What is ritual folklore? First of all, it is folk art, collective or individual, oral, less often written. The folklore style of communication between people usually did not involve emotions. It expressed thoughts and desires associated with certain events and timed to coincide with them. Therefore, the rituals mainly consist of songs, lamentations, family stories, lullabies, wedding praises. Occasional conspiracies, spells and incantations, counting rhymes and slander are considered a separate category.
What is ritual folklore in a broader sense
These are works of art small form associated with traditions, customs, religious and ethnographic genres. It should be noted that in all cases the rites bear signs folk character. At the same time, modernity seems to be blurred. Old traditions with customs fit best into the past tense.
The range of folklore rituals is quite wide. This is village choreography, choral singing in nature, during field work, haymaking or grazing. Since traditional customs were present in life ordinary people constantly, the ritual folklore of the Russian people has been and remains an integral part of their existence. The emergence of customs is always associated with long-term circumstances. The incessant drought that threatens the harvest can be an occasion for people to turn to God for help. Any natural phenomena, dangerous for a person, also make him look for a way out of this situation. And most often these are prayers and requests, candles and notes in churches.
Many rituals and ritual folklore in general have a ritual and magical significance. They underlie behavioral norms in society, and sometimes even acquire features national character. This fact testifies to the depth of folklore values, which means that
Folklore rituals are divided into labor, holiday, family and love rituals. Russians are closely intertwined with the folklore of other Slavic peoples. And besides, they are often associated typologically with the population of some countries located on the other side of the world. The interrelationship of seemingly different cultures is often due to a historically established analogy.
Feast of Ivan Kupala
Ritual folklore in Russia has always been self-sufficient and did not need to be fed from outside. The originality of Russian traditions and customs not only passed from generation to generation, but also grew with new rituals, often exotic ones. The most notable folklore rite is This rite has pagan roots. On the night of Ivan Kupala, high bonfires were lit, and each of those present had to jump over the fire. This was not always possible, there was a danger of falling and getting burned.
At night on Ivan Kupala, it was customary to perform ritual atrocities, steal livestock from neighbors, destroy beehives, trample gardens and firmly prop up the doors in the huts with sticks so that the residents could not leave. The motives for all these actions are still unclear. The next day, the outrageous fellow villagers again became balanced citizens.
Song ritual
A significant place in Russian ritual folklore is occupied by poetry, which can be conditionally divided into song (spells, reproachful, laudatory songs) and magic (love spells, sentences, lamentations).
Songs-spells turned to nature, asked for well-being in the economy and family affairs. Magnificent sang at Maslenitsa, carols and other celebrations. The reprimanding chants were of a mocking nature.
Rites and calendar
Along with others, in Rus' there was a ritual folklore of the calendar type, which was directly related to agricultural work in the broadest sense. Calendar and ritual songs are the oldest folk art, historically formed over long years peasant labor in the field and haymaking.
The agricultural calendar, the schedule of field work according to the seasons - this is a kind of program of the song genre. Melodies are all folk, born behind the plow, harrow and weeding. The words are simple, but this song poetry contained the whole gamut of human experiences, hope for good luck, anxious expectations, uncertainty, replaced by jubilation. Nothing brings people together like a common goal for all, whether it's harvesting or singing in a choir. Social values inevitably take some form. In this case, it is folklore and with it Russian customs.
Folklore by seasons
The songs of the spring ritual repertoire sounded cheerful. They look like jokes, reckless and daring. The tunes of the summer months seemed deeper, they were sung with a sense of accomplishment, but as if with a hidden expectation of a miracle - a good harvest. In the autumn, harvest time, ritual songs rang like stretched string. People did not relax even for a minute, otherwise you would not have time to collect everything before the rains.
Reason for fun
And when the bins were full, then folk fun began, ditties, round dances, dances and weddings. Ritual folklore of the calendar phase of hard work smoothly turned into festivities and free life with feasts. The youth looked closely at each other, made new acquaintances. And here the traditional customs were not forgotten, the ritual folklore of the Russian people "rose to its full height." In the huts, fortune-telling began on the betrothed, the mummers, the girls burned candles for hours and swayed rings on thin threads. Boots and felt boots were thrown over the shoulder, a whisper was heard in the upper room.
Christmas carols
What is ritual folklore in terms of religion? The holiday of the Nativity of Christ is considered one of the most traditional in Rus'. It follows immediately after the New Year. It is generally accepted that how you spend this holiday, so the whole year will be. Christmas is considered by some to be the beginning of a new year. This is the main Russian religious event. On January 6, on Christmas Eve, caroling began. These are festive rounds of houses and apartments with songs and bags full of grain. Children usually go caroling. Everyone wants to receive a pie or a handful of sweets from the owners of the house in response to congratulations on the holiday.
The eldest in the procession of carolers usually carries on a pole the "Star of Bethlehem", which appeared in the sky when Jesus Christ was born. The hosts, to whom they came with carols, should not skimp on gifts for children, otherwise they will have to listen to the comic reproaches of the children.
Main night of the year
A few days after Christmas came New Year(today we call it the Old New Year), which was also accompanied by folklore rituals. People wished each other happiness, long life and every success in business. Congratulations were presented in the form of short carols. The folk rite was also "observant" songs that accompanied divination after midnight. That's what ritual folklore is on New Year's Eve!
And when winter is running out, it's time to see her off - and the people take to the streets to celebrate Maslenitsa. This is the time of cheerful folklore winter rites with skating in troikas, with races on squeaky sledges, with games on skates with clubs. The fun continues until dark, and late in the evening the whole family sits down by the stove and remembers the past holiday. During such gatherings, they sang songs, sang ditties, played games. This is also the ritual family folklore of the Russian people. It includes family stories, wedding songs, lullabies, lamentations, and much more.
The culture of the Russian people is rich in traditions that are passed down from generation to generation. That is why ancient traditions and customs have been preserved. The majority of the Russian people adhere to the Christian faith of their Orthodox denomination, the values of which are reflected in folk art. The whole life of the Russian people is subject to the unshakable traditions and customs of their people.
Folklore is oral folk art, which is formed by their rituals and customs of any people. folklore intertwined religious and everyday, everyday customs and beliefs of the people.
Baptism
Baptism - traditions
This is a mandatory rite in Orthodoxy, according to which it is customary to baptize, that is, to accept all newborn children into the bosom of the church. At the rite of baptism, in addition to the parents, the godmother and father should be present, whose duty was to spiritually guide the child as he grows up. The child's mother prepared ahead of time a baptismal shirt and a pectoral cross, and the godmother gave the child an icon depicting the patron saint. According to the Orthodox custom, the child at baptism was called the name of the saint, which was in the Saints on the day the child was baptized.
christening gifts
The guests invited to the christening gave the child memorable gifts, and the parents prepared a table with a rich treat. The mother of the child kept the baptismal shirt, and it happened that all subsequent children in the family were baptized in this baptismal shirt. When a child turns one year old, the godmother gives him a silver or gold spoon "for a tooth", which was kept in the family as a family heirloom.
Advice
If you are baptized, then for all questions regarding the observance of customs and traditions, contact your confessor.
How to observe household ritual traditions?
Modern young people seek and find the origins of folk customs and traditions. Even people who are far from knowledge of customs, when celebrating calendar or household holidays, try to observe ritual traditions. Just go to the original sources.
Russian wedding traditions
Wedding festivities usually took place between the fasts, mainly in the fall after the end of the harvest in the fields or in the winter at the so-called "wedding party" - the time from Christmas to Maslenitsa. After the couple from the future bride and groom had already been determined, according to tradition, a Conspiracy was held, at which the parents of the bride and groom agreed on all the conditions for concluding a marriage union. Parents agreed that they would give the young to set up their own farm, where the young would live. The ceremony of marriage took place only through a wedding in the church. Only those who were baptized and of only one religion could get married. If one of the future spouses professed a different faith, then an indispensable condition was his transition and baptism into Orthodoxy.
Important!!!
Future spouses before the altar take an oath to the Lord God himself, so the divorce of married couples was almost impossible.
Before the wedding
Before the wedding, the bride and groom had to fast for 7 days, and on the day of the wedding they had to perform the sacrament of communion. The icons of the Savior and the Mother of God were used in the wedding ceremony. Parents of the young for the wedding had to prepare candles, a towel and wedding rings. The wedding was attended by the groom's best man, and from the bride's side by her bridesmaids.
After the wedding
After the wedding, on the threshold of the house, already young, the parents met with bread and salt and vigilantly watched which of the young would break off a larger piece from the loaf. It is believed that the one who breaks off a larger piece will dominate the family.
walk
A generous treat is prepared for the invited guests, and before being seated at the table, the guests were led to show the dowry of the bride, which was the pride and symbol of the rich bride. The more linen, dishes in the dowry, the richer the bride is considered and the more favorably the daughter-in-law is accepted into the husband's family. Walking at Russian weddings can last from three days to a week.
Customs and rituals in Russian folklore
Knowledge and follow national customs give a Russian person a sense of belonging to their roots, which is very much appreciated in traditional Russian culture. Especially honored Russians folk traditions are most clearly manifested on holidays: Maslenitsa, Easter, Christmas, Christmas time, Ivan Kupaly's day - these are especially revered holidays that relate to calendar holidays. Baptism, weddings and funerals are part of everyday ritual traditions.
Conclusion:
The Church most firmly and traditionally observes all the customs and traditions inherent in the Orthodox denomination. Modern young people seek and find the origins of folk customs and traditions. Even people who are far from knowledge of customs, when celebrating calendar or household holidays, try to observe ritual traditions.
History of Russian folklore
Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution
Lyceum №21, Ivanovo.
Music teacher - Tarasova Nadezhda Nikolaevna.
Music lesson in 6th grade.
Lesson number 7. "Rites and customs in folklore and in the work of composers".
(TEXTBOOK pp. 30-37.)
Repetition:
What images created by the great singer F.I. Chaliapin did we meet in the last lesson? (Ivan Susanin, Farlaf, Varangian guest.)
Working on new material. Slide number 1.
The topic of our lesson is "Rites and customs in folklore and in the work of composers." Write it down.
How do you understand the word FOLKLORE?Slide number 2.
Folklore ( folk lore - "folk wisdom") - folk art, most often it is oral; artistic collective creative activity people, reflecting his life, views, ideals; created and existing among the masses ( , , , , , ), ( , instrumental and plays) ( , , ), , , And .
FOLKLORE is divided into two groups -ritual Andnot ritual . additional click
Ritual folklore includes:
calendar folklore ( , carnival songs, stoneflies),
family folklore(family stories, , wedding songs, ),
occasional folklore(songs, conspiracies, performed on an important occasion for the life and well-being of the community - for example, drought, pestilence).
Rites in the Russian countryside were considered as essential a component of life as holidays. All more or less significant events in people's lives - be it the birth of a child, marriage, death, the change of seasons, the beginning and end of agricultural work - were accompanied by the performance of special ritual actions dedicated to this occasion. Moreover, the religious consciousness of the peasant people, traditional society the rite was conceived as an action that actually creates an event.
The rituals familiar to us from the materials of the 18th-20th centuries arose in ancient times and embodied ancient beliefs.
Today we will talk about the poeticization of the life and way of life of the Russian people on the basis of one of the rites -old Russian wedding (including included in the opera genre)
From the HISTORY of wedding ceremonies in Rus'.Slide number 3.
Since the emergence of Russian villages, the wedding has been the main, main solemn ceremony. Any girl or guy was in awe of the day when they get married. Although the decision was made not by the young themselves, but by their parents, all the same, the brides spent whole nights wondering about their groom.
In Rus', young people got married at the age of 13-15. Everyone who stayed in brides or grooms until the age of 20 caused fear among neighbors and acquaintances. Parents tried to find a suitable match for their child when he was just starting to walk and talk. The opinion of the children themselves was almost never taken into account, since the older generation was more experienced and knowledgeable. From here came the sayings: “To endure - fall in love”, “Do not drink water from the face” and many others.
This state of affairs could not but be reflected in the Russian song.
Let's listen to the arrangement of the Russian folk song by Mikhail Matveev "Mother, that is dusty in the field" performed by Zh. Bichevskaya.Slide number 4.
The song “Mother, mother, that is dusty in the field” performed by Zh. Bichevskaya sounds.
(text on slide). Write down the title.
What mood does this song create? (Very exciting, disturbing...)
Is this song built in the form of a bride's monologue? (No, there is a dialogue between a girl and a mother.)
Consider the melodic pattern in the musical score test forp.30.
What do you see? (Answers of children, analyze musical notation and instructions.)
The first line - an appeal to the mother - very soon, inquiringly, the second and third lines - an appeal to the daughter - restrainedly, slowly.
Here is a table with a characteristic I got. Look:Slide number 5.
Why do you think the heroine of the song is so disturbed? (I don’t want to get married without love, part with my parents ...)
Write it down: the song is built on dialogue: the daughter's anxious address, and the mother's soothing responses.
And now we will listen to a Russian folk song on the same verses. The musical text on p.30 is the 4th option.
What do you say after listening in comparison with the composer's song?Slide number 6.
The Russian folk song "Mother, mother, that is dusty in the field" sounds.
(Songsounds very restrained, strict, quite wide and singsong, there is no such drama as in Matveev's song ...)
Write down the name of the song. And a description.
Which of the songs is dominated by an epic character, and which is dramatic? (In the composer's song - dramatic, folk song has an epic character.)
Slide number 7 . The song sings about the hard fate of a woman in an old pre-revolutionary Russian village, when a girl was forced to marry someone she did not love. Without her consent, they gave it to the house where a worker was needed, or when it was beneficial for parents (either a rich (famous) groom or a rich bride was beneficial). The song "Mother ..." tells not only about the experiences of the daughter - the bride, but also about the grief of the mother, which she experiences a second time: the first time when she herself was forcibly married off, and now, when she also gives her daughter away. This song reveals the deepest tragedy of many generations of Russian women in the pre-revolutionary village.
Here is a reproduction of Pavel Andreevich FedotovMajor's Marriage.Many artists and writers addressed the topic of unequal marriages.
Consider heroes. Describe them.
Why does a father gladly marry off his daughter?
Why does a nobleman marry a merchant's daughter?
How does the artist emphasize the wealth and luxury of the merchant's house?
Consider the small details in the picture.
What is their role? What do they emphasize, detail?
How does the artist feel about what is happening?
(The groom is a careless dandy. A cruel face. His lips are pursed. A heavy, motionless look, in which malicious jealousy, cruelty, heartlessness are read.
The bride is soft femininity, grace, the charm of youth.
Maid - sympathizes with the young lady, sympathizes, worries about her fate.
The father is obsequious, willingly gives his daughter to an old nobleman major.
The cat invites guests. Wine and wine glasses on a chair - they did not have time to prepare for the meeting of the guest. The bride's jewelry is on display to show off her wealth. Chair - the legs of the chair arched exactly - exactly, like the legs of the groom, as if the furniture mimics the major who squandered his fortune.
The artist ironically, makes fun of the characters).
We see that all the figures are located symmetrically with respect to the center. Find the center of the picture.
Whose figure is knocked out of the center, from a symmetrical construction?
(The daughter, who runs in a fit to the "saving" doors leading to the back of the room).
All the heroes of the picture are in motion, and the picture seems to come to life, thanks to the regular alternation of elements, which is called in the fine arts -rhythm.
Slide #8 . The painting "Unequal Marriage" is one of the most common and famous, which also reflects the feelings that a girl experiences when she is married not for love.
Onpage 31 textbook, we also see two pictures. Consider them.Slides 9-10.
Describe the pictures.
What emotions are experienced by the heroines of these paintings? (Confusion and anxiety in the 2nd picture, humility in the first picture).
Try to guess and express your thoughts about what is the dialogue of the characters that we see in the pictures? (Children express their guesses.)
Are these experiences similar to the mood of the heroine of the song "Mother ..."? (Yes, the moods are very similar, especially with the 2nd picture.)
Maybe someone wants to play a song by role? Act as mother and daughter.
(Wishing to sing a song.)
Now let's read the text of the textbook on pages 30-31. Reading.
Now open pages 32-33. "Song of the Wedding Ceremony" Read the text on these pages.
Reading.
Such Russian folk songs as “You are my river, little river” or “A duck swam on the sea” created an image of light sadness, sadness, tenderness, sincerity.
Listen to a fragment of the song "You are my river, river."Slide number 11.
A snippet of a song plays.Write it down.
Openpp. 34-35.
Wedding choirs from operas also recreate the folk ritual. Now we will get acquainted with the lyrical image and the image of a glorious salutary song.
Try to determine which of the choirs has a lyrical image, and which one is majestic.
In what choir do you think the composer used a Russian folk song?
The choir "Floats, floats the swan" from the opera "Khovanshchina" by M. Mussorgsky sounds
Slide number 12. Write it down.
The choir sounds “Spring waters roamed, fell apart across the meadows” from the opera “Ivan Susanin” by M. Glinka.
Slide number 13. Write it down.
(Answers guys).
Slide number 14.
Comparative analysis write these musical fragments in a table in a notebook ..
The bright wedding episodes reproduced in many Russian operas are dramatic moments in the development of the opera's action. Opera is not individual performances, not a concert in costumes, but an artistically recreated drama of life.
Lesson Summary:
In today's lesson, we got acquainted with the folk song "Mother ..." arranged by Mikhail Matveev, the folk song "Floating, Swimming Swan", included in the opera "Khovanshchina" by Modest Mussorgsky and the melody in the folk style "Spring waters roamed, fell apart across the meadows" by Mikhail Glinka and the Russian folk song "You are my river, little river."
D / Z - repeat the entries in the notebook.
State budgetary educational institution
Secondary school No. 660 in Moscow
Abstract of a music lesson for grade 6
Rituals and customs in folklore and in art
Composers"
prepared
music teacher
Knyazheva Anastasia Vladimirovna
Moscow
2012
Rites and customs in folklore and art
composers
Content: Poeticization of the life and way of life of the Russian people on the basis of one of the rites - an old Russian wedding (including one included in the opera genre)Target: continue to introduce students to the emotional-figurative structure of the Russian song.Tasks: Acquaintance with the musical images of folk songs and works visual arts associated with rituals and customs in folklore and in the work of composers;- develop the ability to characterize musical themes to draw analogies with past works; develop musical thinking, the skills of creative analysis of a musical work.
DURING THE CLASSES
1: organizational moment
Hello guys. Pay attention not to the topic of the lesson: “Rites and customs in folklore and in the work of composers” (written on the board).- How do you understand the word FOLKLORE? Folklore ( folk lore- "folk wisdom") - folk art, most often it is oral; artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals; created and existing among the masses (, , , , , ), (, instrumental and pieces), (, , ), , , and .2: repetition of the material covered
FOLKLORE is divided into two groups - ritual And non-ritual . Ritual folklore includes: calendar folklore ( , carnival songs, stoneflies), family folklore (family stories, , wedding songs, ), occasional folklore (songs, incantations, performed on an important occasion for the life and well-being of the community - for example, drought, pestilence).Rites in the Russian countryside were considered as essential a component of life as holidays. All more or less significant events in people's lives - be it the birth of a child, marriage, death, the change of seasons, the beginning and end of agricultural work - were accompanied by the performance of special ritual actions dedicated to this occasion. Moreover, the religious consciousness of the people of a peasant, traditional society comprehended the rite as an action that actually creates an event.The rituals familiar to us from the materials of the 18th-20th centuries arose in ancient times and embodied ancient beliefs.Today we will talk about the poeticization of the life and way of life of the Russian people on the basis of one of the rites - an old Russian wedding (including one included in the opera genre)3: learning new material
From the HISTORY of wedding ceremonies in Rus'Since the emergence of Russian villages, the wedding has been the main, main solemn ceremony. Any girl or guy was in awe of the day when they get married. Although the decision was made not by the young themselves, but by their parents, all the same, the brides spent whole nights wondering about their groom.
In Rus', young people got married at the age of 13-15. Everyone who stayed in brides or grooms until the age of 20 caused fear among neighbors and acquaintances. Parents tried to find a suitable match for their child when he was just starting to walk and talk. The opinion of the children themselves was almost never taken into account, since the older generation was more experienced and knowledgeable. From here came the sayings: “To endure - fall in love”, “Do not drink water from the face” and many others.
This state of affairs could not but be reflected in the Russian song.
Hearing: Russian folk song “Mother, mother, what is dusty in the field” performed by Zh. Bichevskaya.What mood does this song create?
Is this song built in the form of a bride's monologue? (no, there is a dialogue between a girl and a mother)
Consider the melodic pattern in the notes. (music notation of the melody on the blackboard) What do you see?
Daughter Theme
Why do you think the heroine of the song is so disturbed?Create more full image songs and everything that happens in it will help you the works of artists.Consider some of them. (demonstration of pictures or slides on an interactive whiteboard).- What do you see in these pictures?- What emotions are experienced by the heroines of these paintings? (confusion and anxiety or resignation)- Are these experiences similar to the mood of the heroine of the song "Mother ..."?Let's write down the lyrics of the song in a notebook and try to perform it in person.Singing: folk song "Mother, mother, that the field is dusty"
Mother, what is dusty in the field?
Russian folk song
Mother, mother, what is dusty in the field?
Ma'am, what's dusty in the field?
Dear child, the horses are playing.
Mother, mother, guests are coming to the yard,
Madam mother, guests are coming to the yard! ..
Mother, mother, they go to the porch,
Madam mother, they are coming to the porch! ..
Dear child, don't be afraid, don't be scared...
Mother, mother, they are going to the new room,
Madame mother, they are going to the new room! ..
Dear child, I won't betray you!
Mother, mother, sit down at the tables,
Madam mother, sit down at the tables!
Dear child, don't be afraid, don't be scared!
Mother, mother, images are being removed,
Madame mother... They bless me...
Dear child, the Lord is with you!
Wedding scenes in operas by Russian composers. Wedding choirs from operas recreate the folk rite. Today we will get acquainted with the lyrical image and the image of a glorious salutary song.Listening: chorus "Floating, swimming swan" from the opera "Khovanshchina" by M. Mussorgsky;Listening: chorus “Spring waters roamed, fell apart in the meadows” from the opera “Ivan Susanin” by M. Glinka.Let's write down the comparative analysis of these musical fragments in the table.LYRICAL IMAGE
Outcome: appeal to folk art helps the listener feel the nationality of the music.4: homework Write down the text of a Russian folk song in a notebook, draw an illustration for it. 5: Summing up the lesson The bright wedding episodes reproduced in many Russian operas are dramatic moments in the development of the opera's action. Opera is not individual performances, not a concert in costumes, but an artistically recreated drama of life.In today's lesson, we got acquainted with the folk song "Mother ..." arranged by Mikhail Matveev, the folk song "Floating, Swimming Swan", included in the opera "Khovanshchina" by Modest Mussorgsky and the melody in the folk style "Spring waters roamed, fell apart across the meadows" by Mikhail Glinka .- Is there an intonational commonality of these works?The CONCLUSION must be formulated by the students: there is a kindred attention to the world, an assessment of everything that happens and an expression of attitude towards life.
Bibliography:
Sergeeva G.P., Kritskaya E.D. Music lessons: grade 5-6: teacher's guide.-M.: Enlightenment, 2007.
I.I. Shangin "Russian Traditional Holidays"
Notes to the song "Mother ..."
