There are 2 main ways to see the sights of Rome - on your own and as part of an organized tour. Both of these methods have their pros and cons. As a rule, most tourists visit the free sights of Rome on their own, and paid ones as part of an excursion.
Free attractions in Rome include monuments, architecture, central streets, buildings, parks, bridges, promenade and nature.
Paid attractions in Rome are museums, performances, theaters, nightclubs, restaurants, bars, amusement parks, etc.
The benefit of paid Rome sightseeing is that if you take a sightseeing tour of Rome, you will be able to see a large number of major attractions in one day, as you will be transported by bus from one attraction to another. For large groups, as a rule, there are discounts, and taking an organized tour, you can still save. It can also be very interesting to listen to a Russian-speaking guide who has been living in Italy for several years and knows the country like the back of his hand.
Where to go and what to see in Rome
Photos with names and descriptions of the sights of Rome. The most interesting places in Rome that a tourist must visit.
The Colosseum is the central arena ancient rome, where gladiators fought, where prisoners were given to be torn to pieces by animals, where water battles of ships were held, for which the arena was filled with water from the Tiber River, and where other brutal performances took place. The Colosseum was opened in the year 80 after the birth of Christ and in honor of its opening, the Great Games were held, which lasted more than 90 days.
The amphitheater Colosseum means "colossus", which indicates its large size. The Colosseum also had the name "Amphitheater of the Flavians", who were the ruling dynasty of Roman emperors.
2 thousand years ago it was the largest building in the world, the stands of which could accommodate 55,000 spectators.
At the beginning of the fifth century, when Christianity gained real power, gladiator fights ceased to be held and the premises began to be used as a stable, warehouse and shelter. Today, the Colosseum is a mandatory item in the program of every tourist.
The Colosseum is located in Rome at Piazza del Colosseo.
You can get to the Colosseum by metro line B, get off at the Colosseum station.
Pantheon in Greek means "temple of all gods" and was built in Rome in the second century AD. The Pantheon was built when ancient Roman architecture was in its infancy. Initially, ancient Roman gods were sung here, but at the beginning of the 7th century, a Christian temple was made from the Pantheon. Throughout its existence, the Pantheon has undergone restorations and thanks to this, it has been well preserved to this day.
The dome of the Pantheon weighs 5,000 tons and has not yet collapsed to this day. In the dome of the Pantheon there is a hole with a diameter of 9 meters, so rain and snow penetrate through it into the building. The remains of Raphael and others were buried in the Pantheon famous people. Pilgrims from all over the world flock to see this masterpiece of architecture with their own eyes.
The Pantheon is opened for tourists at 9 am and it is better to see it immediately after the opening, while there are still few tourists. The Pantheon closes at 7pm.
The entrance is free.
Address of the Pantheon: Piazza della Rotonda, Rome.
You can get to the Pantheon by metro line A, get off at Barberini station.
The Vatican is a mini city-state, the seat of the Pope and the main center of the Catholic Church. Citizens of the Vatican are only 8 hundred people, which include ministers of the church. The Vatican covers an area of only 0.45 square kilometers. Tourists in the Vatican are most attracted by: St. Peter's Basilica, museums that provide access to collections of paintings, sculptures and other art objects.
The relics collected in the Vatican Museums show the history of the development of this mini-state. Here are collected the clothes of the Pope, cars, carriages and other antiques.
The Etruscan Museum of the Vatican will show you archaeological excavations such as Roman art, Etruscan vases and bronze jewelry.
In the Egyptian Museum of the Vatican, you can see mummies and sarcophagi, a statue of Pharaoh Mentuhotep, stone masks and other items.
In the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican, artistic masterpieces are collected, which also includes the Stanzas of Raphael.
The Pinacoteca contains paintings of religious themes, paintings by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio and others.
In the Belvedere Court are the palaces of Innocent VII and Nicholas.
The central place in the Vatican is occupied by the Sistine Chapel, decorated with frescoes by Michelangelo, Botticelli and Perugino.
The Vatican Library houses a collection of printed and handwritten books that have been collected over many centuries.
It is best to visit the Vatican Museums with a guide and in clothing that covers the chest, shoulders, elbows and knees. Some Vatican Museums are only accessible by appointment.
The Vatican Museums are open Monday to Saturday from 09.00 to 18.00, except Sundays and holidays.
Address of the Vatican: Viale Vaticano.
How to get to the Vatican: by metro from Termini train station on line A to the S Pietro stop.
St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is the spiritual heart of the Catholic Church. The Pope of Rome conducts masses in it. Peter's Basilica was built in the 4th century on the site where Nero's circus used to be. Initially, the holy relics of the Apostle Peter were kept in the basilica. Only in the 15th century, a huge building of the temple was created on the site of the basilica. St. Peter's is the brainchild of Raphael, Michelangelo, Maderno, Peruzzi and others. In front of the cathedral is St. Peter's Square with 284 columns. There is an ancient Egyptian obelisk made of granite, magnificent fountains, sculptures of the holy apostles Paul and Peter, the residence of the Pope.
How to get to St. Peter's Square: Take metro line B to Ottaviano San-Pietro station.
Vittoriano is an architectural complex built from 1885 to 1935 in honor of the first king of united Italy, Victor Emmanuel II. In front of the Vittoriano Palace is the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where the Eternal Flame burns and the guard of honor replaces each other. Not all Romans like this white marble palace, but tourists are happy to come here.
The Vittoriano monument is located in Rome on Piazza Venezia, near the Capitoline Hill. It was designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in the Empire style. The monument also includes a 12-meter bronze statue of the king on horseback.
Building height: 70 meters.
Nearest metro: Colosseo, Cavour.
Castel Sant'Angelo, also called the Mausoleum of Hadrian and the Sorrowful Castle, was built on the banks of the Tiber River in the Adriano Park. The construction of the Castel Sant'Angelo began in 139 AD. Its height is 48 meters and at the time of construction it was the tallest building in Rome. Castel Sant'Angelo consists of the Donjon tomb, a square courtyard with a wall and a bridge over the river, decorated with sculptures.
The castle served as the home of the Pope, warehouse, prison and tomb. Now the castle houses the Military History Museum.
The castle was named after an event that happened to Pope Gregory in the 4th century, when the Archangel Michael appeared to him. Under the emperor Hadrian, a bridge was built from the castle across the Tiber River, along which you can reach the Champ de Mars.
The Roman Forum was built in the center of Ancient Rome and at first a market functioned on it, but then political decisions were made on it.
The Roman Forum is located between the Palatine, Velia, Capitol, Esquiline, Quirinal and Viminal hills.
At the Roman Forum in Ancient Rome, they passed laws, elected consuls, and met emperors after the war.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the forum was destroyed, and only fragments of its former grandeur have survived to this day, where an open-air museum now operates.
Address: Via della Salaria Vecchia, 5/6.
The Roman Forum is open every day from 8.00 to 17.00, and from April to October - until 17.30.
Trajan's Forum was the last imperial forum built in Rome, designed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus. The Forum of Trajan was created in accordance with the order of Emperor Trajan. It was decorated with trophies won in Dacia in 106. Trajan's Forum was opened in 112, and Trajan's Column was erected in 113. the forum was a large square surrounded by a market, the temple of Emperor Trajan, the Latin and Greek libraries. The 38-meter marble column of Trajan, inside which they made the tomb of the emperor and his wife, has survived to this day.
The baths of Emperor Septimius Bassian Caracalla in Rome are officially called the baths of Antoninian. The Baths of Caracalla began to be built in 212 AD and finished in 217, when the emperor of Caracalla died. The courtyard of the term of Caracalla was square and reached a length and width of 400 meters, the dimensions of the thermal building were 150 by 200 meters. In addition to the baths and pools, there was a library. They came to the baths to communicate, negotiate and find out the news mixed with gossip.
Today, the Baths of Caracalla are what remains of the ancient Roman baths along the Appian Way.
The triumphal arch of Constantine was installed in Rome in 315 between the Colosseum and the Palatine on Via Triumphalis. The arch is dedicated to the victory of Emperor Constantine over rival Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312.
During the construction of the Arch of Constantine, decor elements were used that were removed from older buildings. The triumphal arch of Constantine is the only arch in Rome that commemorates the victory in the civil war.
Interestingly, it was under Emperor Constantine that Christianity became the official religion in the Roman Empire and the capital was moved to Constantinople.
The Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano is a cathedral church built in Rome in 324. In the hierarchy of Catholic churches, she ranks first and even St. Peter's in the Vatican is below her.
The Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano is one of the 4 basilicas in Rome with the title "Basilica maior", which means "Elder Basilica". It was included in the list for pilgrims, which includes 7 basilicas in Rome.
The Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano was built during the reign of Emperor Constantine under Pope Sylvester I. The relics of six popes and the apostles Paul and Peter are buried in the church.
You can get to the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano by metro, the nearest stations are Re Di Roma and Ponte Lungo.
San Paolo Fuori le Mura is one of the 4 main basilicas in Rome. San Paolo Fuori le Mura was built in the southern part of Rome behind the Aurelian Walls and is included in the list of seven basilicas of Rome for pilgrims. The holy relics of the Apostle Paul are buried in the basilica, so the flow of pilgrims and tourists is huge. In 1980, the Basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura was inscribed on the World Heritage List.
The basilica was built by decree of the Emperor Constantine on the burial site of the Apostle Paul in the 4th century AD.
The Basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura is located at Via Ostiense 186, Rome, Italy.
The Church of Santa Maria Maggiore is one of the 4 main Catholic churches in Rome and is included in the list of seven pilgrimage basilicas for pilgrims.
The architectural style of the church belongs to the Romanesque and Baroque styles.
The author of the project is Liberius, and the founder is Sixtus III.
The Temple of Santa Maria Maggiore was founded in 356, and construction lasted from 440 to 1750.
In the 14th century, a 75-meter bell tower was completed.
Address: Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore 42.
You can walk to the temple from the Termini train station along Cavour street.
It works every day from 7.00 to 19.00.
The Church of Il Gesu is the central temple of the Jesuits in Rome, and it is here that the remains of the Grand Master Ignatius Loyola are buried. Michelangelo worked on the initial design of the church, but he approached the head of the Jesuit order. In 1561, the architect Giacomo Barozzi began to implement his project.
The style of the church belongs to the Baroque.
The Jesuit order existed until the end of the 18th century and a large fortune was kept in the temple of Il Gesu. Then the temple of Il-Gesu was taken away from the Jesuits, but after 1814 the building was returned.
The Church of Il Gesu is located in the small square of Il Gesu in the center of Rome.
Piazza Navona is a Roman square built in the shape of a rectangle on the site of the stadium of Domitian (1st century). From the 15th century to 1869, the city market functioned here. Piazza Navona was built up in the 17th century in the Baroque style. Since the 16th century, houses for ambassadors, cardinals, bankers and other nobility began to be built in the area of the square.
Piazza Navona overlooks 2 churches, including the church of St. Agnes, and several palaces, including the Palazzo Pamphili.
In the center of Piazza Navona is the Fountain of the Four Rivers with an obelisk, which symbolizes the power of the Pope. Around the obelisk there are sculptures symbolizing the rivers of 4 continents.
The Piazza del Popolo in Rome has always been of strategic importance, since the road leading to the northern provinces departed from it. Translated from Italian, "Piazza del Popolo" means "People's Square".
On the square are the Egyptian obelisk of Ramses II and the temple of Santa Maria del Popolo. Above appearance square in the 19th century, the architect Valadier worked hard.
Piazza del Popolo was created in the form of an oval 100 by 165 meters. In the north of the square there is a gate - Porta del Popolo, which in ancient times was part of the Aurelian wall.
Villa Borghese is a Roman landscape park located on the Pincio hill. It is the third largest public park in Rome and covers an area of 80 hectares.
History says that in the 17th century, Cardinal Scipione Borghese created a park on the site of the vineyards, decorated with antique statues.
In the 19th century, the park was decorated in the English style. The mistress of the estate in those days was Elena Borghese.
In 1903, the Villa Borghese park was bought by Italian government officials and donated to Rome. Later, children's attractions were installed in the park. You can climb to the Villa Borghese park along the famous Spanish Steps, as well as from Popolo Square.
In the Villa Borghese park there are: Borghese Gallery, National Museum of Villa Giulia, National Gallery contemporary art, Globe Theatre, Pietro Canonica House Museum, Carlo Bilotti Museum.
Villa Medici occupies the slope of the Roman Pincio hill, slightly lower than Villa Borghese. In ancient times, the gardens of Lucullus grew on this territory, and there was a villa where Empress Messalina passed away. In the Middle Ages, vineyards stretched on this area.
In 1576, the Pincio slope was sold to Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici, the future ruler of Florence. The Mannerist style villa was designed by Bartolomeo Ammannati. When the last member of the Medici family passed away, the villa was given to the House of Lorraine. Napoleon Bonaparte gave the Medici villa to the French Academy in Rome, and since that time those who have been awarded the Rome Prize have lived there.
Exhibits of ancient culture are exhibited on the territory of the garden. The cardinal bought 170 antique statues from the nobility of Rome and decorated the villa with them.
The catacombs of Rome are a grid of ancient catacombs that were used for burial during early Christianity. The total number of catacombs in Rome is more than 60 pieces, and most of them are located underground along the Appian Way. The catacombs of Rome are underground passages in the form of a labyrinth. In the walls of the catacombs there are rectangular niches for the burial of the dead. Until today, only a few niches have remained closed, while the rest are empty.
The first followers of Christ were hiding in the catacombs. Religious ceremonies and gatherings of believers were held here.
The Pyramid of Cestius is an ancient Roman mausoleum built on the Aventine in Rome in the shape of an irregular pyramid. Near the pyramid of Cestius are the gates of San Paolo.
It is believed that the pyramid of Cestius was built in the 1st century BC. The mausoleum is intended for the burial of Praetor Gaius Cestius Epulus. The construction of the pyramid coincided with the period of the conquest of Egypt, and when "Egyptian style" was fashionable in ancient Rome. At that time, obelisks and sculptures were taken out of the Nile Valley. Dimensions of the Pyramid of Cestius: height - 37 meters, width - 30 meters.
big circus
The Circus Maximus in Rome is an ancient hippodrome located between the Palatine Hill and the Aventine Hill. During the Roman Empire, chariot races were held here. Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar expanded the circus to an impressive size, and this allowed more than 250,000 people to watch the races at a time. Standing places were intended for commoners, and lodges for patricians.
Length Big circus in Rome, 600 meters and a width of 150 meters.
The Appian Way was created by order of the censor Appius Caecus in 312 BC, and was supposed to complement the Latin Way, which connects Rome with the colony of Cala near Capua.
The Appian Way is the central ancient public road of Rome. Later, the Appian Way was extended to Brundisium and connected Rome with Egypt, Greece and Asia Minor.
On both sides of the Appian Way there are such historical monuments as: tombs, villas, Christian catacombs, medieval towers, Jewish catacombs, Renaissance and Baroque buildings.
Trastevere area
The Trastevere district in Rome is a network of medieval streets on the west bank of the Tiber River, south of the Vatican. Trastevere is located on the eastern slope of Janiculum.
In ancient times, the Etruscans lived on this bank of the Tiber, then it was settled by Jews and Syrians.
The centerpiece of the Trastevere area is the Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere, built in the 3rd century. The Church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere was built in the 5th century. Both churches house paintings and sculptures by famous masters.
Trastevere Station is located in the south of Trastevere.
In the evening, the Trastevere area is loved by tourists and the inhabitants of Rome themselves, as there are bars and restaurants.
spanish stairs
The Spanish Steps in Rome have 138 steps leading from the Spanish Square to the temple of Trinita dei Monti, located on the top of the Pincio hill.
Spanish Square housed the representation of the kings of Spain. The French diplomat Etienne Geffier believed that it was necessary to connect the Trinita dei Monti church and the Spanish Square, and for this purpose he bequeathed his fortune.
The architects of the project were Alessandro Specchi and Francesco de Sanctis. The construction of the Spanish Steps lasted from 1723 to 1725.
On the Spanish Square there is a fountain in the form of a boat "Barkaccia".
The Trevi Fountain is the largest fountain in Rome, reaching a height of 25.9 meters and a width of 49.8 meters.
The Trevi Fountain was created in the Baroque style from 1732 to 1762. The project belongs to the architect Nicolo Salvi. The fountain is located next to the facade of the Palazzo Poli.
Legend has it that whoever throws a coin into the Trevi Fountain will return to Rome. If he throws two coins, then a love meeting awaits him. If three, then - a wedding. If four, then - wealth. If five, then separation.
Every year, public utilities take out coins worth 1.4 million euros from the fountain.
The second legend says that on the right side of the Trevi Fountain there are "tubes of lovers", and those who drink water from them will love each other and live happily ever after.
Attractions of Rome on the map
Sightseeing in Rome on your ownTo explore the free sights of Rome, download to your phone a map of Rome and Italy, where all the sights of Rome are already marked. Most often, experienced travelers use the Maps.me mobile application for this, where most of the sights of Rome are indicated with photos, names and descriptions in Russian.
The sights of Italy are very popular among tourists from all over the world and the sights of Rome are especially popular. |
A magnificent arena where no form of torture was considered too cruel. Places of worship where the gods were often revered through shocking ritual sacrifices. Pleasure palaces where rampant sexual corruption was not only accepted but encouraged.
Who were these people who created these imposing structures? How much self-esteem made them build bigger and better monuments, and at what cost?
Colosseum: arena of death
The bizarre bloody spectacle drew crowds of people into the arena. Sometimes in Roman colosseum 50 thousand people gathered to see scenes of indescribable horror. Emperors, senators, priests, nobility, simple people and the slaves rejoiced, satisfying their thirst for blood.
Gladiators donned heavy armor and fought each other often to the death. Wild hungry animals were set against each other and against humans. The purpose of these fights is tear each other to shreds.
All kinds of special effects were used, including filling the arena with water for staging parodies of naval battles. How did the ancient Romans fill the Colosseum with water?
It's actually very simple: the tank system on the slope right above the arena was filled with. The ingenious Romans pumped water down from the aqueducts, then down from the tanks and into the center of the Colosseum. But how do they pumped out water?
It is believed that the Romans created a kind of sewer system. But this question remains to be answered, since very few excavations have been carried out at the Colosseum.
Staging of major Roman myths was part of the spectacle, the more terrible the better. Criminals and Christians were often cast in the most dangerous roles.
Bloody competitions have dominated the Roman Colosseum since its opening in 72 AD. The emperor arranged opening ceremony which lasted 100 days. On the opening day, an unprecedented massacre took place: 5,000 animals died. This arena of death was a gift to the Romans from the emperor's father and predecessor Titus.
Latest registered games were held in the 6th century AD, ending those terrible contests that once so amused the bloodthirsty Romans. After that, the Colosseum was not used for a long time and was partially destroyed. In the 9th century there was terrible earthquake which destroyed most of it.
It was later used as quarry: rich marble lining was torn off and used in the construction of palaces and churches. Part of the originally existing four levels is still untouched and the Colosseum remains a testament to the skill and at the same time cruelty of the ancient Romans.
The Pantheon is the work of the devil
30s of the 20th century. Famous Italian dictator Benito Mussolini invents original propaganda campaign. One of the main elements of his propaganda was to draw a parallel between the greatness of ancient Rome and the glory of his new regime. This has led to numerous excavations and archaeological research throughout Rome.
Over the centuries, due to the flood, deposits of earth have appeared on many ancient monuments, completely covering them. Due to its proximity to the river, built between 27 and 23 BC, it was badly damaged.
Having penetrated about 6-7 meters into the ground, the workers came across a pavement made of massive blocks.
In the Middle Ages bronze and marble were stripped from the walls of the baths, and the beautiful sculptures that adorned the baths of Caracalla ended up in the collections of the aristocracy and Roman.
Forum: central government
Rhea Silvia is at the center of the story of the founding of Rome. According to legend, she was the daughter of one of the Roman kings. Numitor had a young brother. He overthrew Numitor, the rightful king. Moreover, Amulius decided make Rhea Sylvia a vestal.
Anyway, she broke her vow, she became pregnant and gave birth to twins - who were in a certain sense like Moses - left on the Tiber in a basket and were supposed to drown, but they did not drown: the Tiber receded, leaving the basket intact. They were found, which, together with them, is imprinted in a famous statue and has become today symbol of Rome. And when they grew up, got into trouble at one religious festival and again found themselves in front of their uncle Amulius, and history repeated itself: Amulius was killed, and Romulus and Remus became founders of Rome.
What is interesting about this story is that Rhea Silvia, instead of saying "yes, I broke my vow", decided that she would blame it on god: she said "the god Mars raped me." This is important, it means that Romulus and Remus were demigods, and this allowed the Romans to trace their lineage back to God.
Forum and Trajan's Column
After and during the Dark Ages, the forums of Rome were lost to history, being under the ruins. But excavations in the 19th century began to shed light on one of the world's greatest historical sites.
Celebrating a triumphant military campaign. It is not surprising that in 105 he raised a new rebellion, and Trajan headed back, crossed the Danube and between 105 and 107 a series of three campaigns took place. He defeated Decebalus, who eventually fled from the battlefield, and on Trajan's column you can see a scene where Trajan's people grab Decebalus, cut off his head, bring it and show it to Trajan.
Trajan's motivation for defeating the Dacians was not just a matter of honor: Trajan wanted their land because it was rich in precious metals. This victory made Trajan fabulously wealthy and allowed him build your forum. It is large, there are many sculptures, many triumphal arches in addition to the entrance. There are so many reminders of victory here that you start to look at it with suspicion: was it really so significant?
Was Trajan narcissistic, terribly insecure, or a man of his own ideas? Trajan had to overcome a huge obstacle: he became first non-Italian emperor. Trajan was born in Spain.
The military campaign against the wealthy Dacians and the building projects that followed seemed to be the perfect way to strengthen your position in the empire. And his plan worked.
He had more trophies than anyone else in Rome in quite a long period. Most of it he spent on building the huge forum, which is a triumphal monument to itself, but also glorifies Rome as a capital.
Working with a Greek architect, Trajan built forum And huge market. The market was located on a hill, which was completely dug up to provide space for 6 floors and 120 shops located on the territory.
With porticos, a basilica, arches and a column, Trajan's Forum was the largest ever built. He was also unique in that he looked like a military camp.
Was once here temple but he was buried underground. Experts in antiquity considered the presence of a temple strange: why did Trajan build it in the first place? It did not fit the project of Trajan's forum as a military camp.
At present, experts believe they know the answer: Trajan's successor is responsible for this addition.
After examining the types of coins and examining the archaeological evidence, experts came to the conclusion that perhaps Hadrian had a reason to have a desire dedicate this temple to Trajan. Hadrian had yet to do what Trajan had done: he had to join those of his predecessors who were full, had a good reputation and did good for the empire. Therefore, it was probably Hadrian's idea to build a temple here, dedicated to his divine adoptive father Trajan.
Was Trajan prompted to erect such colossal monuments to his feeling of inferiority? Experts believe that this is possible, but it is obvious that he was an excellent military leader and the soldiers loved him.
Trajan's reign shows that he deserve respect and did a lot of good for the empire during his almost 20 years in power.
The architecture of the Roman Empire reached wonderful flowering, far surpassing in scale, grandeur and functionalism the samples created by the Greeks. Played a partly important role invention of superior cement and accuracy of bolted connections during construction. But even more important was the great pride of the emperors, who for centuries tried to gain an advantage over the rest, trying to outdo each other by erecting grander, grander and more ornate monuments. Some of them have stood the test of time, some lie in ruins, but they all symbolize the power and strength of the Roman Empire.
Ancient Rome is an ancient state that existed for 12 centuries and left a huge cultural heritage. The heyday and completion of the ancient period is associated with Rome. Having gone from a small city to a huge empire, Rome was able to become the cradle of modern European civilization.
1. The period of kings (VIII ‒ VI century BC)
According to Varro, Rome arose on the banks of the Tiber River in 753 BC. The myth of the brothers Remus and Romulus, who were fed by a she-wolf and founded a great city, is widely known.
Rome was inhabited by Latins, Sabines, Etruscans and other nationalities. The descendants of the founders of the city called themselves patricians. Plebeians were called settlers from other places.
During this period, Rome was ruled by kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tull Hostilius, Ankh Marcius, Tarquinius the Ancient, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius the Proud.
The king was elected by the people. He led the army, was considered the chief priest and ruled the court. The king shared power with the Senate, which included 100 elders of the patrician families.
In Roman society, the clan was the basis. His family later replaced him. The head of the family had unquestioned authority and absolute power over its members.
During the royal period, the religion of the ancient Romans was animistic. Everything around was filled with different entities and deities, which should be sacrificed and worshiped.
Under the influence of the Etruscan and Greek religion, the Romans began to form their own pantheon of gods, who were given human features. The faith of the Romans required the most exact observance of numerous rituals. This was followed by the development of the institution of the priesthood. Priests in ancient Rome were elected by the people. There were so many of them that they formed their own colleges.
Applied arts during this period still retained Etruscan and Greek influences. Red or black pottery had an intricate complex shape in the form of people, animals or plants. To decorate the products of the master, like the Greeks, they used geometric patterns.
Painting was mostly decorative. The walls of houses and tombs were painted with bright frescoes depicting domestic and religious scenes. Images of battle scenes, flora and fauna, and mythical creatures were widely used.
Sculptures were mainly made in small forms from bronze, wood, stone, and ivory. Masters were just beginning to depict human figures, so they are carved in a simplified way. But the artists tried to convey the realism of the depicted. This is especially noticeable in tomb statues. Relief sculptural images were used in objects everyday life(jugs, chests, caskets, weapons, etc.).
During this period, a protective wall around Rome was built, expanded and strengthened. An aqueduct was erected to bring water to the city. The buildings were made laconic, but durable, little attention was paid to the decor. In 509 BC The Temple of Jupiter was erected on the Capitoline Hill. Its architecture combined elements of the Etruscan and Greek cultures. Construction began on the Forum, a popular place in Rome. There was a market here, solemn and religious ceremonies, elections of officials, trial of criminals were held.
Until the VI century BC. mostly used oral creativity: songs, fairy tales, myths. Then the Romans began to write down tales of deities and heroes, ritual songs and texts. Many stories were adopted from the Greeks and transferred to Roman realities.
During this period, Roman culture was just beginning to take shape. She carried many borrowings from other peoples, mainly the Etruscans and Greeks. But at the same time, the originality of the Romans and their own worldview were already manifesting.
2. Republic (VI ‒ I century BC)
2.1 Early Republic period (VI-III century BC)
The last king, Tarquinius the Proud, turned out to be a tyrant and was overthrown. In 510 BC a republic was formed in Rome. It was ruled by two consuls, who were elected every year. A little later, the position of a dictator with extraordinary powers appeared. He was appointed for 6 months by consuls by decision of the Senate at times when Rome was in danger.
During this period, there were many wars in Rome. Society was torn apart by internal contradictions. As a result of the aggressive policy, Rome manages to establish dominance in the Apennines.
In the middle of the 5th century BC. Laws of 12 tables are adopted. For a long time they become the first written source of Roman law and regulate property, family, and inheritance relations.
In the IV century BC. monetary relations came instead of natural ones - the first copper coins entered circulation.
By the 4th century BC. the influence of the Etruscans is weakening, original Roman products in ceramics and bronze appear. However, in the 5th century BC. there was a certain decline in crafts compared to the Tsarist period.
As for architecture, the influence of the Etruscans is still strong here. The Romans built wooden temples with terracotta sculptures and wall paintings. Dwellings were built without much frills, copying Etruscan houses with an atrium (patio with a shallow pool to collect rainwater).
Folk art was represented by songs (wedding, magic, triumphal, heroic).
In writing, Etruscan letters are replaced by Greek ones, and the Latin alphabet is further formed.
In 304 BC Aedile Gnaeus Flavius published a calendar. It is considered the first Roman literary work.
In 280 BC A public speech delivered in the Senate by Appius Claudius was recorded. He also published a collection of moral sayings "Sentences". One of them is still in use today: "Every blacksmith of his own happiness."
2.2 The period of the late Republic (III ‒ I century BC)
Numerous wars in the 2nd century BC (Punic, Macedonian) led to the expansion of the power of Ancient Rome. Carthage, which competed with Rome, was destroyed, Greece and Macedonia turned into Roman provinces. This led to the enrichment of the Roman nobility. Slaves and gold during the wars were the main trophies. Gladiator fights appear - the favorite pastime of the ancient Romans. Rome is becoming a strong state, but contradictions are brewing inside it, which have caused civil wars. The establishment of the dictatorship of Sulla and Caesar in the II-I centuries BC subsequently led to the principate of Octavian Augustus.
Gaius Julius Caesar
Under the Greek influence, the architecture of the city is changing. Wealthy Romans build houses with marble cladding, they use mosaics and frescoes to decorate their homes. Statues, paintings and other art objects are placed inside. In sculpture, a realistic portrait becomes a characteristic phenomenon. By the 1st century BC. Roman architecture takes on its own identity. Under Caesar, a new Forum was built, gardens and parks began to be laid out in the city.
New customs came to Rome from the East and Greece. The Romans began to dress in colorful clothes, richly decorating themselves with jewels. Men began to shave and cut their hair short.
Family customs also changed. Women got more freedom. They could manage their property and even file for divorce. However, by the end of the period of the republic, the number of divorces increased greatly. This speaks of the decline of the family institution.
In 240 BC. A freed Greek named Titus Livius Andronicus translated Greek plays into Latin. From that time began Roman literature. His follower was Naevius of Campania. He composed plays based on Greek ones, but used events close to him and recognizable people. The comedian Titus Maccius Plautus was also famous. At the same time, folk farces and mimes were popular among the Romans.
There were also descriptions of modern history. So at the end of the III century BC. Quintus Fabius Pictor and Lucius Cincius Aliment wrote the Annals, a detailed account of the history of Rome. Also known are the works of Cato the Elder "On Agriculture", "Beginnings", "Instructions to the Son", where he advocates patriarchal Roman values, criticizing the fashion for everything Greek.
During the late Republic, Varro left a great legacy in the life of Rome. His main work was called "Antiquities of divine and human affairs." In addition, he wrote many historical, biographical, philosophical works, creating an encyclopedic picture of knowledge about Ancient Rome.
During this period, the fashion for political journalism comes. Many famous personalities strive to capture their activities in written works. Among them are Scipio the Elder, Sulla, Publius Rutilius Ruf, Gaius Julius Caesar and others.
Oratory develops. Cicero played a special role in its formation. The Romans took lessons in eloquence, it was very important for them to be able to speak publicly in the Senate, the court, at the Forum. Successful speeches were recorded. In Rome, the Greek school of eloquence prevailed, but soon the Roman school also appeared - more concise and accessible to the simple strata of the population.
In the 1st century BC. poetry flourishes. Talented poets were Lucretius and Catullus. Lucretius wrote the poem "On the Nature of Things", and Catullus was famous for his lyrical and satirical works. Satirical pamphlets were popular and were a method of political struggle.
At the same time there was a further Hellenization of Roman religion. The cult of the Greek gods Apollo, Demeter, Dionysus, Hermes, Asclepius, Hades, Persephone, and others came. The rites became more and more magnificent and complex. The cult of the goddess Cybele also entered Rome from the east. By the end of the 1st century BC. Egyptian sacred cults appeared in Rome. Astrology, divination, magic became popular.
3. Empire (1st century BC - 5th century AD)
3.1 Early Imperial period (principate) (1st century BC – 2nd century AD)
In the 30s BC. Caesar's nephew Octavian Augustus became the sole ruler of Rome. He called himself "princeps" - the first among equals. And later he received the title of emperor, concentrating all power in his hands. Thus began the imperial period in the history of Rome - the "golden age" of Roman culture. Patronage of poets and artists was provided by a friend of Octavian Augustus Gaius Cylnius Maecenas, whose name became a household name.
At this time, poetry reached special heights. by the most famous poets were Horace, Ovid, Virgil. The works of Virgil - "Bucoliki", "Georgics", "Aeneid" glorified Augustus and predicted the onset of the "golden age". At the same time, he lovingly describes the nature of Italy, refers to the traditions and self-consciousness of the Romans. Horace's "Odes" are still a model of lyric poetry. Ovid became famous for his love lyrics. The most famous were his works "Metamorphoses", "Fast", "Science of Love". At this time, the realistic Roman novel gains great popularity. The most famous are the "Satyricon" by Petronius and the "Golden Ass" by Apuleius.
During the time of Augustus, scientific thought also developed. The historical works of Titus Livius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus spoke about the greatness of Rome and its role in ancient history.
The geographer Strabo described many peoples and countries, Agrippa compiled maps of the empire. Vitruvius wrote a treatise on architecture. Pliny the Elder wrote the Natural History. Ptolemy outlined in his work "Almagest" all modern astronomical knowledge. The physician Galen wrote a treatise on anatomy, "On the Parts of the Human Body."
In order to connect parts of the vast empire, roads and aqueducts were built, which have survived to this day. In Rome itself, temples were erected - Apollo and Vesta on the Palatine, Mars the Avenger on the new Forum of Augustus. In the I ‒ II century AD. such famous architectural monuments as the Pantheon and the Colosseum were built.
New architectural forms appeared - a triumphal arch, a two-story colonnade. The provinces also built temples, baths, theaters and circuses for gladiator fights.
3.2 The period of the late Empire (III ‒ V century AD)
After the death of Augustus, emperors come to power, possessing unlimited, despotic power in the manner of Eastern tyrannies. Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Vespasian carried out cruel bloody repressions and, in turn, were killed as a result of conspiracies of their entourage.
However, there were also emperors who left behind a good reputation - Trajan, Adrian, Marcus Aurelius. Under them, the role of the provinces increased. Their natives were granted access to the Senate and the Roman army. At the same time, it was no longer possible to hide the internal contradictions among Roman society. Despite Rome's attempts to establish strong power, the colonies sought independence.
Architecture becomes monumental, embodying the idea of the power of the supreme power. Grandiose buildings were built: stadiums, forums, mausoleums, aqueducts. Trajan's forum can serve as an example of such an architecture.
By the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was in decline. In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: Western and Eastern. At this time, Christianity was born. At first it is banned, its followers are severely persecuted. Emperor Constantine allows Christians to practice their faith, and soon Christianity becomes the official religion.
Unfortunately, the triumph of the Christian faith led to the destruction of many ancient monuments. Early Christian art began to develop on the basis of Roman art: basilica temples were built, painting appeared in the caves in the form of murals. The figures of people in them are shown rather schematically, more attention is paid to the internal content of the scene.
To fully enjoy the impressions of the sights of Rome, one week is clearly not enough. Do not despair and give up your La dolce vita if you are in Rome for a few days.
In the review, we will talk about both world-famous attractions and those that are not listed in the guidebooks, but studying the history of Rome without visiting them will not be complete.
You just have to choose places in the city, lay the route to your taste. For example, first visit historical sites (Colosseum, Roman Forum), the top of St. Peter's Basilica. Then walk to the Protestant cemetery, the architectural quarter Quartiere Coppedè, test yourself in the Mouth of Pravda. And after completing the journey, toss a coin into the Trevi Fountain in order to return to Rome someday.
Next to the descriptions of some attractions there are links to buying tickets through the official service in Russian.
Brief information about Rome:
| One of the oldest cities in the world, founded, according to one of the historical versions, April 21, 753 BC. It was the capital of the Roman Empire. The city has two more names: The area of urban development is only a quarter of the territory of Rome within the city limits. Whereas in most European cities, building occupies most of the territory. |
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So, stock up on a cup of coffee and time, because. in our review of more than 70 sights of Rome.
Transfer from airport Rome with a Russian-speaking driver.
Trevi Fountain
One of the most visited tourist attractions. Not only because of its historical significance, but also because of its location.
Located on the square of the same name, the Trevi Fountain is surrounded by numerous restaurants, shops and nightclubs.
Built in the mid 1700s, di Trevi is a baroque example with a mythological twist - the god of the sea, Neptune, emerges from the water surrounded by faithful Tritons.
Not so long ago, a large restoration of the attraction was carried out. Rome spent 2,000,000 euros on it. In 2015 the fountain was reopened to the public.
Why throw coins into the fountain?
According to Roman legend, throwing one or more coins right hand over the left shoulder, you can get:
- Return again to Rome.
- You will fall in love with an attractive Roman or a local beauty.
- You will marry this Roman or this beauty.
Address: Piazza di Trevi.
Nearest metro: Barberini.
Basilica (Cathedral) of St. Peter (Basilica di San Pietro)
The basilica is located in the Vatican on St. Peter's Square. The attraction is open daily and free for visitors.
We recommend climbing to the roof - you will be delighted with the opened landscapes of Rome. If for some reason you cannot overcome 323 steps, the elevator will take you up for an additional fee.
Note!
The cathedral is a working church, so be aware of the dress code when visiting:
- No short skirts.
- No headwear.
- Shoulders should be covered.
Please respect these rules.
Because St. Peter's Basilica is one of the main attractions of the city - often you have to stand in a long queue to enter it.
During the tour you will visit the naves, chapels, see works of art by Michelangelo, Bernini, Raphael.
Video about the Cathedral:
Address: Piazza San Pietro.
Before becoming the museum we can visit today, the Castellum Sancti Angeli went through many different uses. It was originally built as a tomb for Emperor Hadrian and his family in 123 AD.
In 403, it was rebuilt into a fortified military post. At the beginning of the 11th century, the castle housed a prison. In the 14th century, Castellum Sancti Angeli, after several changes of owners, acquired ecclesiastical status. In the 19th century, the building again became a prison and, only in 1906, was converted into a museum.
Open from 9.00 to 19.30.
Day off: Monday, January 1, December 25, May 1.
The exterior and interiors of the castle make an indelible impression on tourists.
We recommend this attraction in Rome to visit.
Address: Lungotevere Castello, 50.
Roman Forum (Foro Romano)
Located near the Colosseum, the Roman Forum is not as popular with tourists, but no less interesting.
This attraction shows the structure of Ancient Rome with its shrines, government houses and monuments. Most of the complex is in ruins, but even looking at them you can imagine the former grandeur of the Arch of Septimius Severus, the Temple of Saturn, the Arch of Titus and the House of the Vestal Virgins.
Opening hours: from 8.30 to sunset.
Address: Via in Miranda.
National Museum of Rome
What is the value of the National Museum of Rome for the visitor? It houses one of the largest archaeological collections in the world.
It is clear that such a volume of exhibits would not fit in one building. To see this attraction you need to visit 4 buildings: Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Palazzo Altemps, Baths of Diocletian and Crypt Balba.
Palazzo Altemps
As one of the centers of the museum, Altemps Palace has been since 1997. It is one of the brightest examples of Renaissance architecture.
Palazzo Massimo
The palace houses one of the greatest collections in the world. ancient art. Paintings, mosaics, sculptures of the Roman period are exhibited.
Crypt Balba
The crypt gives an idea of the development of Roman society and urban landscapes from the ancient period to the present day.
Baths of Diocletian
Extensive bath complex.
The ticket allows you to visit all the buildings of the museum.
Opening hours: 9.00 to 19.45. Closed on Monday.
Pantheon
The Pantheon is open to the public every day. Sunday opening hours are reduced.
Built in 120 AD, it impresses with its perfect proportions. If you are an architect, you will surely find new ideas for your creativity after the inspection.
The pantheon contains the burial places of Kings Victor Emmanuel II and Umberto I. This attraction is listed in many guidebooks as a must see.
By the way, Piazza Della Rotonda has several cozy cafes where you can relax with a cup of coffee, pizza or ice cream.
Address: Piazza della Rotonda.
Metro station: Barberini.
Colosseum
Built on a swampy site, the Colosseum was completed in 80 AD. The stands could accommodate up to 50,000 spectators. It is an engineering marvel.
Today, this complex is one of the most visited of all Roman sites.
There are long queues at the entrance, almost at any time. It is recommended to buy tickets online - they give the right to skip the line.
The Colosseum can be visited during the day and at night (with a special ticket). Open from morning until sunset.
Address: Piazza del Colosseo.
Metro station: Colosseo.
Baths of Caracalla
How did the ancient Romans visit public baths? You have a great opportunity to see it with your own eyes. Baths is one of the largest and well-preserved examples of the life of ancient Rome.
Built by the emperor Caracalla in the form of a rectangle. SPA was not only a place for water procedures, residents gathered here for sports, recreation, and study.
The different parts of the spa are in this order: "Calidarium", "Tepidarium", "Frigidarium" and "Natatio". There are other zones and areas to be found around the two gymnasiums.
Buying tickets to Therme online gives you access to the Tomb of Caecilia Metellus and Villa Quintili.
The tomb was built during the reign of Emperor Augustus in honor of the daughter of the Roman consul. Made in the form of a circular mausoleum.
In ancient times, Villa Quintili was the most luxurious and largest. In 151 AD, after the villa became imperial property, the territory was expanded, the buildings were enlarged. From the territory of the villa offers a magnificent view of the rural surroundings.
Opening hours: from 9.00 to sunset (entrance closes in an hour).
On some dates, access to three attractions ends earlier.
Address:
Baths of Caracalla: Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 52 (Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 52)
Tomb of Caecilia Metella: Via Appia Antica, 161
Quintili in Villa: Via Appia Nuova , 1092
Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel
Within the walls of this attraction is one of the most famous sights of the Vatican - the Sistine Chapel (and famous frescoes Michelangelo). A tour of the Vatican Museums gives access to various sections of the palaces, including the Sistine Chapel.
But don't overlook the treasures housed in the museums themselves, including the spiral staircase and the Raphael Rooms. The Vatican Museums are so huge that a guided tour is highly recommended. If the cost of a guide seems high to you, take a ticket with an audio guide - it's much cheaper.
Most visitors to museums are on Saturday, Monday, the last Sunday of the month, holidays and rainy days.
Pay attention to the rules in dress and behavior when visiting:
- No short skirts.
- Shorts are prohibited.
- Off-the-shoulder clothing is prohibited.
- It is forbidden to talk and take pictures in the Sistine Chapel.
Video about the Sistine Chapel:
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Tickets for the Vatican Museums and the Sistine Chapel (skip the line): Entrance to the museum with the first group+ audio guide in Russian (map and dvd as a gift). VIP ticket for the morning visit with audio guide. Visiting the museum after sunset(on Fridays). Standard ticket to the Vatican Museums. Standard ticket with audio guide in Russian language. |
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Set aside half a day for this sightseeing.
Address: Viale Vaticano, 97.
Church of San Luigi dei Francesi
If you are a fan of Caravaggio, be sure to include a visit to this attraction in your Rome itinerary.
The church houses three baroque canvases by this artist, including The Calling of St. Matthew, The Martyrdom of Matthew.
Entrance to the church is free. But it closes for lunch from 12.30 to 15.00.
Thursday visiting hours only until lunch.
You can find it in the Navona area of Rome. Nearest metro station: Barberini.
Address: Via Santa Giovanna d'Arco 5.
Vatican Gardens by Bus + Museum & Sistine Chapel
A unique opportunity to improve the beauty of the famous Vatican gardens. For a long time they were closed to the public. According to tourists, gardens bring peace, tranquility and enjoyment of nature to a person.
You will find yourself surrounded by the beauties of nature and the works of many talented artists inspired by their faith, love and care for the space around them. You can almost taste the sweet smell of flowers and Mediterranean plants that grow here next to exotic spices. Be enchanted by the beautiful green lawns, trees, a small forest and a rock replica in the heart of Rome.
The audio guide is available in several languages, including Russian.
Duration:
approximately 40 minutes + 1 hour 30 minutes to visit the Vatican Museum and the Sistine Chapel
Departure:
From 01.01. to 02.04 and from 31.10 to 31.12
Monday-Saturday (except religious holidays) at 10:30
From 03.04 to 28.10
Monday - Saturday (except religious holidays) at 11:15 and 12:15
Departure point:
ORP. PIAZZA PIO XII, N°9
Note:
Entrance to the Vatican Museum and the Sistine Chapel is included in the price
Personal documents are required
This attraction is currently not accessible to people in wheelchairs or to children under 6 years of age.
Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria
After the mention of this church by Dan Brown in his "Angels and Demons", fans of the writer's work were added to the usual tourists.
But true fans of baroque art go to the church to admire the chapel of Cornaro Gianlorenzo Bernini, which houses the statue of "Ecstasy of Saint Teresa".
According to the tourists who visited it, the church and the statue leave a stunning impression.
The church is located about a kilometer west of the Barberini station.
Open daily with a lunch break.
Allow about 1 hour for the visit.
Address: Via XX Settembre 17.
Trastevere area
If you are tired of the crowds of tourists and want to see the real Rome, head to the Trastevere area, which is the home of St. Mary.
The area is located south of the Vatican and rarely visited by the average tourist. A leisurely stroll through Trastevere will help you more fully experience the authenticity of the capital of Italy.
There are many non-tourist cafes and restaurants in the area, as a result, the food in them is of higher quality and the prices are lower.
Address: Trastevere.
Basilica of Saint Clement
St Clement's Basilica is ideal for archeology lovers - a second-century pagan temple sits under a fourth-century church, which in turn sits under a 12th-century church.
Entrance from the street at the level of the building of the 12th century, down the stairs to the level of the 4th century, and at the end you will find the sanctuary of Mithras, a god who was popular in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.
Judging by the rave reviews on the web, the basilica is a unique attraction, a visit to which will provide useful knowledge about the history of Rome.
Attention!
Around the church we can meet beggars and beggars. Some of them pose as volunteers of the Church of St. Clement and require an entrance fee in the form of donations.
Entrance to the church is free! You only need to pay to visit the lower levels of the basilica.
Open daily with a lunch break.
Address: Via Labicana 95.
Metro station: Colosseo.
Navona Square (Piazza Navona)
One of the most famous squares in Rome, built at the end of the 15th century. Today it is the tourist center of the city. In addition to the many cafes and restaurants located on it, you can see both the work of modern street artists and famous historical monuments.
Piazza Navona is located one kilometer west of the Barberini metro station.
Gianicolo Hill (Passeggiata del Gianicolo)
To the west of the Tiber River (next to another attraction - the Trastevere area) is this hill.
At the top, there is an amazing view of Eternal Rome. The landscaped area is conducive to walks and a relaxing pastime.
According to travelers, the most best time to visit the Gianicolo hill - at dawn or during sunset.
The hill can be reached along Trastevere via Garibaldi.
Address: Piazzale Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Campo de' Fiori
One of the unusual sights. The Campo dei Fiori is worth visiting twice. During the day, as in the 1800s, there is a trade in fish and vegetables. The building around the square has not changed and today it is just as striking in its disorderliness. The houses are interspersed with hotels, cafes, malls, houses of merchants.
As the sun sets, Rome's nightlife begins to boil in the bars in the market square.
Giordano Bruno was burned in the square - a monument has been erected at this place. In ancient times, public executions were held at the Campo dei Fiori.
Address: Piazza Campo de' Fiori.
Swap meet
Porta Portese comes to life on Sunday at 6 am and closes at 2 pm. For fashionistas and lovers of antiques, this landmark of Rome is a must-see.
Everything is sold on the market, from books to candlesticks, but the bulk of the goods are clothes, both new and used.
The flea market is not often mentioned in guidebooks. If you want to bring back a cute original souvenir from Rome, make time for this part of the modern history of the city.
Rome is rightfully considered one huge attraction in the open air. But in the process of planning a holiday in the Italian capital, it is important to take into account a number of "branded" treasures of antiquity, which simply cannot be ignored.
We invite you to explore interesting sights in Rome together in order to plan the route competently without haste and nerves in advance. Study the location of objects on the map, learn the names, memorize addresses, sitting in a cozy home environment.
So, the TOP 30 best sights in Rome, which are impossible to miss!
Attractions of Rome on the map
Exploring the Eternal City: where to find the best sightseeing tours
about the historical and cultural heritage You can talk about Rome for hours! Not a single guidebook can convey the unique atmosphere of the city, reveal its rich past, tell about famous sights. But this is within the power of licensed guides who have been living in Rome for more than one year and are happy to conduct private tours for tourists.
Where can you find the available options?
Pay attention to services and;
Photos courtesy of Shutterstock.com.
