Bulk products were stored in wooden boxes with lids, in birch bark boxes. Wicker products were also used - baskets, boxes.

2.3 Distribution job duties in a rural family by gender. The families of the peasants were large and friendly. Parents with many children treated their children with love and care. They believed that by the age of 7-8 the child was already “entering the mind” and began to teach him everything that they knew and could do themselves.

The father taught the sons, and the mother taught the daughters. From an early age, every peasant child prepared himself for the future duties of a father - the head and breadwinner of the family or mother - the keeper of the hearth.

Parents taught their children unobtrusively: at first, the child simply stood next to the adult and watched how he worked. Then the child began to give instruments, to support something. He has already become an assistant.

After some time, the child was already entrusted with the performance of part of the work. Then the child was already made special children's tools: a hammer, a rake, a spindle, a spinning wheel.

Parents taught that one's own instrument is an important matter, one should not give it to anyone - they "spoil", and one should not take instruments from others. “A good craftsman works only with his tool,” the parents taught.

For the work done, the child was praised, bestowed. The first product made by the child, he also got: a spoon, bast shoes, mittens, an apron, a pipe.

The sons were the main assistants of the father, and the daughters helped the mother. The boys, together with their father, made homemade toys from different materials, weaved baskets, baskets, bast shoes, planed dishes, household utensils, and made furniture.

Each peasant knew how to skillfully weave bast shoes. Men wove bast shoes for themselves and for the whole family. We tried to make them strong, warm, waterproof.

The father helped the boys, instructed with advice, praised. “The work teaches, torments, and feeds”, “Extra craft does not hang behind your shoulders,” my father used to say.

In every peasant household there was always cattle. They kept a cow, a horse, goats, sheep, a bird. After all, cattle gave a lot of useful products for the family. Men took care of the cattle: they fed, removed manure, cleaned the animals. The women milked the cows and drove the cattle to pasture.

The main worker on the farm was the horse. All day the horse worked in the field with the owner. They grazed the horses at night. It was the duty of the sons.

The horse needed different devices: collars, shafts, reins, bridles, sledges, carts. All this was made by the owner himself together with his sons.

WITH early childhood any boy could harness a horse. From the age of 9, the boy began to be taught to ride and drive a horse. Often, boys of 8-9 years old were released into shepherdesses, he worked "in people", grazed the herd and earned a little - food, gifts. It was to help the family.

From the age of 10-12, the son helped his father in the field - he plowed, harrowed, fed sheaves and even threshed.

By the age of 15-16, the son turned into the main assistant to his father, working on a par with him. My father was always there and helped, prompted, supported. The people said: “The father of the son teaches well”, “With the craft you will go through the whole world - you will not be lost.”

If the father was fishing, then the sons were also next to him. It was a game for them, a joy, and the father was proud that he had such assistants.

The girls were taught to cope with all women's work by their mother, older sister and grandmother.

Girls learned how to make rag dolls, sew outfits for them, weave braids, jewelry, and sew hats from tow. The girls did their best: after all, by the beauty of the dolls, people judged what a craftswoman she was.

Then the girls played with dolls: "went to visit", lulled, swaddled, "celebrated the holidays", that is, they lived with them a doll life. It was believed among the people that if girls willingly and carefully play with dolls, then the family will have profit and prosperity. So through the game, the girls were attached to the cares and joys of motherhood.

But only the younger daughters played with dolls. As they grew older, their mother or older sisters taught them how to care for babies. The mother went to the field for the whole day or was busy in the yard, in the garden, and the girls almost completely replaced the mother. The nanny girl spent the whole day with the child: she played with him, calmed him down if he cried, lulled him to sleep. Sometimes experienced girls - nannies were given to another family "for hire". Even at the age of 5-7, they nursed other people's children, earning for themselves and their families: handkerchiefs, cuts of cloth, towels, food.

And so they lived: the younger girls - nannies are found with the baby, and the older daughters help their mother in the field: they knit sheaves, collect spikelets.

At the age of 7, peasant girls began to be taught to spin. The first small elegant spinning wheel was given to the daughter by her father. Daughters learned to spin, sew, embroider under the guidance of their mother.

Often girls gathered in one hut for gatherings: they talked, sang songs and worked: they spun, sewed clothes, embroidered, knitted mittens and socks for brothers, sisters, parents, embroidered towels, knitted lace.

At the age of 9, the girl already helped the mother to cook food.

Peasants also made cloth for clothes at home on special looms. She was called that - homespun. All winter they spun tows (threads), and in the spring they began to weave. The girl helped her mother, and by the age of 16 she was trusted to weave on her own.

Also, the girl was taught how to care for cattle, milk a cow, reap sheaves, turn hay, wash clothes in the river, cook food and even bake bread. Mothers told their daughters: “It’s not the kind of daughter who runs away from work, but that daughter is kind, which is visible at any work.”

Gradually, the girl came to the realization that she was a future mistress who could do all the women's work. My daughter knew that "To drive a household is to walk without opening your mouth." “To live without work is only to smoke the sky,” my mother always said.

Thus in peasant families“good fellows” grew up - father’s assistants, and “red girls” - craftsmen - needlewomen who, growing up, passed on the skill to their children and grandchildren.

3. CONCLUSION

In the process of implementing the project, schoolchildren received extensive knowledge about the history of the peasant dwelling - the hut, about its arrangement, about the life of the peasants.

Children got acquainted with ancient household items and their modern counterparts, got the opportunity to use these items in practice. The vocabulary of pupils was enriched with the names of objects of Russian life.

The children took part in making the model of the hut, its decoration: they made furniture, utensils, windows and doors.

In the elective classes "Folklore Art", children were introduced to the basics of crafts that were considered "female" and "male" in Rus'.

All this undoubtedly contributed to the development of thinking, broadening the horizons of schoolchildren and fostering respect and love for Russian folk culture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. V.S. Goricheva, M.I. Nagibina "Let's make a fairy tale from clay, dough, snow, plasticine." Yaroslavl, "Academy of Development", 1998 - 190 p.

2. N.M. Kalashnikov "Folk costume". Moscow, "Svarog and K", 2002 - 374 p.

3. M.Yu. Kartushina "Russian folk holidays in kindergarten." Moscow, "Sphere", 2006 - 319 p.

4. O.L. Knyazeva "How people lived in Rus'." St. Petersburg, "Childhood-Press", 1998 - 24 p.

5. M.V. Korotkova "Journey into the history of Russian life." Moscow, "Drofa", 2003 - 256 p.

6. I.N. Kotova, A.S. Kotova “Russian rituals and traditions. Folk doll. St. Petersburg, "Parity", 2003 - 236 p.

7. L.S. Kuprina, T.A. Budarina and others. “Introduction of children to Russian folk art". St. Petersburg, "Childhood-Press", 2004 - 400 p.

8. GV Lunina "Education of children on the traditions of Russian culture." Moscow, Elise Trading, 2004 - 128 p.

9. L.V. Sokolova, A.F. Nekrylova “Raising a child in Russian traditions”. Moscow, Iris-Press, 2003 - 196 p.

10. Catalog of the Ural folk painting of peasant houses and household items in the collection of the Nizhnesinyachikhinsky Museum - Reserve, Sverdlovsk, "Ural Worker", 1988 - 199 p.

RESEARCH AND CREATIVE

PROJECT

HOW PEOPLE LIVED IN Rus'

Professional competition of educators

All-Russian Internet Competition of Pedagogical Creativity

2012/13 academic year

Category: Organization educational process

Prepared and conducted by: Vasyukova T.V. ,Klimenko E.A.

GBOU kindergarten № 1244

Moscow 2013

The research and creative project “How People Lived in Rus'” is devoted to the study of the history of Russian life, the arrangement of a village hut, various customs and beliefs that existed in Russian families. The choice of the topic was caused by the children's interest in the way of life of the Russian people, in the variety of ancient household items.

Objective of the project:

1. Study of the history of Russian peasant life.

2. Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.

Project objectives:

1. Get acquainted with a variety of household items, their names and purpose.

2. Conduct a survey of children in order to clarify the knowledge of the names and purpose of ancient household items (activation of the dictionary).

In ancient times, almost all of Rus' was made of wood. In Rus', it was believed that the tree has a beneficial effect on a person, it is good for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. Huts in the old days were built of spruce or pine. From the logs in the hut there was a pleasant resinous smell.

Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families. Izba (village house) - the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes "help" was organized when the whole village worked for one family.

It turns out that at the entrance to the hut it was possible to stumble. Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. So the peasants took care of the heat, tried not to let it out.

Here we are in the hut. The oven takes center stage.

The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the furnace. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall, so that a fire would not happen.

The space between the wall and the oven is called the oven. There the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: tongs, a large shovel, a poker.

Cast iron and pots stood on the hearth near the stove. Inventory and firewood were stored in a niche under the hearth. There were small niches in the oven for drying mittens and felt boots.

We bake our test toys in the oven, but we also say: “Mother is a stove, decorate your kids.” She hears us and pleases us with ruddy products.

Everyone in the peasant family loved the stove. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy there even in the most severe frosts.

Children and old people slept on the stove.

Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: "He wipes bricks on the stove."

The other corner near the door was for men. It was called "conic". On the bench they made a pattern in the form of a horse's head. The owner worked at this shop. Sometimes he slept on it. The owner kept his tools under the bench. Harness and clothes hung in the men's corner.

In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. An iron ring was made on the central beam - the "mother" and a cradle was attached.

A peasant woman, sitting on a bench, put her foot into the loop, rocked the cradle, and worked herself: she spun, sewed, embroidered.

Nowadays, there are no such cradles anymore, children sleep in beautiful cribs.

The main corner in the peasant's hut was called the "red corner". In the red corner, the cleanest and brightest, there was a goddess - a shelf with icons.

The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel - "rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.

The dining table, according to Orthodox custom, was always placed in the red corner. At the table, the whole family "ate" - took food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table, and a loaf of bread lay: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family.

The peasants were especially respectful of bread. The owner cut off from the loaf and distributed to everyone his share of bread. Breaking bread was not accepted. If the bread fell on the floor, they picked it up, kissed it, asked his forgiveness.

Salt was also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden "salt licks".

Hospitality was the rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people observe to this day. "Bread and salt" - this is how people greet the owners who entered the house while eating.

2.2 Life of peasants. Many items were used in Russian life. And almost all of them were made by hand. The furniture was also homemade - a table, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches.

Distaffs were a special pride of the hostesses: turned, carved, painted, which were usually put in a prominent place.

Spinning wheels were not only a tool of labor, but also a decoration of the home. It was believed that the patterns on the spinning wheels protect the home from the evil eye and dashing people.

There were a lot of utensils in the peasant's hut: clay pots and latki (low flat bowls), pots for storing milk, cast irons of various sizes, valleys and brothers for kvass.

Various barrels, tubs, vats, tubs, tubs, and gangs were used on the farm.

Bulk products were stored in wooden boxes with lids, in birch bark cases. Wicker products were also used - baskets, boxes.

2.3 Distribution of labor duties in a village family by gender. The families of the peasants were large and friendly. Parents with many children treated their children with love and care. They believed that by the age of 7-8 the child was already “entering the mind” and began to teach him everything that they knew and could do themselves.

After some time, the child was already entrusted with the performance of part of the work. Then the child was already made special children's tools: a hammer, a rake, a spindle, a spinning wheel.

For the work done, the child was praised, bestowed. The first product made by the child, he also got: a spoon, bast shoes, mittens, an apron, a pipe.

Each peasant knew how to skillfully weave bast shoes.

Men wove bast shoes for themselves and for the whole family. We tried to make them strong, warm, waterproof.

The father helped the boys, instructed with advice, praised. “The work teaches, torments, and feeds”, “Extra craft does not hang behind your shoulders,” my father used to say.

The main worker on the farm was the horse. All day the horse worked in the field with the owner. They grazed the horses at night. It was the duty of the sons.

The horse needed different devices: collars, shafts, reins, bridles, sledges, carts. All this was made by the owner himself together with his sons.

From early childhood, any boy could harness a horse. From the age of 9, the boy began to be taught to ride and drive a horse. Often, boys of 8-9 years old were released into shepherdesses, he worked "in people", grazed the herd and earned a little - food, gifts. It was to help the family.

From the age of 10-12, the son helped his father in the field - he plowed, harrowed, fed sheaves and even threshed.

If the father was fishing, then the sons were also next to him. It was a game for them, a joy, and the father was proud that he had such assistants.

The girls were taught to cope with all women's work by their mother, older sister and grandmother.

And so they lived: the younger girls - nannies are found with the baby, and the older daughters help their mother in the field: they knit sheaves, collect spikelets.

At the age of 9, the girl already helped the mother to cook food.

Thus, “good fellows” grew up in peasant families - father’s assistants, and “red girls” - craftsmen - needlewomen who, growing up, passed on the skill to their children and grandchildren.

On July 16, 2017, the Moscow historical park Kolomenskoye will host the Battle of a Thousand Swords festival, where Russian reenactors and guests from Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland and other countries will present the life of medieval Rus' and its neighbors. It will be a military holiday, the main decoration of which will, of course, be the Battle. The holiday will take place on the site of the Dyakovo settlement, an ancient settlement of the 5th century. On the eve of the festival, the Ratobortsy Historical Projects Agency prepared several materials about the life of our ancestors especially for Utra.

Photo: Historical Projects Agency Ratobortsy

We now live in a time when, after several decades of wandering around the world, many began to return to the question "who are we?". It seems to someone that the question is rhetorical, and everything is clear - get out, read Karamzin. And this question has never bothered someone, and never will. But if you ask where and when Rus' went, who the Russians are, then many will immediately begin to get confused. It is necessary to clarify this issue, we decided. As Vovchik Malay said in the book "Generation P", so that one could "just explain to anyone from Harvard: tyr-pyr-eight-holes, and it's not good to look like that."

So, let's start our story about Ancient Rus'. As pundits say, our civilization on Earth is not the first, nor the second, nor the last. And the peoples settled on the territory of the planet in different centuries and from different starting points. Ethnic groups mixed, various tribes formed and disappeared. Natural disasters came, the climate changed, flora and fauna, even the poles, they say, moved. The ice melted, the ocean level rose, the center of gravity of the planet changed, a giant wave swept over the continents. The survivors gathered in heaps, forming new tribes, and everything began again. All this happened so slowly that it is hard to imagine. It would be more difficult to observe, perhaps, only how coal is formed.

So. In the history of our civilization there was a time that historians call the Age of Migration of Peoples. In the 4th century AD, there was an invasion of the Huns into Europe, and then it went and went. Everything churned and moved. The ancestors of the Slavs, the Wends, described by Herodotus as early as the 5th century BC, lived between the Oder and Dnieper rivers. Their resettlement took place in three directions - to the Balkan Peninsula, in the interfluve of the Elbe and Oder, and to the East European Plain. Thus, three branches of the Slavs were formed, which exist to this day: Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs. We know the names of the tribes that have been preserved in the annals - these are the glades, the Drevlyans, the northerners, the Radimichi, the Vyatichi, the Krivichi, the Dregovichi, the Dulebs, the Volynians, the Croats, the Ulichi, the Tivertsy, the Polochans, the Ilmen Slovenes.

Photo: Historical Projects Agency Ratobortsy

By the 6th century AD the Slavs were at the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system, its place was gradually occupied by the so-called military democracy. The tribes expanded their possessions, and the military strength of each tribe or alliance of tribes became increasingly important. The squad began to play a key position in society, and the prince stood at its head. Accordingly, how many squads, so many princes, and if the tribe settled widely and set up several cities, there will be several princes there. In the 9th century, we can already talk about the established borders of the principalities, call this formation Ancient Russia with its center in the city of Kyiv.

In Internet search engines it is very easy to find maps of Rus' of the 9th-10th centuries. On them we will see that the territory of Ancient Rus' was not localized around the capital. It stretched from south to north from the Black Sea to the Baltic and Lake Onega, and from west to east - from the modern Belarusian city of Brest to Murom. That is, to the border of the Finno-Ugric tribes, partially including them in its composition (recall that Ilya Muromets came to the Kyiv prince from the village of Karacharova).

Photo: Historical Projects Agency Ratobortsy

The territory is huge, not only in those days, but also in today's times. Now there is not a single European country of this size, there was none at that time. One problem - all the princes were equal among themselves, recognizing the supremacy of the prince, who sits in Kyiv. Why in Kyiv? Because since ancient times, the Slavs preferred to settle on the banks of rivers, and when active trade was established, they became rich and attracted the most active and creative people to those settlements that stood on trade routes. The Slavs actively traded with the south and east, and "the path from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed just along the Dnieper.

A few words about the squad and the peasantry. The peasant at that time was free and could change his place of residence, since there were plenty of free deaf places. Ways to enslave him had not yet been invented, the social conditions were not the same. The princely warriors were also free people and did not depend on the prince in any way. Their interest was in joint military booty. The prince, who was more like a military leader for the squad, could immediately lose her favor if military luck did not accompany him all the time. But over the course of a couple of centuries, this system of relations has changed. The combatants began to receive land allotments from the prince, to grow into households and their own small squads. There was a need to fix the peasants on their land. The squad turned into a local noble army.

Photo: Historical Projects Agency Ratobortsy

Of course, the life of the principalities was not like an idyll. The princes envied each other, quarreled, went to war with each other, gratifying their ambitions. This happened primarily because inheritance rights were not transferred from father to son, but vertically - through brothers. The princes multiplied, seating their sons on thrones in different cities and towns. So large principalities were divided into so-called appanages. Each brother was given his inheritance, which he ruled, defended, collected tribute from the people and gave part of it to the Grand Duke. So the princes began to compete.

This all went on for a long time, until in the XIII century the reverse process of gathering small principalities into large ones began. This was due to external factors - firstly, the need to repulse an external enemy, which for both Europe and Rus' became the Horde Mongols. Secondly, trade and political centers were shifting. Trade along the Dnieper faded, new trade routes opened, for example, along the Volga. Ancient Rus' gave birth to such political formations as Kievan, Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod Rus. As a result, everything came down to a confrontation between two large state associations - the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. But that's a completely different story.

1. INTRODUCTION

Objective of the project:

Study of the history of Russian peasant life and its influence on gender education.
Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.

Project objectives:

To get acquainted with a variety of household items, their names and purpose.
Explore, compare and highlight the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls in Rus'.
Conduct a survey of children in order to clarify the knowledge of the names and purpose of objects.
Conduct experiments on the use of objects of ancient Russian life in modern conditions.
To make a model of an old Russian hut with an interior.

2. MAIN PART

2.1. Hut and its device. Studying in the “Skillful Hands” circle, we always consider the decoration of the “Russian hut” - our classes are held there.

We are interested to know everything:

How did Russian people live before?

Why were all these items of Russian life needed?

What are these objects called and how did people use them?

We began to look for answers to all our questions: we asked teachers, parents, examined illustrations in books about the ancient life of the Russian people, read encyclopedias, watched videos.

We learned that in ancient times almost all of Rus' was made of wood. In Rus', it was believed that the tree has a beneficial effect on a person, it is good for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. Huts in the old days were built of spruce or pine. From the logs in the hut there was a pleasant resinous smell.

Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families. Izba (village house) - the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes "help" was organized when the whole village worked for one family.

We wanted to look into the Russian hut. What was the situation there? What was the furniture, dishes?

From encyclopedias, we learned that the peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. The situation was modest, strict, everything in its place, everything for the good of the cause.

Here we are in the hut. The oven takes center stage. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the furnace. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall, so that a fire would not happen.

The space between the wall and the oven is called the oven. There the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: tongs, a large shovel, a poker.

Cast iron and pots stood on the hearth near the stove. Inventory and firewood were stored in a niche under the hearth. There were small niches in the oven for drying mittens and felt boots.

We bake our test toys in the oven, but we also say: “Mother is a stove, decorate your kids.” She hears us and pleases us with ruddy products.

Everyone in the peasant family loved the stove. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy there even in the most severe frosts.

Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: "He wipes bricks on the stove."

Nowadays, there are no such cradles anymore, children sleep in beautiful cribs.

The main corner in the peasant's hut was called the "red corner". In the red corner, the cleanest and brightest, there was a goddess - a shelf with icons. The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel - "rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.