Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is matched literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality work. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel Captain's daughter"Cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story Prisoner of the Caucasus"Two heroes are opposed: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper report. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink for the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror patriotic war 1812, he decided to single-handedly go and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he only cares about fate. home country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the fates of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, perhaps, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel "All Quiet on the Western Front" depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still just boys, to the First world war. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up the carts to the wounded in order to help them escape the persecution of the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relations with them more expensive than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. IN " Sevastopol stories» Leo Tolstoy's "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility, who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel White Guard» Sergey Talberg leaves his wife and runs away from the country torn apart by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel " Quiet Don» The whole Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. Eventually Civil War led only to devastation and grief, and not to the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel Dead Souls» has an insert, which is a separated story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story " Last Stand Major Pugachev" the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he doesn’t give a damn about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.

• The true beauty of a person does not depend on his appearance
• Beautiful is the one who performs moral deeds
• The most important thing in a person is sometimes impossible to see with your eyes.
• Outer beauty is not always a reflection of the wealthy spiritual world personalities
• It happens that people who seem attractive outwardly commit absolutely immoral acts.
• The man with the real beautiful soul with its presence creates a special, incomparable atmosphere

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". As a child, Natasha Rostova, one of the heroines of the great epic novel, was not beautiful. The attention riveted to her is impossible without inner beauty: both in childhood and in adulthood, she was distinguished by her love of life, spontaneity, and a pure soul. Another heroine that should be paid attention to is Princess Marya Bolkonskaya. In appearance, she was clearly inferior to the beauties, only her eyes were beautiful. But people who are able to feel real beauty, appreciated its inner qualities. Marya Bolkonskaya and Natasha Rostova can be contrasted with Helen Kuragin: her beauty was admired in society. But this beauty is only external. In fact, Helen Kuragina is a stupid, callous, selfish, prudent, self-serving person. The external charm of the heroine does not compensate for her immoral behavior.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". Matryona has a completely ordinary appearance. The only part of her appearance that attracts attention is her beautiful smile. But for us, it is not external beauty that is important, but internal. It is not for nothing that the author writes that the face is good only for someone who is at odds with his own conscience. Matrena is a person from whom comes inner light, warmth. This is much more important than external attractiveness.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Svidrigailov, a rather rich and well-groomed man, in fact, does not have good spiritual qualities: he is ready to go to any meanness for the sake of his own whim. Physical beauty and ugly inner world are in no way combined with each other: at first, in this tyrant and rapist, you can see a beautiful person. The image of Sonya Marmeladova is opposite. Due to malnutrition, poverty appearance the girl suffers greatly: pale, thin, frightened, wears terrible clothes. But the inner world of Sonya Marmeladova is beautiful, despite her lifestyle and appearance.

O. Wilde "Portrait of Dorian Gray". In this work, the problem of internal and external beauty is the main one. At the beginning of the work, we see in Dorian Gray a timid, bashful and incredibly handsome young man. Beauty is his source of power: no matter what the hero does, his appearance does not change. All changes affect only the portrait of a young man, painted by Basil Hallward. Gradually, Dorian Gray turns into an inhuman, immoral monster who has committed many nasty things, including even the murder of the artist. He is still as handsome as he was many years ago, only the state of his soul is depicted in the portrait. Dorian Gray wants to do away with a terrible image of himself and dies, plunging a dagger into a portrait. External beauty was fatal to him.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" Wise Thoughts little prince can teach even an adult a lot. Our hero said: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the most important thing with your eyes.” And we can say without a doubt that he is right. True beauty is inside a person, in his soul, in his right deeds.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" In the work, we do not see the description of Pyotr Grinev. It doesn't really matter if he looks good or not. All the beauty of this man is expressed in his moral qualities, noble deeds. Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor who did not allow himself to betray his homeland, to leave his beloved girl in danger. His actions are beautiful, which means that he himself is beautiful.

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man." The fact that it is impossible to judge a person by appearance is proved by the image of Andrei Sokolov, the protagonist of the work. He was called to the German Müller while he was in captivity. Exhausted by labor, hungry Andrey Sokolov could not at that moment be beautiful in appearance. All his beauty was manifested in moral deeds: Sokolov refused to drink for the victory of German weapons, in spite of the enemy he did not start eating, despite hunger and lack of strength. By these actions, one can judge that a person is beautiful in soul.

The most terrible and troubled time in our lives is the war. Humanity as a whole, and an individual, in particular, have to experience a lot of the most difficult trials when hostilities take place. And everyone comes out of this in different ways - some lose heart, while others, having a strong Russian character, with dignity and honor, go through all military hardships.

How are the spirit and character of the Slavic people manifested in the war?

The concept of the spirit of a Russian person has long been formed as a national distinguishing feature. And appeared

It is not just like that, from nothing. Our people have experienced many military conflicts and confrontations. As a result, such character traits as patriotism, courage, courage were fixed.

All these qualities give strength to defeat the enemy. And they are the basis for such a concept as the spirit of a Russian person. All these qualities are not very clear to many people who are far from Russia and its inhabitants. Not everyone will be able to survive and go through what our people had to see and feel - murders, loss of loved ones, and all other horrors of war.

You can see all of the above in the hero Sholokhov M.A. "The Fate of a Man", Andrey Sokolov. Confronting

To all the nightmares of the war, having lost everything that was dear in life (family, home), he was able to remain a man. Having shown compassion and mercy, Andrei found the strength to warm his wounded soul, a little orphan, with warmth. Here is direct evidence of the manifestation of the Russian character!

Another example is the story of A.N. Tolstoy. "Russian character". Main character Egor was crippled by the war - he underwent many operations on his face, restoring it. But he never managed to return his appearance to normal. Arriving at home, Yegor did not have the courage to tell his loved ones that he was this person. But you can’t deceive a mother’s heart - she understood everything. As a result, Yegor goes back to the war, and there he is caught up with news from his mother. In the letter, she assures him that the whole family is very proud of their son and loves him despite his handicap. That you should not hide, they will endure all the troubles together. The main thing is to be alive.

Alexander Nikolaevich spoke on this topic that the character of a Russian person is distinguished by its visible, outward simplicity. But, as soon as trouble, big or small, knocks on the house, unprecedented power wakes up in people, the real beauty of a person with a strong spirit. Hardly anyone can argue with this.

The spirit of a Russian person is a feature of the soul that belongs to the people of Rus', and only to him. This power helps to overcome all obstacles, it also makes us one big whole. Only those who are born and live in such a wonderful country as Russia will be able to understand and feel this.

Text essay:

The mystery of the Russian soul is the subject of philosophical discussions of the majority of domestic cultural and art figures, and of society as a whole. Disputes about this mysterious originality of character have not ceased for many centuries of Russian history, and, of course, a conversation about national character cannot be conducted in isolation from nature and the riches that our country has bestowed on those living on its vast territory. So the philosopher Ivan Ilyin in his text touches on the problem of the Russian national character.

The author talks about the inexhaustible natural resources that Russia has endowed us with, and positive qualities Russian people who managed to develop on this generous land: he is "complacent, easy-going and gifted." Moral foundations, not imposed on us from outside, but naturally present in the psyche of a Russian person, are inextricably linked with the history of Russia and the Orthodox faith. Ilyin cites the example of monastic meals, during which everyone “praises God”, the prayers with which we get down to business. He emphasizes that life according to God's laws has brought up in our people generosity and mercy, love for the poor and forgiveness. However, listing these spiritual qualities associated with Ilyin with bitter reflections that we do not know how to properly dispose of the blessing that life has bestowed on us: "Russian people do not appreciate their gift." The deceptive ease with which we manage to create and work leads to laziness and idleness - another inalienable trait of the national character: the Russian "seeks lightness and does not like tension." Unfortunately, as Ilyin notes, the “carefree child of inspiration” does not realize that “talent without labor is temptation and danger”, in our character there is hope in God and unwillingness to act on our own. Many troubles come from this: recklessness and misunderstanding of the threat leads to inconsistency and squandering the talent of the Russian soul (“to cut down one tree, it will destroy five”, “he cannot economically cope with the burden of natural generosity”).

The philosopher and writer does not give a clear answer on how a Russian person can overcome these pernicious traits of character, but in his words an instruction is read to each of us: we must think and finally understand that “the temptation of mismanagement, carelessness and laziness” can lead the country to collapse , because natural wealth is not easy, they must be wisely and patiently extracted "from under the bushel". This is hindered by false confidence in the infinity of Russian nature and our innate talent, because of which we commit thoughtless acts and do not fully realize the potential inherent in us. According to Ilyin, everyone should work on themselves and overcome weakness in themselves. Discipline and will are those traits that a Russian person has yet to learn.

I cannot but agree with the position of the author. The Russian man fell great luck to be born on this earth and without the slightest effort to get at your disposal both the expanse of Russian territory and its generous gifts, as well as the boundless spiritual strength, a special, contradictory warehouse of the psyche, which has no analogues in other parts of the planet. But it also placed a burden of responsibility on us, which we often fail to cope with.

The problem of the duality of the Russian character was considered most fully and thoughtfully in classical literature, for example, in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". This work creates the image of a Russian person with his multifaceted character, in which the most pernicious and most noble features collided, preventing the hero from realizing his potential. In Oblomov, in a strange way, generosity and kindness, depth of thought, and at the same time - laziness, inactivity, aimless daydreaming were combined. "Oblomovism" is the state of society, which, due to the patriarchal way of life and education in an atmosphere of peace and serenity, has lost the ability to act and independent living. But in the Russian character, at the same time, the desire for knowledge, spiritual improvement and life for the benefit of others does not disappear.

Another example is the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls", in which one of the main themes is a special Russian path and national character which has yet to be fully realized. According to the writer, the living Russian soul did not die in the peasants, although they, being under the yoke of serfdom, are not able to fully show their spiritual strength, their good impulses gradually fade. Singing the breadth and generosity of the Russian soul, the accuracy of the Russian word, the talent of masters from the people, Gogol does not idealize the peasants. He points to the vices inherent in the Russian people: the inability to bring things to the end (“the goal will be beautiful, but for all that nothing will come of it”), idle profundity, carelessness. beautiful impulses folk character turn into their opposite in conditions of captivity and a beggarly life.

Thus, Ivan Ilyin convinces us that a lot has been given to a Russian person from above, but in order to take advantage of this good and dispose of it correctly, one must make efforts, cultivate a will in oneself and overcome an inner tendency to laziness and idleness.

Text by I.L. Ilyina:

(1) Russia has endowed us with enormous natural wealth, both external and internal; they are inexhaustible. (2) True, they are far from always given to us in finished form: much is hidden under a bushel; a lot needs to be mined from under this spud. (3) But we all know, we know too well that our depths, both external and internal, are plentiful and generous. (4) We are born in this confidence, we breathe it, we live with this feeling that “there are many of us, and we have a lot of everything”, that “there will be enough for everyone, and even remain”; and often we do not notice either the goodness of this feeling or the dangers associated with it ...

(5) From this feeling, a kind of spiritual kindness is poured in us, a kind of organic affectionate good nature, calmness, openness of the soul, sociability. (6) The Russian soul is light, fluid and melodious, generous and poor-loving, - “enough for everyone and the Lord will send more” ... (7) Here they are - our monastic meals, where everyone comes, drinks and eats, and praises God. (8) Here it is our wide hospitality. (9) Here is this wonderful prayer during sowing, in which the sower prays for his future thief: “God! Arrange, and multiply, and increase for every share of a hungry and orphan, wanting, asking and arbitrarily, blessing and ungrateful "... (10) And if this is the case in simple hearts, then what to think about the heart of the king, where "all There was a place for Rus'” and where was the source of love, justice and mercy for all the “orphans” without exception?...

(11) Yes, the Russian person is complacent, easy-going and gifted: he will create something wonderful out of nothing; with a rough ax - a thin pattern of hackneyed decoration; from one string will extract both sadness and daring. (12) And not he will; but somehow “it will come out by itself”, unexpectedly and without tension; and then suddenly rush and be forgotten. (13) A Russian person does not appreciate his gift; does not know how to extract it from under a bushel, a careless child of inspiration; does not understand that talent without labor is a temptation and a danger. (14) He lives out his gifts, squanders his wealth, drinks away the good, rolls down the line of least resistance. (15) Seeks lightness and does not like tension: he will have fun and forget; plow the land and leave; to cut down one tree, destroy five. (16) And his land is "God's", and his forest is "God's"; and "God's" means "nobody's"; and therefore what is foreign to him is not forbidden. (17) He does not economically cope with the burden of natural generosity. (18) And how should we deal with this temptation of mismanagement, carelessness and laziness in the future - all our thoughts should now be about this ...

(According to I.L. Ilyin)

This problem is revealed by the author on the example of the heroic deeds of Lieutenant Egor Dremov. He is a tankman who knows his job and skillfully performs it: the hero deftly circles a German tank so that smoke starts pouring out of it. About his military life, the author emphasizes, the hero did not like to talk about him as a modest person. Aleksey Tolstoy draws our attention to Dremov's reverent, respectful attitude towards his parents, which means that he is a decent, conscientious person and honors his father's testament. The Russian character of the lieutenant is especially evident during the Battle of Kursk and during treatment in the hospital. The author dwells on the description of a terrible battle, when Dremov's tank was hit by a shell. Two comrades died, and Dremov himself, the author notes, survived by a miracle. In this battle, the courage and courage of the hero were manifested. And even after this battle, having gone through the physical pain of hospital operations on his face, Dremov internally overcomes his grief - external deformity (after all, "his face was so charred that bones were visible in places") - and considers it important to continue military service. There's a war going on and we must defend our homeland.

The author convinces the reader that the "Russian character" includes such features as love and respect for the family, courage, fortitude, the ability to make a truly correct moral choice, inner strength and readiness to defend one's Fatherland.

Arguing over this problem, I immediately recall Captain Tushin, the hero of L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". At first glance, the character seems completely unheroic and even comical: "A small, dirty, thin artillery officer without boots, wearing only stockings." However, during the battle of Shengraben, it is this “little” captain who shows a truly Russian character. On the battlefield, the hero is not lost among the soldiers and officers, he runs out under the very fire and gives orders to his soldiers. Disorganized and scattered ordinary life, in battle, Captain Tushin demonstrates an example of courage, valor and heroism. This hero, so simple and imperceptible from the outside, contains within himself a great power - a readiness to defend the Motherland with all his might.

Speaking about the problem of the Russian character, it is impossible not to mention Andrei Sokolov, the hero of Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Andrei Sokolov is an ordinary soldier who shows a real Russian character, going through difficult military trials. Being a prisoner of the Nazis, the hero does not drop his human dignity. Exhausted, exhausted and exhausted, he is ready to face death with courage from the bullet of a concentration camp commandant who wants to humiliate a Russian soldier. Andrey Sokolov drinks three glasses of schnapps without snacks and impresses even a German with his stamina and inner strength. Having received from the fascist a loaf of bread and a piece of bacon, the hero honestly shares food with the rest of the prisoners of war. Andrey Sokolov in any situation remains a man with true moral values, which are contained in the concept of "Russian character".

Thus, the Russian character contains courage, heroism, compassion and mercy, the ability to overcome life's difficulties and remain human in any situation.