Everyday life of Petersburgers. Everyday culture of Russia in the 18th century. Code of Household Conduct

Life and population in St. Petersburg in the 18th century

"LIFE" AND RESIDENTS OF THE CITY in the 18th century.

In 1775, a new St. Petersburg province was created, the territory of which was slightly larger than the modern Leningrad region. Since 1781, the governor-general was appointed its head, under which the office, the treasury and other institutions operated. The civil governor, military garrison, police and self-government bodies were subordinate to him. The Treasury Chamber collected and controlled provincial finances. The deanery council, headed by the chief police chief, led the police. A coherent system of police hierarchy was formed: the city was divided into ten parts, headed by private bailiffs, who were subordinate to quarter wardens, and to those - police officers. The province, in turn, was divided into camps, headed by bailiffs.

The economy of the city according to the "Institution on the provinces" was carried out by estate institutions: noble, merchant and petty-bourgeois. In 1785, the Provincial and District noble assemblies were created - associations of the nobility. An important role was played by the city duma that arose at the same time, which consisted of vowels who were elected for four years from different estates. The Duma was in charge of the improvement of the city, education, health care, charity, urban trade and tax collection. The chairman of the Duma - the mayor - was elected from wealthy merchants. Members of the City Duma could be elected only by wealthy citizens who own their own houses. IN early XIX V. they were only 1%. In addition, the city duma did not control the treasury and was forced to constantly ask for money from the central government.

Foreign residents of the city: At 18 - beg. 20th century - a significant element of the population of St. Petersburg. I. appeared in the city from the moment of its foundation. Main most of them were invited by Tsar Peter I specialists (military, sailors, scientists, artisans). Immigrants from European countries occupied different positions. positions in the public sector. management, in the army and navy, played a prominent role in the field of sciences and arts, were the owners of factories and factories, merchants, artisans. The Germans predominated among the Indians, followed by the French and the British. Lived in St. Petersburg. also Swedes, Dutch, Italians. In 1750 there were approx. 5.6 thousand I. (7.5% of us), in 1818 - approx. 35 thousand (9% of population). From Ser. 19th century share I. in the composition of us. SPb. decreased at negligible. change in the total number: in 1869 - 21.1 thousand people. (3.16%), in 1910 - 22.9 thousand people. (1.2%). Stay means. number I. in St. Petersburg. reflected in the appearance of its streets (meaning the number of signboards in foreign languages, the presence of religious buildings, etc.). A sharp decrease in the number of I., permanently residing in the city, occurred after Oct. 1917. Almost all communities, consisting of foreign. citizens ceased to exist. An increase in the number of I. was again noted in the 1990s. By 2001 in St. Petersburg. permanent residence of St. 2 thousand I. (excluding illegal immigrants and refugees), 20 thousand foreigners studied. students.

Merchants- social a group of the population of St. Petersburg., persons engaged in trade. activity. In the 1st floor. 18th century K. were among the townspeople. Tsar Peter I forcibly settled in St. Petersburg. K. from Arkhangelsk and other cities: decrees of 1712 and 1714 provided for resettlement in St. Petersburg. 300 richest K. - so-called. guests (actually, by 1716, 186 K. had moved). Petersburg. K. traded in hemp, leather, linen, and canvas. Among the first K. were I., I. Miklyaev, A. Bolotin, I. Veselovsky, I. Dmitrov, M. Evreinov. In 1786, there were 10 eminent citizens (including family members) in the St. Petersburg province. In 1869 to the merchant. the estate belonged to 22.3 thousand people. (3.3% of population), in 1897 - 17.4 thousand (1.4% of population). Russians among them amounted to 77.5% and 80.4%, respectively, Germans - 15.4% and 12%, Jews - 4% and 5%.

POSADSKIE, the name of the taxable population of cities (including St. Petersburg) at 17 - early. 18th century Since 1721, P. were officially called "citizens", divided into "regular" - persons who owned capital, artisans or representatives of other professions (merchants, doctors), and "irregular" - persons who were hired or received income from the cultivation of land, however, the term " P." continued to exist. "Regular citizens" (merchants) were divided into three guilds depending on wealth, and artisans were divided into workshops. In 1775 the townships ("citizens") were divided into three classes: merchants, petty bourgeois, and artisans. The number of P. rus. origin in the population of the city in the 1st half. 18th century was insignificant: in 1737 in St. Petersburg. lived only 4769 P. orthodox. confessions of both sexes (the entire Orthodox population amounted to 68 thousand people). To con. 18th century the term "P." gradually disappeared from use. The memory of P. is preserved in the name of B. and M. Posadsky streets (on the Petrograd side).

In the golden age of Catherine II, many new educational institutions appeared in St. Petersburg. The inspirer of the education reform was a prominent figure in education Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy. He set out to introduce education early childhood and make it systematic. With the support of Empress Betskaya, he began to organize the training of women, who at that time were completely not covered by education. In 1764, the Educational Society for Noble Maidens appeared at the Smolny Monastery, which later became known as the Smolny Institute. It took six-year-old girls from noble families. Smolyanka was brought up in strictness and isolation from the outside world. They were taught good manners, French, needlework.

The main brainchild of Betsky is considered to be the Orphanage for the children of the poor, orphans and illegitimate children. We studied at the Orphanage for six to eight years. The educational house, like the Smolny Institute, ceased to exist in 1917. The 3rd Petrograd Pedagogical Institute was created in its building, which later became the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute named after A. I. Herzen

For the children of wealthy citizens, not far from the Orphanage, in 1817, the Noble Boarding House was founded, which was transformed in the early 30s. in the First City Gymnasium. Soon, another special educational institution was opened on the 21st line of Vasilyevsky Island - the Mining Cadet Corps, which was renamed the Mining Institute under Soviet rule. Almost all the leading Russian specialists studied and used minerals here.

the death penalty and only by the grace of Catherine forever exiled to Siberia - to the Ilim jail.

The Lazarevskaya Church, after which the cemetery is named, is the family burial vault of the Sheremetevs. Here, in particular, Praskovya Ivanovna Zhemchugova, a serf actress of the Sheremetev Theater, who became the wife of one of the richest people in Russia, Count Nikolai Petrovich Sheremetev, is buried. Having given birth to his only son, Praskovya Ivanovna died on February 23, 1803 and was buried in the Lazarevskaya tomb. The marriage became officially known three weeks before the death of Zhemchugova. According to Countess Sh.K. Lieven, the court society was shocked by Sheremetev's marriage to "one of his slaves." Count Nikolai Petrovich several times a year donated huge sums for funeral services for his wife and was himself buried here, next to his wife, in 1809.

“In St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire, not only the imperial court and government bodies were concentrated, but also the best forces of culture, art, and science. And many famous figures of Russian culture were buried on one more, which arose in the first quarter of the 19th century. Tikhvin cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

By its anniversary, St. Petersburg overtook Moscow in terms of the number of inhabitants and took first place among Russian cities. Its population was already 214 thousand people. If under Peter I the left bank of the Moika River was a country place, and until 1760 the border of the capital passed along the Fontanka, then by the beginning of the 19th century. urban buildings approached the modern Obvodny Canal. It was dug in 1805 and became the new border of the capital. However, by 1828 the city went beyond these limits, and its area reached 54 km2. sq. In 1833, former suburban areas were annexed to St. Petersburg: the islands of Elagin, Krestovsky, Kamenny, and others.

Life of St. Petersburg

Immediately after the founding of St. Petersburg, the European style of life reigned in the city. It manifested itself both in architecture and in the arrangement of the interior, and in the behavior of people. At the beginning of the 18th century, the inhabitants of St. Petersburg were conditionally divided into three types - "mean", prosperous and eminent. The "vile" Petersburgers were not such in the literal sense of the word. In that era, this definition was given to all the poor.

The architect Domenico Trezzini designed houses for different types of Petersburgers. Small one-story houses were intended for the "mean" ones, and chic two-story houses with carved decorations were intended for the eminent. The interior of the houses was European.

“Petersburgers of the “middle class” decorated their rooms with lamps, engravings and mirrors,” says Alexander Gordin, a historian and head of the “History on the Neva” society. - On the tables they put watches, which at that time were more like a box. Women began to attend assemblies and secular receptions. In 1712, when the royal court moved to St. Petersburg, theaters and museums appeared in the city. The first public library was opened at the Academy of Sciences. Petersburgers began to actively educate themselves by visiting cultural institutions of the city.

For 150 years, the population of St. Petersburg has tripled: by the middle of the 19th century, it was more than 500 thousand people. Nobles, merchants, artisans, military men, petty bourgeois, peasants, representatives of the clergy and others lived in St. Petersburg. The most popular shop in St. Petersburg was the shop of the merchants Eliseevs. Here you could buy everything - from expensive wines to souvenirs: for example, gift soap in a package stylized as a book.

In the 19th century, the range of goods became very diverse. Chinese teas appeared on sale, the most popular of which were "Phoenix Tail", "Dragon Balls" and "Sparrow's Tongue".

Petersburg was not only the most cultural, but also the most fashionable city in the country. It was St. Petersburg that became the leader in the production and provision of fashion services.

“In the second half of the 19th century, there were almost a hundred fashion stores on Nevsky Prospekt alone,” says Alexander Gordin. “And another 50 workshops where they sewed clothes to order.”

IN Everyday life women dressed like English women - strict dresses, skirts and jackets. The men wore a starched white shirt, waistcoat, trousers and a bowler hat. Going outside without an umbrella or a cane was considered bad manners.

Petersburgers observed culture in everything, including at home meals.

“The cutlery was always laid out in a strict order,” notes Gordin. “And for the guests they always used the best china service.”

The menu in St. Petersburg houses was very diverse, especially on holidays. For example, on New Year's Eve they usually served a roast pig, on Christmas - a stuffed turkey, and on Easter the table was full of dishes: the housewives cooked Easter cakes, cakes, butter lamb, baked ham, cold veal, marinated beef and baumkuchen - traditional German pastries. To dye eggs for Easter, the housewives boiled them in a saucepan in rags of multi-colored silk fabric. But soups were cooked not in pots, but in special bouillottes, similar to small samovars.

With the advent of railway communication, Petersburgers began to travel by train. Usually these trips were exclusively business. Railway tickets at that time looked like a small booklet, where a photograph of a passenger was pasted and the destination was indicated. Especially for travelers, printing houses printed tiny decks of cards the size of a matchbox - so that they do not take up much space in a suitcase. In the 19th century, only the richest people could afford cars. For comparison, a pood of bread cost 2 rubles, and a car - 7 thousand rubles.

The main entertainments in St. Petersburg at the end of the century were photography and cinema. The first cinema on Nevsky Prospekt showed twenty-minute short films depicting workers at the factory, the arrival of a train, and scenes with children.

“All the innovations were in St. Petersburg,” says Alexander Gordin. – The first goods from abroad, the first theaters and libraries, the first cinemas. Petersburg was and remains the most modern city in the country.

You can find out the details of the life of Petersburgers until March 31 at a free exhibition in the Commandant's House of the Peter and Paul Fortress from 11 am to 6 pm. Day off - Wednesday.

everyday culture, home, life, costume, canons of family life

Annotation:

The article analyzes the main features of the XVIII century. as epochs in the culture of Russia; " new type personality of a nobleman"; features of a noble costume; noble house styles; the main European leisure forms borrowed and widely used by the Russian nobility; characteristic features of the daily life of the Russian peasantry; Russian national costume; canons of family and public life Russian peasantry.

Article text:

general characteristics era. The beginning of the 18th century was marked by the reforms of Peter I, which were designed to bridge the gap in the level of development of Russia and Europe. The reforms affected almost all spheres of society. Their content was the decisive shift from the Middle Ages to the modern times and the Europeanization of all areas of life. There was a breakdown of the old public institutions, replacing them with new ones, a modern administrative-bureaucratic apparatus was taking shape. An important place in the transformations of Peter I was occupied by the church reform, as a result of which the previously relatively independent church was under the rule of the state. As a result of all the transformations in the political system of the Russian state, the formation of an absolute monarchy was completed. The absolutist state needed a secular culture.

An important feature of the culture of the new time was its openness, the ability to make contacts with the cultures of other peoples, which was the result of a policy aimed at undermining national and confessional isolation. Ties with Western countries are expanding. Contacts with Europe contributed to the penetration of humanistic and rationalist teachings into Russia. The ideology of absolutism began to be reinforced by the ideas of rationalism, the European Enlightenment.

The New Age is characterized by such processes as the acceleration of the pace of development, the complication of social development as a whole. The process of differentiation begins, the emergence of new branches of culture: science, theater, portrait painting, poetry, journalism.

An important beginning in the process of separation of secular culture from the church was the replacement of the old Church Slavonic font with a new, civil one. The periodical press was a powerful means of educating the people. The first printed newspaper in Russia was Vedomosti, published in 1703. The growth of printing contributed to the development of the book trade. In 1714, the first library was opened, which became the basis of the library of the Academy of Sciences. It was available for free visiting. In 1719, the first Russian museum, the Kunstkamera, was opened. The logical result of reforms in the field of education and science was the opening in St. Petersburg in 1725 of the Academy of Sciences. New rituals were introduced in social and cultural life, everyday life. They were aimed at instilling a Western European way of life. Instead of the old chronology - "from the Creation of the world" - from January 1, 1700, the chronology "from the Nativity of Christ" was introduced. It is customary to celebrate New Year: arrange fireworks, decorate Christmas trees. new shape communication became assembly.

The most decisive turn towards the Europeanization of Russian culture occurred during the reign of Catherine II. Her reign marked the beginning of the era of enlightened absolutism. Catherine decided to pay special attention to the education of "new people", morally perfect, who would raise their children in the same spirit, which would lead to changes in society. It was assumed that new person will be brought up in an exclusively Western spirit. Much attention was paid to humanitarian education. Orphanages appeared in Moscow, St. Petersburg, closed institutes, cadet corps.

In the 18th century, the prerequisites for the formation of the Russian national language were created, the literary language converged with the spoken language, and the process of formation of new dialects ceased. The Russian national spoken language is being formed . The Moscow dialect serves as an example. In the 90s, N. Karamzin carried out a reform of the literary language. This made it possible to attract a wide range of people to reading.

Cultural ties with other countries are expanding. A more mobile lifestyle, the popularity of travel led to the development of the epistolary genre. The social thought of the country became more active.

Daily life of the nobility

In the XVIII century. great changes have taken place not only in state affairs and artistic culture, but also the daily life of Russian people, especially the privileged class - the nobility.

The formation of a new type of personality of a nobleman and noblewoman, which was the result of borrowing European educational systems, continued, begun earlier. During the time of Peter I, the creation of a secular school and education of the nobility was an exclusively state matter. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II, the state policy in the field of education was forced to take into account private noble interests and initiatives in this area. Enlightenment transformations contributed to one degree or another to the transfer of European education systems for the rising generation of the first estate to Russian soil, and this process went on as part of an accelerated transformation. A large number of enthusiasts appeared in Russia - foreigners who opened educational institutions and filled noble estates. Private tuition has come to be regarded as an official phenomenon of state policy in the field of education. To create state closed educational institutions for noble children, as well as private education, Western European experience was studied and replicated.

For a long time, the home teaching of the children of the Russian nobility was the only way to get an education. For a nobleman's career, the decisive factors were, first of all, faith and devotion to the throne, and then knowledge. In the 18th century, “normative” upbringing and education were guided by foreign languages and good European manners. Rich nobles were very sensitive to the education of their children and tried to give them maximum knowledge without tiring them or harming their health. The lack of professional teachers prevented the fulfillment of important educational tasks among the nobility. As a rule, these were either serfs or foreigners - Germans and French.

Subsequently, childhood began to be regarded as a special stage in a person's life, and a special material world began to provide it - clothes, toys, children's literature, classrooms and playing rooms in the house. Caring for the health of children began with the choice of nurses and was an important duty of mothers, nannies and governesses. Great importance devoted to the moral spiritual education of the child. However, the authorities tried to unify and bring home education into a single system.

Clothes and things in the life of the nobles

The nobles always dressed in strict accordance with fashion, saying modern language, stylish. At the same time, the noble costume always corresponded to the situation and was proportionate and harmonious with the emotions and worldview of a person. In the era of baroque and rococo, pastel and delicate tones of men's and women's silk dresses were harmonious both against the backdrop of garden greenery and fountains, and in the mirror enfilades of palaces. Scattered on clothes, diamonds and sequins complemented the lights of candles and fireworks. Huge skirts of women's outfits required space - wide suites of palaces and alleys of parks.

The eighteenth century was marked by a revolution in the clothing of the nobility. The study of Petrine legislation made it possible to draw conclusions, on the one hand, about the breadth of the reforms begun, and on the other hand, about caution and correctness in carrying out the “costume” reform. The national adjustment of European clothing standards was expressed in the use of mainly cloth, furs, and a bright palette of costumes. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, fashionable French standards were finally established. Catherine II tried, along with French fashions, to introduce English trends, and both correlated with national traditions. Russian nobility in her European costume, she showed old Russian grandfather traditions - a passion for jewelry, furs, red heels and rich accessories that performed a communicative function and were an important component of the symbolism of the costume. Baroque costumes created a festive atmosphere of everyday life.

The eighteenth century passed in a tense struggle between the Russian chambers and the European home - the palace. The Petrine era was marked by the penetration of the Baroque style and regularity into the construction of houses of nobles, who gradually began to build palace houses. The urban and rural estates of the nobles had a number of common features: the location of a residential building in the depths of the courtyard, the nature of the estate development, adherence to wood, the isolation of possessions and a regular park. The European interiors of the houses of the nobility were decorated in red and lingonberry colors and with green tiled stoves according to the old Russian tradition. In Catherine's time, palace houses were built for aristocrats and mansions for the middle-class nobility. The "visiting" card of the noble mansion was a portico with columns and facing of wooden details "under the stone". Landscape parks became one of the prerequisites for the development of the scientific interest of the nobility in the natural branches of knowledge. The image of the landowner's world, a symbol of this family, was created in the estate; it became one of the forms of expression of the nobleman's self-consciousness.

Culinary traditions

In the Petrine era, the influence of German and Dutch cuisines was observed. Under Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II, a long period of French cuisine began for the nobility. The rapid spread of French cuisine in Russia was facilitated not so much by foreign chefs as by the variety of dishes in French cuisine, which corresponded to the national traditions of Russians. Luxury in this era was understood in following nature in the combination of dishes and the methods of their preparation. In the culture of the feast of the aristocracy, there were French, English and German tendencies for dining, which were actively synthesized in the practice of gastronomy. In general, "Russian exoticism" was a defining trend in the gastronomic tastes of the nobility. European influence only contributed to their enrichment and intensive development in subsequent decades. In the development of table culture, the Russian custom of table setting won not only in Moscow, but by the middle of the 19th century it was also recognized in Western Europe. The nobles were mostly gourmets and kept an "open table". They turned their meals into theatrical performances, whose roles were painted by noble etiquette.

Leisure development

It is with the nobility that the true history of leisure begins. Owning private property, representatives of this estate, the “leisure class”, could afford leisure worthy of their state, moreover, with a demonstration of their high position in the social hierarchy and “demonstrative behavior”. For a nobleman, almost all the time free from official affairs turned into leisure. Having such unlimited leisure, the first estate had the most favorable conditions for the transformation and revision not only of all its former forms, but also for a radical change in the relationship between public and private life in favor of the latter. Since the 18th century, leisure has acquired a status that it never had before. This process went in parallel with the assertion of the secular nature of the entire culture and the gradual displacement (but not destruction) of religious values by worldly ones. Leisure gained more and more obvious value for the nobleman as secular culture was established. The main forms of this leisure were initially borrowed in the 18th century, and then in the 19th century they were translated into the language of their own national culture. The borrowing of Western European forms of leisure initially took place under the pressure of state decrees and in opposition to national traditions.

The perception of European leisure forms began precisely with spectacles, fireworks, external manners. The nobleman was the conductor of this culture and the actor, the actor of this theater. His leisure, whether it was a holiday, a ball, an appearance in a theater or a card fight, he lost as an actor on stage, in full view of the whole society. It is no coincidence that in the 18th century the interest in the theater was enormous, theatrical art dominated all the rest, included them and even subordinated them. But the main thing was theatricalization of the whole life of a nobleman. She appeared in privacy ostentation, in the publicity of leisure, in which the costume, manners, behavior, important skills and abilities were deliberately demonstrated.

The Petrine era was marked by new traditions of spectacles. The most important innovation was fireworks, which were of a socio-political nature. Masquerades were held either in the form of costumed processions or as a display of carnival costumes in a public place. Theatrical performances glorified the king and his victories, therefore they became part of official life and made it possible to acquaint the chosen public with translated plays and Western European theatrics. Under Elizaveta Petrovna, fireworks were extended to the palaces of nobles, masquerades were turned into a costume ball, in which some timid trends were outlined in its evolution towards entertainment culture. In the first place in the theatrical tastes of the highest aristocracy was the spectacular and musical opera art. During the reign of Catherine II, state official celebrations with fireworks and masquerades were replaced by private illuminations in noble estates. The flourishing of city and estate theaters during the reign of Catherine II was due to the artistic aesthetics of the Enlightenment and the growth of self-awareness of the Russian nobility. With all the variety of genres, comedy remained the primacy. Along with public masquerades, private masquerades flourished, arranged by a nobleman in his estate.

Ballroom and musical culture nobility

The Petrovsky assemblies, which had as their tasks the raising of the status of women, the rapprochement of classes and sexes, introduced the chosen circle of nobles to the basics of dance art and new forms of communication. The beginnings of home music-making and song art appeared, which existed mainly in the form of a lyrical cant and everyday "book song". The “kingdom of women” on the Russian throne strengthened the role of women in dance culture, and they gradually became the hostesses of the ball. The flourishing of Italian opera and the growth of dance culture contributed to the development of vocal and song art in the noble houses of the nobility. The reign of Catherine II was the heyday of private balls and public balls in the Assembly of the Nobility, which became an important part of the self-identification of the nobility. The naturalness and looseness of the dance culture gradually replaced the saloon and ceremony. The high society embraced the musical hobby of playing the piano and vocals. The achievements of this period were serfs, unique horn orchestras, active concert activity, and the spread of song culture. This era was characterized by the introduction of an entertaining element into ballroom culture. New dances carried a powerful gender principle, a relaxed atmosphere and a general emancipation of ballroom culture. Real connoisseurs, connoisseurs of music and even composers appeared among the nobles. Music became a way of life for a nobleman.

Duels and card games

The period of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II was marked by an important stage in the development of duels and card games as forbidden leisure activities for a nobleman. An important result of the introduction of decrees of the empress was the transfer of the payment of card debts to the sphere of honor of the nobleman and the deduction of income from the destructive passion that was gaining momentum to Orphanages. The transformation of the card game into a lifestyle, into a social ritual was facilitated by the vigorous activity of the Moscow English Club.

In the 18th century, the authorities not only pursued a policy of banning duels, but also asserting the physical integrity of the nobility. The cruel laws with the death penalty were not designed to be implemented, but aroused great interest among the nobles, especially those who had been abroad. A characteristic feature of the new dueling phenomenon was the predilection for fights, which became part of the ritual. This period was characterized by duels - skirmishes with swords with a high level of aggressiveness of the duel. Despite the prohibition of duels and very conditional punishments for them, Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II proclaimed with their legislation the right of a nobleman to protect his physical integrity and honor. The duel became an ideal means of resolving conflicts and a regulator of relations in the private life of the nobility. Honor became the main class virtue of the nobility and the law of their class behavior.

Code of Household Conduct

In the time of Peter the Great and Elizabethan times, important foundations were laid in the transformation of the noble family: the prohibition of forced marriage, the freedom of marriage choice, the violation of the isolation of the Orthodox family by allowing marriages with non-Christians and foreigners, the education of the bride and groom, raising the age of the young. Some important rituals served to strengthen the bonds of marriage: “betrothal”, “announcement”, “search”, “crown memories”, parish registers for registering marriages. Despite the preservation of traditional rituals, the wedding gradually turned into a European-style celebration with fashionable dresses, dances and foreign travels. The innovation of this time was the divorce of noble families. At the heart of the family itself, which largely retains a patriarchal character, was duty and family harmony. In the era of the reign of Catherine II and Alexander I, great freedom appeared in the choice of marriage partners, due to joint forms of pastime. The era of "private life" taught the nobility to look for a new compromise in the choice of future spouses: a combination of their own sympathies and parental will. The influence of feelings on the marriage of future spouses confirms the increase in secret weddings and the removal of brides, as well as the possibility of marriages of unequal social status. A noble wedding included both traditional wedding rituals and newfangled trends in European life. Divorces were still a complicated procedure, but were possible in a noble environment. The document serving as the legal protection of the spouses was the marriage contract. An important phenomenon was the acquisition by a noblewoman of the exclusive right to a dowry. The noble family began to be built on new principles. In the family, the role of a woman who became a wife-friend increased. The power of the husband began to have a more refined and enlightened character. The relationship between husband and wife, according to the codes of the nobility, was based on sympathy for tastes and views.

Penetration western European culture to Russia in the Petrine, Elizabethan and Catherine times took place through familiarization with reading books, art, and new forms of communication. For the first time, personal libraries and collections appeared in the houses of the nobility. Under the influence of European culture in the 18th century, aesthetic tastes and a new communication etiquette of the Moscow nobility were gradually formed. This process was accompanied by the development of self-consciousness of the first estate, which was based on moral Orthodox guidelines. The formation of the worldview, first of the Peter the Great artilleryman and navigator, and then of the enlightened nobleman of the Elizabethan and Catherine's periods, took place through conservation Orthodox tradition in the sphere of everyday behavior against the background of the game of Europeans. The ethical norms of Christianity largely influenced the moral principles of the noble society. This was most clearly manifested in charitable activities nobility, which acquired various forms of Christian poverty - the creation of shelters, hospitals and other charitable institutions.

The duality of the worldview of the nobleman remained feature throughout the 18th century. His spiritual life was closely connected with the norms of the European Enlightenment, and the real everyday life and ordinary consciousness built almost entirely on the basis of traditional religious beliefs about daily routine and lifestyle. In these circumstances, uniting these two trends in the minds of the nobleman were humanistic values and universal virtues. A clear confirmation of this is the growth of purposeful charity of the nobility in the Catherine era. The most significant monuments of this activity were the Golitsin Hospital and the Sheremetev Hospice.

Position of a woman

The penetration of European culture into Russia radically changed the position of the noblewoman. At first, by force, and then of her own free will, she joined secular life and mastered the appropriate skills of noble etiquette: she read books, took care of the toilet, learned foreign languages, mastered music, dance, and the art of conversation. At the same time, she had a family with good good traditions of the priority of values and the Christian faith. The main daily concern of the noblewoman of the Petrine, Elizabethan and Catherine's times was children. All aristocrats adhered to the Orthodox faith, helped monasteries and churches, and did charity work. The level of mentality and value orientations was greatly influenced by the change in the circle of reading of the Moscow noblewoman. Over time, women's libraries appeared, special editions for ladies' reading, noblewomen began to read novels, then serious philosophical and historical literature, and, finally, they became connoisseurs of the book. Gradually, the aristocrats became involved in drawing, writing, album art and home performances. At the end of the eighteenth - the first half of the nineteenth centuries. some of them made translations, composed operas, wrote poems and novels, sang beautifully and played music, and also staged performances. An important evidence of the intellectual growth of the Moscow noblewoman was album art and her correspondence. All this contributed to the growth of self-awareness of Moscow noblewomen.

Thus, the everyday culture of the nobility in the eighteenth century. It has gone through two main stages in its development.

The first stage chronologically coincides with the reign of Peter I, Anna Ioannovna and Elizabeth Petrovna and constitutes the first half of the 18th century. It was characterized by a clash and a mixture in everyday life of two trends - traditional and European. It was a turning point, primarily in the field of changes in the external, material factors of the everyday life of the nobility. The change in appearance was a kind of symbolic manifestation of the choice of one or another path of development of the country, an expression of commitment to a certain type of culture, but behind the external attributes there was usually an important internal content.

The second stage in the evolution of the daily culture of the nobility falls on the second half of the 18th century and coincides with the reign of Catherine II and Paul I. This period was characterized by a deep penetration of the ideas of the Enlightenment into all spheres of everyday life and the spiritual life of the first estate, the flourishing of the private life of the nobility, and the creation of a certain type of lifestyle nobles. At this stage in the evolution of Russian everyday culture, European norms were quickly assimilated. This time gave a new special type of nobleman - an enlightened nobleman, many of whose representatives became leaders and conductors of European culture in Russia.

The material culture of the Russian peasantry

In the past, the Russian population was almost entirely peasant. This left a deep imprint on the everyday forms characteristic of the multi-million people. By ancient tradition the whole routine of peasant life was determined by agricultural work, which lasted from April to October. There were stable methods of cultivating the soil and growing crops, passing from generation to generation, a specific set of agricultural tools and fishing equipment. The design of the main tool, the plow, was different in different parts of the country, which was explained by the dissimilarity of natural and soil conditions, as well as enduring traditions. Originally, the Russian peasant grew, first of all, cereals - rye, wheat, barley, oats, millet, buckwheat, as well as industrial and fodder crops - flax, hemp, peas, vetch, clover. Cabbage, lentils, watermelon were cultivated from ancient alien crops, and from later ones (XVII - XIX centuries) - corn, potatoes, sunflowers, sugar beets, tomatoes, tobacco. Domestic animal husbandry was represented by cattle, mainly local breeds of red and motley color, as well as horses (1-2 per average yard), sheep, pigs and poultry. In some places, especially in the North and Siberia, fishing and consumer hunting were of no small importance.

In the way Russian villages and villages are located, in their size, layout, you can see many traditional features. When establishing settlements, Russian peasants skillfully took into account local natural conditions - microrelief, reservoirs, forests, the direction of the prevailing winds. Most Russian villages are beautifully inscribed in the surrounding landscape, and their layout is diverse: in some houses stand in one line along the road, along the river, along the lake, in others they form a circle, oval, rectangle around a village square or church, in others - are scattered by related "nests", in the fourth - finally, they make up the streets.

In the northern and central regions of Russia, residential buildings faced the street with a narrow end side, in the southern Russian regions - with a long facade, and in Cossack villages and farms they were placed more freely, somewhat retreating from the street, in the back of the courtyard, and the whole estate was fenced with a high fence.

Along with all-Russian features, the house-building of various regions had its own peculiarities, manifested in the planning of the estate and in the location of the interior of residential and office buildings and in the materials used for their construction. The North Russian house - to the north of the Upper Volga - is a high log building, consisting of the hut itself, a vestibule and a cage, or from a residential half with a two-story courtyard directly attached to it. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-chernozem regions of Russia was due to severe and snowy winters, which forced the residential and outbuildings to be combined into one. Window frames, cornices, porch boards, and balcony railings near a Northern Russian house were decorated with geometric carvings, various figured cuts, and often painted with paints.

The South Russian house - south of the Kaluga - Ryazan - Penza line - was built small, low and represented a log hut, often coated with clay on the outside, or an adobe and brick hut with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor. The roof was always made hipped with a thatched roof. External architectural decoration here was poorer than in the north. Yard buildings were located behind the house and, adjoining each other, formed a closed square with an open central platform.

Foreigners visiting Russia also paid attention to the richness of original forms Russian folk costume. The main features of Russian traditional clothing, especially men's, were common throughout the country. And yet region from region, north from south, west from east differed in many elements of the costume. Men's clothing everywhere consisted of a shirt-kosovorotka, narrow trousers and a caftan. In women's clothing, two types stood out most clearly: North Russian and South Russian. Women's Russian costume was generally colorful, but it was especially beautiful in the southern Russian regions. There, peasant women decorated their dresses with embroidery and woven patterns, skillfully combining them with calico inserts, with sewn strips of cord, ribbons, braid and sequins. Common to all areas was a women's shirt with poliks (shoulder inserts) and a collar in the assembly. Sleeves, shoulders, shirt collars were trimmed with embroidery or woven pattern. Northern peasant women wore a sundress over a long canvas shirt, which was tied with a woven belt. Festive sundresses were sewn from beautiful patterned fabrics. Girls stood out by wearing freely flowing braids with ribbons, elegant head crowns over braids, and light handkerchiefs. The headdress of married women was more complex, necessarily covering the hair laid under it - these were festive warriors, kokoshniks, bangs, etc. On holidays, they wore necklaces made of amber and local pearls mined in northern rivers. In a southern Russian village married women over a shirt with slanting skirts, intercepted by a belt, they put on a panev - a kind of skirt made of woolen checkered (most often blue) fabric. Over the shirt they also wore a bib - short clothes with and without sleeves made of homespun fabric, and over the paneva shirt - an embroidered apron (spade). The headdress here was a kichka, which was made of a solid base - the kichka itself, on which a woven crest - “magpie” was put on; behind the kichka they tied a nape made of fabric with a long sulfur underside.

The same seal of originality, like housing and clothing, carried on itself and kitchen. Russian people have always been famous for their hospitality and sought to make the festive table plentiful. In a well-to-do house, traditional treats were jellied fish, aspic, various pies, cold meat and poultry, meat soup or borscht and chicken noodles, fried and stewed meat, goose or duck with apples, piglet with buckwheat porridge, scrambled eggs, milk porridge, kissels and compotes, marshmallows and jams, vodka, wine, liquors, tinctures, beer, kvass. Of course, this composition of the traditional cuisine varied depending on the local food base and on the property status of the family. It should never be forgotten that a huge mass of the population ate very modestly, and it was not for nothing that the Russian people had an apt saying: "Schi and porridge are our food."

Public and family life the bulk of the Russian peasantry flowed within the boundaries of their village and narrow rural district with their long-established local customs, beliefs and ideas. The Christian Church had a significant impact on the worldview and morality of the Russian peasantry. Most adhered to the rites of official Orthodoxy, but in the North, in the Volga region and in Siberia there were also many Old Believers. However, professing Christian and pre-Christian original beliefs, many peasants were not so zealous churchmen and went to the temple, more obeying the routine and taking the opportunity to meet with the "world", learn the news, show outfits.

One of the most striking phenomena of the social life of the village were holidays dedicated to the Christian calendar, but which had much earlier pagan roots, originating in the ancient Slavic agrarian cult.

Of great importance for the Russian peasants was the oral folk calendar, which gave various practical instructions regarding the timing of agricultural work, weather forecasts and crop prospects. His connoisseurs, mainly the elderly, were universally respected. But of course, this calendar reflected both true observations of nature and false, superstitious ideas. It is also interesting that many labor processes were accompanied by rituals that were timed to coincide with the most important agricultural holidays. Such rituals as New Year's, Shrovetide, Easter, Semitsky, Trinity, bathing and others, according to the peasants, contributed to a good harvest.

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EVERYDAY CULTURE OF PETERSBURGERS (XVIII century)

horizontally

2. A country whose fashion influenced noble outfits in Russia.

8. Architect of the building of the City Duma on Nevsky Prospekt, 33/1.

9. Architect of the Armenian Church and the Catholic Cathedral of St. Catherine.

11. An institution set up for the poor or those unable to support themselves.

14. Guard guarding the night rest of Petersburgers.

15. Architect of the building of the Main Post Office and the church "Kulich and Easter".

16. The owner of the club for business people.

17. Type of punishment for citizens for non-fulfillment of duties, fraud, theft, public scandals, fights.

18. A meadow on which a private theater was located.

19. The patroness of St. Petersburg, who has become a symbol of fidelity, kindness.

vertically

1. Owner of the first English club for merchants in Russia.

3. An enterprise for which an "alien" person could get a job.

4. The Empress, the first in Russia to inoculate herself against smallpox.

5. An institution, the opening of which Catherine II allowed after a fire in Gostiny Dvor.

6. The owner of the first "dance hall" in St. Petersburg for the humble citizens.

7. The rank responsible for order and tranquility in St. Petersburg.

10. Scope of activity of city self-government.

12. Merchant, on whose money the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God on Sennaya Square was laid.

13. The name of the first free hospital in Russia for ordinary Petersburgers.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Abstracts of the MHC lessons. Western European culture of the 17th-18th centuries

The material contains developments for lessons on the topic "Western European culture of the 17th-18th centuries" - new trends in culture, the concept of classicism, the main aesthetic trends of Classicism in architecture (Versailles ...

This presentation reveals the following questions: - How did the nobles live? - What features of the noble upbringing, education and behavior were worthy of emulation? - Which areas of the capital city did not...

Everyone has long known that climate, weather, city and people change the habits and character of a person and shape his environment. In this regard, St. Petersburg is no exception. The rich and pompous history of the city, its ancient architecture, ancient streets, and of course, the canals - are imprinted on the character of all the people who live in this city for a long time. So, who are the Petersburgers? How do they differ from other Russians and why are they singled out as a separate group? Let's figure it out...

The northern capital is, in a way, a “window to Europe”. Local residents tend to be attracted to the Western European way of life with its predictability, constancy and measured way of life. Petersburgers love to be alone with their problems and joys. Moreover, they prefer to free time in a close circle of close people. Here, people who are interested in each other can be satisfied for years with the knowledge that, behold, a person exists, I can talk to him, and this consciousness is enough for me. Here everyone lives on their own. But why?

St. Petersburg, the city on the Neva, the "Venice of the North" you can pick up many different epithets for this extraordinary city, but one thing remains - St. Petersburg is a unique place, there is no one like it on the globe. Accordingly, the people here are unique, not like others. And the point here is not even a rich history or beautiful architecture, not at all. It's about the energy of this city. The energy atmosphere of St. Petersburg is changing at every step. Here, unconsciously, as if you are in another world, you are in a balanced, and even indifferent state. These sensations arise at the level of the psyche, the mental level. A person who constantly experiences such emotions develops internal stability as a result. nervous system, which becomes a property of the psyche of a person who has lived in St. Petersburg for a long time. That is why a typical Petersburger subconsciously focuses on spiritual and ideological values, which are the psychological equivalents of the necessary internal stability of the nervous system.

St. Petersburg was built on a place fundamentally unsuitable for life, in a swamp. A swamp is an empty formation, an energy vacuum. It does not create an energy platform for the objects on it. Each structure built in the swamp has its own energy and a motley mosaic is formed, hanging in the energy void. A series of city buildings has led to the fact that in no place in St. Petersburg there is anything permanent from an energy point of view - and this is what is very tiring.

The constant "depressive" mood only adds to the St. Petersburg climate. There are many jokes and anecdotes about the St. Petersburg weather, but it also contributes to the creation of the color of the city and the character of the locals. The fact that the weather here changes 10 times a day is true. A characteristic feature of St. Petersburg is cloudiness. On average, there are only about 70 sunny days a year - that is, out of five days, four will be cloudy. And here there are frequent rains, which are already almost a national treasure of St. Petersburg, nasty rains that drizzle for weeks, drizzle that settles on the face and soaks everything in the world with moisture. Very high air humidity is added to frequent rains, which is high all year round and is 60-70% in summer and 80-90% in winter. In winter, even in a small, 5-degree frost, there may be a feeling of freezing to the bone, and all this is due to too wet air. Continuous moisture, continuously drizzling rain also creates a special state of man. If a person is concentrated on bodily sensations, he literally begins to feel unwell and falls ill. This atmosphere leads to the fact that a person needs somewhere to get away from these sensations in order, in general, to somehow survive in the local climate. Therefore, every day on the streets of the city you can see crowds of people who are completely immersed in their thoughts and feelings, so as not to sharpen their attention to what is happening around. It is the people of St. Petersburg who are well aware of the fundamental importance of peace of mind and inner harmony, without which, as they feel, it is impossible to live.

Petersburgers are looking for this stability and stability everywhere. Even stucco masks, bas-reliefs and sculptures that adorn numerous ancient buildings increase the stability of human perception. From an energy point of view, these are structures that carry an exact functional purpose. Petersburgers have a physical need for these external decorations. The cultural traditions and architecture of the city carry the desire for stability. And due to the energy features of the natural environment, a typical Petersburger does not know such stability, therefore, he creates it around himself.

Native Petersburgers are very beautiful people. Often they have light brown hair and light eyes. And also - aristocratic pallor (even soreness) in the face and often very pale skin. They always keep a straight posture and walk proudly, because many of them are descendants of historical or aristocratic families, their habits are hereditary, developed over the years, rooted in genetics and unchangeable.

The main word that defines the clothing style of St. Petersburg residents is harmony. Harmony in the combination of details of the toilet, and harmony with the outside world, and harmony in the soul. The favorite clothes of the townspeople are black, gray, cold shades of blue, purple, green, as well as white, pastel, cream tones, and ivory. A sense of proportion and elegance are only welcome, office suits are “diluted” with delicate blouses, and plain dresses with spectacular accessories and jewelry. Petersburgers do not like bright colors, considering it complete bad taste and vulgarity. In addition, the bright colors of clothes stand out strongly against the background of the gray mass of people, and are directly striking, completely breaking the harmony and unbalancing. In the clothes of St. Petersburg residents, one can also note the simplicity and elegance of forms, strict geometry and a clearly adjusted number and size of lace, ruffles and other decorative elements. Petersburgers' shoes often look much better than their clothes. Shoes polish (albeit old) they will be constantly and daily on autopilot.

Petersburgers are considered the most intelligent people in Russia, and it's hard to argue with that. They rarely
raise their voice and show their irritability, considering this the lot of people of not so noble blood. Loud conversation meets universal silent condemnation. Emotions are conveyed with restraint, and if on the street you meet a person who literally screams into the phone, talking about something personal, then he is clearly a visitor.They invariably always address a woman of any age and social status as "lady" or "girl" rather than "woman". Only classmates are addressed to “you”, and even then, with some kind of internal inconvenience. At the same time, they often avoid a direct look, and even more so, accidental touches. Kissing in public here is considered to be a sign of bad taste, and handshakes are replaced by a simple nod. As little bodily contact with the outside world as possible, at any cost, but this fragile internal balance must be maintained. And Petersburgers, of course, are sincerely indifferent to what all sorts of fools think about them or about their words.

Petersburgers have a special relationship with food. It is difficult to define, is associated with historical misfortunes and is associated with various psychoses. In city cafes and restaurants, most visitors are visitors. Petersburgers themselves are not fans of restaurants and go there extremely rarely, one might even say, only on holidays. It is typical for a native inhabitant to go to a puffy, glass or pie shop of former times, but even there he behaves stiffly and sternly. It is not customary to stir sugar in a cup or glass, knock on the walls with a spoon, strum spoons, forks and other utensils while eating, sip tea, soup with appetite and smack your lips, expressing pleasure. Moreover, it is ugly to do it not only in public places, but also at home, in the family circle.

They have a very strange relationship with money. For residents of St. Petersburg, money is not the most valuable thing, but only a means to achieve higher goals. Therefore, native Petersburgers very rarely become oligarchs. They are sure that being famous is ugly, success is associated with vulgarity, narrow-mindedness. The main things for the Petersburg character are daily food - music, history, poetry and the urban element. And, if you happened to meet a person in St. Petersburg who pretends to be very rich and successful, dig deep into his biography, for sure, you will find roots from another region of Russia or even from neighboring countries.

St. Petersburg has always been distinguished by a special style of speech, a clean and neutral language, the closest to the literary one. Residents of St. Petersburg are much more inclined to achieve clarity, purity and clarity of their own speech, because it is the purity and clarity of speech that provides the required internal stability and stability. T Well, as they say in Petersburg, they don't say it anywhere else. The pronunciation of Petersburgers is distinguished by its special softness, slowness and is seasoned with an unforgettable trail of uniqueness. They can say: a chicken is walking here, pecking at buckwheat, and SMS is sent from the pipe. They eat shawarma instead of shawarma, grilled kuru instead of chicken. Donuts are called donuts, and a loaf of white bread is called a bun. They enter the front door, not the entrance. The quilted jacket is called nothing more than a quilted jacket. Tires are changed in the Wheel Repair, tire fitting does not sound. The overpass is called a viaduct. They say not a piece of bucks, but a ton of rubles. Men carry money and documents in dumochkas (in purses). And yet, there are a lot of incomprehensible unique words in use here, such as teshka (minibus), lazy person (remote control for a TV and various equipment), panel (sidewalk), badlon (turtleneck), curb (curb), fattening (payment for utilities) and so on.

Many Petersburgers simply hate and never use the word "Peter" and Petersburgers. They live in the city of "St. Petersburg", and not otherwise. At the same time, the younger generation calls Muscovites "Muscovites" and often make fun of them. Aristocratic blood flows in Petersburgers, and that Moscow - Moscow is a big village. Ever since Soviet times (and maybe even older) there has been some kind of rivalry between the two capitals, and Moscow is often treated with some kind of disdain, Petersburgers do not have any kindred feelings for this city in their hearts. Going to live in Hamburg or London is a less dramatic change in fate than moving permanently to Moscow.

Petersburgers are very fond of walking and contemplating the beauties of their city, because love for St. Petersburg is inherent in everyone born here from the cradle. Petersburgers especially like to walk along the Nevsky. Such is the tradition - to dress smartly and walk from the Admiralty to the Vosstaniya Square. And walking in the rain is generally a local custom. Petersburgers consider it very romantic, especially if there is one umbrella for two. Rain and chilly weather do not bother them at all, because in this city it is rarely different.

Thanks to this "wet" climate, many Petersburgers have a chronic runny nose. And iodine deficiency in the Neva water guarantees the absence of healthy residents in the city due to a total thyroid disorder.Weakness and lethargy (often due to climatic conditions and general health) put a powerful barrier in the way of any passionate ideas, people and movements. Therefore, any kind of fascism is unacceptable to Petersburgers not intellectually, but only physiologically.

St. Petersburg residents treat the white nights without much enthusiasm, as an inevitable disaster, when the tourists, stunned by this phenomenon, do not let them sleep at night with their enthusiastic cries.

Young people in St. Petersburg marry either out of naivety or out of carelessness.Love in St. Petersburg is revered as a misfortune in which only higher power. Petersburgers live as if they have nothing to do with their lives. The most common relationships in St. Petersburg: a man came to a woman, at two o'clock the bridges were opened, he stayed overnight, then he was too lazy to go home, the weather was bad ... So they healed happily ever after. Then the children came ... No troubles, no love to the grave. But there are, of course, exceptions to the rule...

The attitude of Petersburgers to sex is very interesting and difficult to explain. The city is completely indifferent to human weaknesses. Sex in St. Petersburg is rather a scientific discipline, the main sexologists of the country are Petersburgers, any book about sex published in St. Petersburg has at least three hundred pages. Petersburgers are happy to talk about sex as much as they like, but with such an enviable detachment as if about an extraneous phenomenon that has nothing to do with them personally. No, no, what are you, what are you? We don't do this...

St. Petersburg is a cultural city, but its residents, unfortunately, rarely find time to visit the wonderful St. Petersburg attractions - palaces, museums, theaters. The exceptions are students of creative universities and mothers with children. All the rest are completely busy with work, and spend the weekend on a trip out of town in order to escape from the bustle of the city.

One of interesting traditions Petersburg residents is the universal eating of smelt fish, which is considered here, almost a symbol of the city. Smelt is practically the national pride of Petersburgers, it is a small fish caught in the Gulf of Finland with an amazing taste and smell of fresh cucumbers! Prices for this mediocre small fish are growing every year beyond any reasonable limits.

These are the Petersburgers they are - good or bad, judge for yourself. The brand of St. Petersburg is very embellished, and life here has many nuances. This city always takes more than it gives. He, like a beautiful cold vampire, beckons, and then drinks from you all your life. The weather is too gloomy all year round, there have been too many deaths here in its entire history, the “dead” energy is too strong here, in some places, even. You can feel all this only by visiting here at least once in your life ...

The great Russian writer F.M. Dostoevsky wrote about Petersburg: “This is a city of half-crazy people. Rarely where there are so many gloomy, harsh and strange influences on the soul of a person, as in St. Petersburg. What are some climatic influences worth! And now it is very difficult to disagree with him.