The life and customs of the highlanders, the Caucasian prisoner. L.N. Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus": description, characters, analysis of the work. Tolstoy, Analysis of the work Prisoner of the Caucasus, Plan

Included in his famous manual for children "ABC" (1872).

Even during the life of the writer, the work was widely popular. In a simple and accessible language for children, Tolstoy tells about a simple Russian officer who was captured by the Caucasian highlanders.

2. History of creation. The source for the story could be the memories of Lev Nikolayevich himself, who in the 1850s. served in the Caucasus. He brought real case from a life when he almost got captured. At the same time, one of his comrades could not get away from the chase and was hacked to death by the highlanders.

Also, when creating the story, Tolstoy used "Memoirs of a Caucasian officer" by F.F. Tornau. In them, the author described his captivity and life in captivity, an unsuccessful first escape, friendship with a Caucasian young girl and her help, as well as getting rid of captivity.

3. The meaning of the name. "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - main character works. The title also refers readers to the famous poem by A. S. Pushkin.

4. Genre. Story for children. Sometimes the work is called a story.

5. Theme. When writing the story, Tolstoy was guided by educational goals. He sought to acquaint children with the harsh realities of war in the Caucasus. At the same time, it was important for the writer to show human kindness and responsiveness. That's why central themes The works are condemnation of war and humanity.

Tolstoy was deeply alien to ostentatious patriotism. There is no direct indication of right and wrong in the story. Even the irreconcilable position of the old Muslim man, who demands the death of the captives, is quite understandable: all his sons were killed by the Russians. The owner of Zhilin and Kostylin is generally quite friendly. He only demands a ransom for the captives.

After a kind of bargaining with Zhilin for the amount of the ransom, Abdul-Murat recognizes the steadfastness and courage of the Russian officer and agrees to 500 rubles. Human kindness and responsiveness is most clearly shown in the image of Dina. A Caucasian girl becomes attached to Zhilin. She does not understand the cruelty of her co-religionists. At great risk to her own life, Dinah eventually helps the prisoner escape.

6. Issues. the main problem story - many years of enmity and hatred between the highlanders and Russians. Tolstoy avoids describing mutual cruelty. It is enough for children to know about the grief of the old Muslim and the situation of the captives after an unsuccessful escape. The mutual hostility between the two peoples is reinforced by the huge difference between Muslim and Orthodox cultures. Even the good Zhilin treats the "stinky Tatars" and their funeral rites with some mockery.

Zhilin feels great love for his homeland. Throughout his captivity, he constantly thinks about escaping. Abdul-Murat's respect cannot replace his home and his old mother. Another important problem is the behavior of a person in captivity. Kostylin is a weak person. He immediately agreed to the conditions of the highlanders (5 thousand rubles) and began to meekly wait for the ransom.

Zhilin has a firm and decisive character. He always takes the initiative. Thanks to his skillful hands, Zhilin achieves the respect of the highlanders and, most importantly, "binds" Dina to himself. Zhilin drags Kostylin on him, literally and figuratively. It is not his fault that a comrade remains in captivity awaiting ransom.

7. Heroes. Zhilin, Kostylin, Dina, Abdul-Murat

8. Plot and composition. Zhilin is captured by the highlanders. There he meets with his friend Kostylin. The mountaineers demand a ransom for the captives. Otherwise, death awaits them. Zhilin prepares an escape and meets the owner's daughter, Dina. The captives escape, but they are caught again and put in a pit.

Dina learns about the impending execution and helps Zhilin escape again. Kostylin remains, as he is completely exhausted in captivity. Zhilin miraculously escapes death and gets to the Russian soldiers. The plot of the story is extremely simple and clear. Unlike Pushkin's poem, it has a happy ending: no one will know about Dina's help, and Kostylin also gets freedom.

While in the middle of the 19th century in the Caucasus, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy became participants in a dangerous event that inspired him to write The Prisoner of the Caucasus. While escorting the convoy to the Groznaya fortress, he and a friend fell into a trap for the Chechens. The life of the great writer was saved by the fact that the highlanders did not want to kill his companion, so they did not shoot. Tolstoy and his partner managed to ride to the fortress, where they were covered by the Cossacks.

The key idea of the work is the opposition of an optimistic and strong-willed person to another - sluggish, lack of initiative, grouchy and compassionate. The first character retains courage, honor, courage and achieves release from captivity. The main message: in no case should you give up and give up, there are hopeless situations only for those who do not want to act.

Analysis of the work

Story line

The events of the story unfold in parallel with the Caucasian War and tell about the officer Zhilin, who at the beginning of the work, at the written request of his mother, leaves with a convoy to visit her. On the way, he meets another officer - Kostylin - and continues on his way with him. Having met the highlanders, Zhilin's fellow traveler runs away, and the main character is captured and sold to the rich Abdul-Marat from the mountain village. The fugitive officer is caught later and the prisoners are kept together in a barn.

The highlanders seek to get a ransom for Russian officers and force them to write letters home, but Zhilin writes a false address so that his mother, who cannot collect so much money, does not find out about anything. During the day, prisoners are allowed to walk around the village in stocks and the main character makes dolls for local children, thanks to which he wins the favor of 13-year-old Dina, the daughter of Abdul-Marat. In parallel, he plans an escape and prepares a tunnel from the barn.

Upon learning that the villagers are worried about the death of one of the mountaineers in battle, the officers decide to flee. They exit through the tunnel and go towards the Russian positions, but the highlanders quickly discover and return the fugitives, throwing them into the pit. Now the captives are forced to sit in stocks around the clock, but from time to time Dina brings Zhilin mutton and cakes. Kostylin finally loses heart, begins to get sick.

One night, the main character, with the help of a long stick brought by Dina, gets out of the pit and, right in the stocks, runs away through the forest to the Russians. Kostylin remains in captivity until the end, until the highlanders receive a ransom for him.

Main characters

Tolstoy portrayed the main character as an honest and authoritative person who treats his subordinates, relatives and even those who captivated him with respect and responsibility. Despite obstinacy and initiative, he is cautious, prudent and cold-blooded, has an inquisitive mind (he navigates by the stars, learns the language of the highlanders). He has self-respect and demands from the "Tatars" respect for the captives. A jack-of-all-trades, he repairs guns, watches and even makes dolls.

Despite the meanness of Kostylin, because of which Ivan was captured, he does not hold a grudge and does not blame his prisoner, plans to run away together and does not leave him after the first almost successful attempt. Zhilin is a hero, noble in relation to enemies and allies, who retains a human face and honor even in the most difficult and insurmountable circumstances.

Kostylin is a wealthy, overweight and clumsy officer, portrayed by Tolstoy as weak both physically and mentally. Because of his cowardice and meanness, the heroes are captured and fail the first attempt to escape. He meekly and unquestioningly accepts the fate of a prisoner, agrees to any conditions of detention and does not even believe Zhilin's words that it is possible to escape. For days on end, he complains about his situation, sits idle, and becomes more and more “limp” from his own pity. As a result, Kostylin is overtaken by illness, and at the time of Zhilin's second attempt to escape, he refuses, saying that he does not even have the strength to turn around. Barely alive, he is brought from captivity a month after the ransom comes from his relatives.

Kostylin in the story of Leo Tolstoy is a reflection of cowardice, meanness and weakness of will. This is a person who is not able, under the yoke of circumstances, to show respect for himself and, moreover, for others. He is afraid only for himself, not thinking about risk and brave actions, because of which he becomes a burden for the active and energetic Zhilin, prolonging the joint imprisonment.

General analysis

One of the most famous stories Leo Tolstoy's "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is based on a comparison of two extremely opposite characters. The author makes them antagonists not only in character, but even in appearance:

Zhilin is not tall, but has great strength and dexterity, while Kostylin is fat, clumsy, overweight.
Kostylin is rich, and Zhilin, although he lives in abundance, cannot (and does not want to) pay ransoms to the highlanders.
Abdul-Marat himself speaks about the obstinacy of Zhilin and the meekness of his partner in a conversation with the main character. The first is an optimist, from the very beginning he expects to run, and the second says that it is reckless to run away, because they do not know the terrain.
Kostylin sleeps for days on end and waits for a response letter, while Zhilin does needlework and repairs.
Kostylin leaves Zhilin at their first meeting and runs away to the fortress, but during the first attempt to escape, he drags a comrade with wounded legs on himself.

Tolstoy acts in his story as a bearer of justice, telling a parable about how fate rewards an enterprising and brave person with salvation.

An important idea lies in the title of the work. Kostylin is a prisoner of the Caucasus in the literal sense of the word, even after the ransom, because he did nothing to deserve freedom. However, Tolstoy seems to be ironic about Zhilin - he showed his will and escaped from captivity, but does not leave the region, because he considers his service to be fate and duty. The Caucasus will captivate not only Russian officers who are forced to fight for their homeland, but also mountaineers, who also have no moral right to give up this land. IN in a certain sense Everyone here remains Caucasian prisoners characters, even the generous Dina, who is destined to continue to live in her native society.

The genre of the work is determined by the writer himself - a true story, it indicates the reality of the events described. Tie. Life goes to his mother. Highlights:

2. Unsuccessful escape.

The denouement is the happy release of Zhilin, he finds himself in a Cossack detachment. Barely alive, Kostylin, having paid off, ends up in his camp.

The story is based on a comparison of two characters. By the way, their names are significant. Zhilin - from the word "lived", a popular name blood vessels and tendons. This is a strong, strong-willed, calm, courageous person, able to withstand a lot. Kostylin - from the word "crutch", a wooden tool that helps the lame move. This is a weak-willed person, easily succumbing to despondency, he needs to be supported, guided. From the very beginning, the characters behave differently. Both of them do not want to move with a barely crawling convoy. However, Zhilin thinks about whether it is worth risking his life by getting to dangerous places on his own. This hero always thinks first, makes a decision, and then acts. Kostylin's thoughts here (and below) are intentionally hidden from us by the author. He does not think about his actions in advance. He invites Zhilin to go together, without thinking about the consequences, and tacitly agrees with Zhilin's proposal not to leave in case of danger. When meeting with the Tatars, Kostylin instantly forgets his promise and, seeing that Zhilin is almost a prisoner, shamelessly flees.

Kostylin in captivity is just waiting for help from home, while Zhilin relies only on himself. He prepares an escape: he examines the area in order to know where to move when escaping, he feeds the owner's dog in order to tame it, he digs a hole from the barn. In an effort to escape from captivity, he does not forget Kostylin, takes him with him. Zhilin does not remember evil (after all, Kostylin once betrayed him). After an unsuccessful escape, Zhilin still does not give up, and Kostylin completely loses heart. Thanks to a happy coincidence (the help of Dina, the absence of the Tatars), his own perseverance, courage and ingenuity, Zhilin manages to get out of captivity.

Tolstoy, Analysis of the work Prisoner of the Caucasus, Plan

Analysis of the work

The genre of the work is a story. It is dedicated to military operations in the Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century. At this time, there was a bloody war for the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia. The mountain peoples offered stubborn resistance, captured Russian soldiers. Russian convoys could move from one fortress to another only under heavy guard. L. N. Tolstoy himself was a participant in the hostilities and described the events, having an idea of the real picture of events, so the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” can rightly be called a reality.

Zhilin receives a letter from his mother with a request to come home to visit her, asks for leave and leaves the fortress. This is the plot of the piece. There are several highlights here:

1) when Zhilin was first captured;

2) unsuccessful escape of Zhilin and Kostylin and their repeated captivity;

3) the happy rescue of Zhilin by the Cossacks.

Truthfully describing the details of the capture of Zhilin by the Tatars, Tolstoy shows that war is a terrible evil, condemns ethnic strife, and is horrified by what mutual hatred leads to. Suffice it to recall an old highlander who almost shot Zhilin because he came close to his sakla. This old man had seven sons killed in this war, and he shot the eighth himself when he went over to the Russians.<…>The old man was blinded by hatred and demanded immediate reprisals against Zhilin.

Ordinary highlanders treated Zhilin differently. They soon got used to him, began to appreciate him for his skillful hands, for his sharpness, for his sociable character. The girl Dina, who at first treated him like a beast, became attached to the prisoner, felt sorry for him, and then helped to escape from captivity and thereby saved his life.

The story is based on a comparison of the main characters. It starts with their last names. Zhilin - from the word "lived", that is, a strong, hardy person. A piece of wood called "crutch" always serves only as a support, and even a burden to his companion. So Kostylin interfered with Zhilin in everything. Through the fault of Kostylin, Zhilin was captured and their first escape failed.

Comparing the two heroes in everything - from appearance to actions and thoughts, we see that the sympathies of the writer, and, accordingly, of the readers, are completely on the side of Zhilin - a simple, brave, honest Russian officer. You can't rely on Kostylin for anything.

Tolstoy skillfully depicts the life and customs of the Caucasians in the story. We get an idea of how the dwelling of a local resident looked like, what they ate and drank, how they led their life and household.

The story delights with the image of the magnificent Caucasian nature. Descriptions of landscapes seem to take us to the place of unfolding events.

Tolstoy is a master of the portrait, and not only of the psychological one. A few words are enough for us to see Dina with her little hands, "thin as twigs", eyes shining like stars. The appearance of the two officers is also characteristic. Zhilin is a fit, slender, energetic person who clings to life. Kostylin is overweight, cowardly, clumsy, dishonorable.

The story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is written by such a master of words, with such perfection that, having read it once, we remember its heroes for life.

1. Zhilin receives a letter from his mother and straightens his vacation.

2. Zhilin and Kostylin decide to get ahead of the convoy and go ahead of it.

3. Zhilin is captured by the Tatars because of Kostylin's cowardice.

4. Zhilin is brought to the village and put in stocks in a barn.

5. The first close acquaintance with the kidnappers. Dina's girl brings him a drink.

6. The new "owners" demand that Zhilin write a letter home asking for his own ransom.

7. They bring Kostylin, from whom they also demand a ransom. Kostylin agrees.

8. Closer acquaintance of Zhilin with the inhabitants of the village. Friendship with a girl Dina.

Analysis of the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" by Leo Tolstoy

The story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" Leo Nikolavevia Tolstoy wrote under the impressions of his life in the Caucasus during the war between the highlanders and Russian soldiers. We can see the first mention of this war in Tolstoy's diaries.

General analysis of the story

The short story was created in the 70s of the 19th century, and many critics were surprised by the simple and accessible even for children language in which it was written. In addition to a realistic description of the life of the highlanders and the beautiful, wild nature of the Caucasus, Tolstoy pays attention to another theme of the story, more moral and psychological.

This topic is a confrontation, which is revealed on the example of two personalities, the two main characters of the "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - Zhilin and Kostylin. The plot of the story develops quickly, and the description of all events is colorful and memorable.

Comparative characteristics of the heroes: Kostylin and Zhilin

L.N. Tolstoy skillfully uses contrast to convey to readers the theme of his story. Under the external contrast of the energetic Zhilin and the heavy Kostylin, the contradictions of their inner worlds are hidden.

Zhilin gives the impression of a lively and joyful person, while Kostylin looks unkindly at the world around him, and is distinguished by cruelty and malice. Moreover, it cannot be said that the difference between these heroes is determined by the circumstances, both of them are Russian officers, both take part in the war of Russia against the Caucasus.

But between them there is an abyss of their inner principles, their views on the world, their life values completely opposite. Zhilin devoted and fair man, who helps Kostylin even after he betrayed him through the fault of his cowardice and stupidity.

After all, Zhilin could not even think that it was possible to do otherwise, and when he rushes to a friend for a gun to protect himself from the highlanders, he is sure that he will help him. And even when they are captured, he still takes the cowardly soldier along with him during the escape.

His soul is wide and open, Zhilin looks at the world and other people with sincerity and inner honesty. He carries the soldier Kostylin when he gets tired of the long rescue from the captivity of the Tatars. And both heroes again fall into the place where they hardly got out, only now they are put into a huge hole.

Passive Hero and Active Hero

And here Tolstoy describes the climax of the story, the girl Dina, with whom the good soldier managed to make friends during captivity, with the help of a stick helps Zhilin escape. And the weak and weak-willed Kostylin is afraid to run away and thinks that it would be better if one of his relatives paid money for him.

Zhilin manages to escape on his own, he does not want to worry his mother with requests for money, and thinks about her health. Zhilin cannot be such a weak-willed coward as Kostylin, his nature is courage, courage and courage.

And from this it follows that the values of life for him are completely different, they are spiritual and pure. Kostylin is the personification of passivity and inaction, the only thing that lives inside him is fear only for himself and anger towards other people.

He is lazy and weak-willed, he relies on others for everything, and Zhilin prefers to create his own destiny, and he succeeds, because his motives and intentions are pure and sincere.

Composition "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - Grade 5

The story tells the story of two colleagues who fall into captivity. They find themselves in the same conditions of coexistence, but behave quite differently, hence our attitude towards them is formed. Comparing the portraits of the two heroes, from the first moments we have a feeling of contempt for Kostylin, even from the description of his appearance. The author describes him as a heavy, fat man, from which he constantly sweats. This causes negative associations in us, because such a pathetic and insignificant character is not capable of good deeds. Zhilin is another matter. He is given such a definition as "remote", which speaks not only of his life position, but of his strength of mind and courage. Zhilin is full of compassion even for animals. He calls the horse "mother" and takes pity on her when he sees her suffering. Kostylin, on the other hand, is not capable of showing love, he does not understand anyone but himself and puts his life needs above anyone else. He has no internal torments and the author describes his behavior with a great deal of irony.

The actions of the characters also speak for themselves. Zhilin, feeling sorry for his old mother, does not want to disturb her, so he tries to find a way out of this situation on his own. Kostylin, on the contrary, is completely convinced that everyone should help him, including relatives. They are obliged to ransom him and stop all the torment associated with captivity. He passively submits to circumstances, goes with the flow.

Zhilin is a purposeful and fearless person. Having set himself the goal of escaping from captivity, he ponders ways to do it. First, he carefully studies the life of the village in which he is being held, makes a dig, waiting for a favorable moment for release. He is a fighter by nature and a very brave person. Not without reason, all the inhabitants of the village, the owner himself and even the Tatar girl Dina, are imbued with sympathy for him. She is so sincere, direct and a little deprived of the caress of her parents that she wants to admire and at the same time regret. Zhilin is paternally kind to her and she reciprocates his affection. Dina at first stealthily walks to the pit where he is sitting, then begins to bring him food, milk, and finally arranges his escape.

The main participants in the events in the story were two Russian officers - Zhilin and Kostylin.

Zhilin receives a letter from his mother with a request to come home to visit her, asks for leave and leaves the fortress. This is the plot of the piece. There are several highlights here:

when Zhilin was first captured; unsuccessful escape of Zhilin and Kostylin and their repeated captivity; happy rescue of Zhilin by the Cossacks.

The denouement comes when Zhilin finds himself in a fortress among his own and remains to serve in the Caucasus, and Kostylin is brought barely alive a month later, ransomed for five thousand rubles.

The story delights with the image of the magnificent Caucasian nature. Descriptions of landscapes seem to take us to the place of unfolding events.

The language of the "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is very similar to the language of fairy tales and epics. Sentences begin with a verb-predicate followed by a subject. “Zhilin hears ...”, “how Kostylin will scream ...”, etc.

The story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is written by such a master of words, with such perfection that, having read it once, we remember its heroes for life.

Zhilin receives a letter from his mother and straightens his vacation. Zhilin and Kostylin decide to get ahead of the convoy and ride ahead of it. Zhilin is captured by the Tatars because of Kostylin's cowardice. Zhilin is brought to the village and put in stocks in a barn. The first close acquaintance with the kidnappers. Dina's girl brings him a drink. The new "owners" demand that Zhilin write a letter home asking for his own ransom. They bring Kostylin, from whom they also demand a ransom. Kostylin agrees. A closer acquaintance of Zhilin with the inhabitants of the village. Friendship with a girl Dina. Description of the funeral of a local resident. Zhilin decides to escape from captivity. Kostylin follows him. The escape fails because of Kostylin. The Russians are put in the pit again. Redemption deadlines are getting tighter. Dina secretly visits Zhilin and helps him escape. Happy rescue of Zhilin. Interchange.

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Love for the Caucasus and a deep interest in the peculiarities of the life of the highlanders are reflected in many works of L.N. Tolstoy. At the same time, there is not a single line in them where he would distort the image of the Chechens, their mentality. While in the Caucasus, Tolstoy studied the Kumyk language, the most common among Muslim highlanders, and recorded Chechen songs, and learned to ride. Among the highlanders, he finds many wonderful, courageous and selfless, simple and close to nature people.

Tolstoy paid much attention to the folklore and ethnography of the peoples of the Caucasus. Their life, customs, history, folk art and language are captured by Tolstoy in many details and with amazing artistic accuracy.

So, in the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" Tolstoy perfectly described everyday life mountaineers, images of men and women, life, customs and some rituals of the mountaineers, their clothes, household items, relationships and character traits. Through the lips of officer Zhilin, who was captured by the highlanders, the writer tells us very interesting details peaceful life mountain aul: “... to the right Tatar saklya, two trees near it. A black dog lies on the threshold, a goat walks with kids - they twitch their tails. ... a young Tatar woman comes from under the mountain, in a colored shirt, with a belt, in trousers and boots, her head is covered with a caftan, and on her head is a large tin jug of water. He walks, trembles in his back, bends over, and by the hand the Tatar girl leads a shaved man, in one shirt.

In this story, Tolstoy describes in detail the images of some mountaineers, their clothes and characteristic features: “... yesterday's Tatar with a red beard, in a beshmet (outerwear) in silk, a silver dagger on a belt, in shoes on his bare feet. On his head is a high hat, mutton, black, twisted back ... another, smaller, blackish. The eyes are black, light, ruddy. The beard is small, trimmed, his face is cheerful, everyone laughs. The blackish one is dressed even better: a silk blue beshmet, with a galunchik (patch, braid - gold or silver). The dagger on the belt is large, silver, the shoes are red, morocco, also trimmed with silver. And on thin shoes there are other, thick shoes. The hat is high, white lamb. ... blackish - fast, lively, so all on springs and walks, went straight to Zhilin, squatted down, bared his teeth, patted him on the shoulder, began to mutter something often, often in his own way, winks with his eyes, clicks his tongue " .

And here is a description of another highlander: “He was small in stature, he had a white towel wrapped around his hat. The beard and mustache are trimmed, white as fluff; and the face is wrinkled and red as a brick; the nose is hooked like a hawk's, and the eyes are grey, angry and there are no teeth - only two fangs. He used to walk in his turban, propping himself up with a crutch, like a wolf looking around. As Zhilina sees, she will snore and turn away.

Magnificently Tolstoy described the image of a Chechen girl, her appearance and clothes: “A girl came running, thin, thin, about thirteen years old and her face looked like a black one. Apparently a daughter. Her eyes are also black, bright and her face is beautiful. Dressed in a long, blue shirt with wide sleeves and no belt. On the floors, on the chest and on the sleeves it is trimmed with red. Pants and shoes are on the legs, and others are on the shoes, with high heels, on the neck are monisto (a necklace of beads, coins or colored stones), all from Russian fifty dollars. The head is uncovered, the braid is black, and there is a ribbon in the braid, and badges and a silver ruble are hung on the ribbon ... she brought a tin jug. She served water, squatted herself, all bent so that the shoulders below the knees were gone. She sees, she opened her eyes, looks at Zhilin, how he drinks, - like what kind of animal.

In his works, Tolstoy introduces the reader to the images of Chechen women, shows their characteristic features, clothes, behavior and place in a mountain family: “One wife was Sado, the same not young, thin woman who laid pillows. The other was a very young girl in red trousers and a green beshmet, with a curtain of silver coins covering her entire chest. At the end of her not long, but thick, stiff black braid, lying between the shoulders of her thin back, was hung a silver ruble; the same black, currant eyes, like those of his father and brother, gleamed merrily in the young face, which tried to be stern. She did not look at the guests, but it was clear that she felt their presence. Sado's wife carried a low round table on which were tea, pilgishi, pancakes in butter, cheese, churek - thinly rolled bread - and honey. The girl was carrying a basin, kumgan and a towel. Sado and Hadji Murad were silent all the time while the women, moving quietly in their red soleless dudes, were setting what they had brought in front of the guests.

In the Caucasus, Tolstoy was shocked by the beauty of nature, the unusualness of people, their way of life, way of life, habits, songs. The writer's diaries and letters record his observations of the life of Chechens and Cossacks. He sought to understand the mores, customs and spirituality of the local peoples, to make his own judgment. Tolstoy was the first to acquaint the Russian reader with the internal content of the dwellings of the highlanders, describing in detail internal state and the decoration of the sakli, as if examining it with his own eyes from the inside. We read about this in the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”: “The upper room is good, the walls are smoothly smeared with clay. In the front wall, motley down jackets are laid, expensive carpets hang on the sides, guns, pistols, checkers are on the carpets - everything is in silver. In one wall there is a small stove flush with the floor. The floor is earthen, clean as a current, and the entire front corner is covered with felts; carpets on felts, and down pillows on carpets.

Then, the writer acquaints the reader with how the owner of the sakli receives guests, what treats them, how the guests eat, how this habitual and time-established custom of receiving and treating guests by the highlanders ends: “And Tatars sit on carpets in the same shoes: black, red and three guests. Behind everyone's backs are feather pillows, and in front of them on a round plank are millet pancakes, and cow's butter is fluffed in a cup, and Tatar beer - booze, in a jug. They eat with their hands, and their hands are all in oil. The Tatars ate pancakes, a Tatar woman came in a shirt the same as the girl, and in trousers; the head is covered with a scarf. She took away butter, pancakes, served a good pelvis and a jug with a narrow spout. The Tatars began to wash their hands, then they folded their hands, sat on their knees, blew in all directions and read prayers.

During the years of service in the Caucasus, Tolstoy paid much attention to the collection and propaganda folk art Cossacks and highlanders, publications of Chechen folklore. He listened with excitement and wrote down Cossack and Chechen songs, watched the festive round dances of the highlanders. All this inspired and fascinated Tolstoy. In fact, it was he who became the first collector of Chechen folklore.

In 1852 Tolstoy recorded two Chechen folk songs (according to his Chechen acquaintances Sado Misirbiev and Balta Isaev). He later used these records in his works. In the story "Hadji Murad" Tolstoy introduced two Chechen songs: "The earth will dry up on my grave" and "You, hot bullet, carry death with you." “Everything was quiet. Suddenly, strange sounds of a mournful song were heard from the side of the Chechens:

“The earth will dry up on my grave - and you will forget me, my dear mother! The cemetery will grow with grave grass, the grass will drown out your grief, my old father. Tears will dry up in the eyes of the sister, and grief will fly away from her heart. But you will not forget, my elder brother, until you avenge my death. You will not forget me, and my second brother, until you lie next to me.

The content of the second song: “You are hot, bullet, and you bring death. But weren't you my faithful slave? The earth is black, you will cover me, but didn't I trample you with a horse? You are cold, death, but I was your master. The earth will take my body, the sky will take my soul. Tolstoy liked these songs. They are still sung in Chechnya to this day. The protagonist of the story "Hadji Murad" always listened to these songs with his eyes closed, and when they ended in a drawn out, fading note, he always said in Russian: "A good song, a smart song."

Tolstoy's interest in mountain song was deep and constant. He admired the power of feelings contained in mountain folklore. Tolstoy used the folk songs of the highlanders to convey the psychological state of the heroes in the tragic moments of their lives. Another song was especially touching, the content of which reflected the realities of that wartime. Her words were translated into Russian like this: “Well done drove the sheep from the village to the mountains, the Russians came, lit the village, killed all the men. All the women were taken prisoner. Well done came from the mountains: where there was an aul, there is an empty place. No mother, no brothers, no home; one tree is left. The young man sat down under a tree and wept. One, like you, one remained, and the good fellow sang: Ay, give! Yes-la-lai!

With such a mournful, soul-grabbing refrain, the Chechens sing a song and in Tolstoy's story "Hadji Murad": "Ai! Give! Yes-la-lai! “The Chechens knew that they could not leave, and to get rid of the temptation to flee, they tied themselves with belts, knee to knee, prepared their guns and sang their death song.” So the national motif and folk song organically merged into the fabric of the writer's story.

About the influence of the Caucasus on his life and work, Tolstoy wrote in 1859: “It was both painful and good time. Never, neither before nor after, have I reached such a lofty thought as at that time ... And everything that I found then will forever remain my conviction.

Tolstoy's reflections on the fate of the highlanders and, in general, about a person engaged in "an unjust and bad deed - war" formed the basis of the entire Caucasian cycle of his work. It was in the Caucasian works that Tolstoy's view of life, war and peace, which are opposed, took shape. War is condemned by the writer because it is destruction, death, separation of people, their enmity with each other, with the beauty of the whole "God's world".

From all the trials of military life, Tolstoy made the conviction: "My goal is good." He draws attention to the fact that if earlier many military men saw romance in the Caucasian War, an opportunity to distinguish themselves, then over time, being on military campaigns, they saw its everyday side, cruelty and worthlessness. “What nonsense and confusion,” thought Olenin, the hero of the story “The Cossacks,” a man killed another and is happy, satisfied, as if he had done the most wonderful thing. Doesn’t anything tell him that there is no reason for great joy here ”

In the story “The Raid”, he describes the amazingly tragic consequences of the raid of the Russian troops on the aul of the mountaineers: through the eyes of a boy, was brought dead to the mosque on a horse covered with a cloak. He was stabbed in the back with a bayonet. A fine-looking woman with loose hair, in a shirt torn at her chest, stood over her son and scratched her face to the blood and howled incessantly. Sado, with a pickaxe and a shovel, left with his family to dig a grave for his son. The old grandfather was sitting by the wall of a ruined sakli, sternly sharpening his stick. He has just returned from his bee house. The two piles of hay that were there were burned, the apricot and cherry trees planted and groomed by the old man were broken and burned, most importantly, all the hives with bees were burned. The howling of women was heard in all the houses and in the square, where two more bodies were brought. Small children roared along with their mothers. Roared and hungry cattle, which had nothing to give.

The old owners gathered in the square and, squatting, discussed their situation. Nobody spoke about hatred of Russians. The feeling experienced by all Chechens, young and old, was stronger than hatred. It was not hatred, but the non-recognition of these Russian dogs by people and such disgust, disgust and bewilderment at the ridiculous cruelty of these creatures that the desire to exterminate them, like the desire to exterminate rats, poisonous spiders and wolves, was the same natural feeling as the feeling of self-preservation. The old people prayed and unanimously decided to send ambassadors to Shamil, asking him for help, and immediately set about restoring what had been broken.

Strikingly detailed, in detail, Tolstoy described the sad, touching ritual of the funeral of a mountaineer killed in battle: A mullah came, the old men gathered, tied their hats with towels, took off their shoes, sat down on their heels in a row in front of the dead. Mullah in front, three old men in turbans in a row in the back, and Tatars behind them. They sat down, looked down and were silent. They were silent for a long time. Mulla: God! The dead lies on the grass - does not move, and they sit as if dead. Not one moves. Then the mullah read a prayer, everyone stood up, lifted the dead man in his arms, carried him. Brought to the pit; the pit was not dug simple, but dug under the ground, like a basement. They took the dead man under the armpits and under the caps (under the knees), bent him over, lowered the little one, slipped the seat under the ground, tucked his hands on his stomach. The Nogai brought green reeds, filled the pit with reeds, quickly covered it with earth, leveled it, and put a stone upright in the head of the dead man. They trampled down the ground, sat down again in a row in front of the grave. They were silent for a long time. Allah! They sighed and stood up. The red-haired man handed out money to the old people, then got up, took a whip, hit himself three times on the forehead and went home. In the morning, the redhead, the brother of the buried, slaughtered a mare outside the village. She was chopped up and dragged into the hut. And the whole village gathered to the redhead to commemorate the dead man. For three days they ate mare, drank buza.

In 1896 Tolstoy began to write the story Hadji Murad. Its main character - Hadji Murad - is a real historical person, famous for the courage of Naib Shamil. In 1851, he went over to the side of the Russians, then tried to flee to the mountains to save his family, who remained in the hands of Shamil, but was overtaken and killed.

Work on the story continued intermittently until 1904. Published in 1912. The origin of the idea is indicated by the writer in his notebook and diary on July 18-19, 1896: "Tatar on the road"; “Yesterday I was walking along the pre-war black earth fallow. Until the eye takes a look, nothing but black earth - not a single green grass. And now, on the edge of a dusty, gray road, a Tatar bush (burr), three shoots: one is broken, and a white, polluted flower hangs; the other is broken and spattered with mud, black, the stalk is broken and polluted; the third shoot sticks out to the side, also black with dust, but still alive and reddening in the middle. Reminds me of Hadji Murad. I would like to write. Defends life to the last, and one among the whole field, somehow, but defended it.

The first sketch is called Burr; then “Gazavat” appeared; very soon the final - "Hadji Murad". Rebelliousness, the ability to defend freedom of action and life always fascinated Tolstoy. With particular force, this worldview was embodied in the story "Hadji Murad". This work is a whole novel from the reign of Emperor Nicholas I and the Caucasian War, which lasted almost 50 years. The hero of the story is opposed to power in general - both the Russian emperor and the all-powerful Imam Shamil.

Tolstoy was captivated by the energy and strength of life of Hadji Murad, the ability to defend his life to the last. In the image of Hadji Murad, in addition to courage, love of freedom and pride, Tolstoy especially emphasized simplicity, almost childish sincerity. In this work, the writer tells the reader about the rather simple clothes of Hadji Murad, which testified to the simplicity of its owner and at the same time about his modesty and self-respect, which only strengthened the significance of the personality of this mountaineer among the people around him. Hadji Murad knows his worth and does not try to somehow declare it. Here is how Tolstoy wrote about him: “Hadji Murad was dressed in a long white Circassian coat, on a brown beshmet with a thin silver lace on the collar. On his feet were black leggings and the same dudes, like gloves, tight-fitting feet, on his shaved head - a hat with a turban.

Tolstoy describes the appearance of Imam Shamil in a completely different way, who appears before the people as a kind of simple and close person to him, like all of them. In reality, the power of the imam is concentrated in his environment, which ensures the greatness of Shamil in the eyes of the people. Here is how Tolstoy describes the arrival of the imam in the village of the highlanders: “Shamil rode on an Arab white horse ... The decoration of the horse was the simplest, without decorations of gold and silver: finely crafted, with a path in the middle, a red belt bridle, metal, cups, stirrups and red saddlecloth, visible from under the saddle. The imam was wearing a fur coat covered with brown cloth with black fur visible near the neck and sleeves, pulled together on a thin and long camp by a black belt with a dagger. On his head was a high, flat-topped hat with a black tassel, entwined with a white turban, from which the end descended behind the neck. The soles of the feet were in green boots, and the calves were covered with black leggings trimmed with a simple lace. ... there was nothing shiny, gold or silver on the imam, and his tall, straight, powerful figure, in clothes without decorations, surrounded by murids with gold and silver decorations on clothes and weapons, produced the very impression of greatness that he desired and knew how to produce among the people. His pale face, bordered by a trimmed red beard, with constantly narrowed small eyes, was, like a stone, completely motionless.

The foregoing allows us to conclude that Caucasian works L.N. Tolstoy are an excellent source for a correct understanding of some aspects of the Caucasian war, for a correct understanding of the Caucasian highlanders, their history and cultural characteristics. The importance and objectivity of information about this people lies in the fact that they were handed over to us by the great Russian writer, who personally observed the events and characters of people described by him. And at present, relations between the peoples living in the Caucasus remain complex. Tolstoy saw in the character and peculiarities of the life of the highlanders exactly what makes it possible even now to find the right solutions to interethnic relations and exclude possible conflicts.

http://rvb.ru/tolstoy/01text/vol_10/01text/0243.htm
Same place;
Same place;
Tolstoy L.N. "Prisoner of the Caucasus", chapter 2 //
Tolstoy L.N. "Prisoner of the Caucasus", chapter 4 // http://rvb.ru/tolstoy/01text/vol_10/01text/0243.htm
Tolstoy L.N. "Hadji Murad", chapter 1 // http://az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_0250.shtml
Tolstoy L.N. "Hadji Murad", chapter 10 // http://az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_0250.shtml
Tolstoy L.N. "Hadji Murad", chapter 19 //

Afanasyeva Anastasia

This scientific work provides evidence that the story of L.N. Tolstoy's "Prisoner of the Caucasus" can be safely called the "book of life".

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Municipal educational institution

"Lyceum No. 4"

Section "My main books of life"

"Prisoner of the Caucasus" L. N. Tolstoy -

my main book life

5th grade student

MOU "Lyceum No. 4", Saratov

Scientific adviser: Abakumenko S. V.,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Saratov, 2010

Introduction ……………………………………………………………….2

Chapter I “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” by L. N. Tolstoy is a book of life……...3

"People's Thought" in the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" ... ..3
Features of human relations in the story………4

Conclusion……………………………………………………………..7

Literature……………………………………………………………...8

APPENDIX………………………………………………..……….9

Introduction

In the history of Russian culture there are many names of outstanding figures, scientists, thinkers, artists, writers who make up the glory and pride of the nation. Among them, one of the most honorable places rightfully belongs to Leo Tolstoy, the great creator who created immortal images and characters that remain relevant today. This is also the image of the “Caucasian prisoner” – a man of high morality.

In general, in the 19th century, the Caucasus was an emblematic space of freedom, an unrestricted spiritual movement as opposed to the world of “civilization” fettered by conventions. We noticed that in Tolstoy's prose, the Caucasus began to acquire details of everyday life, details of relationships, and the little things of everyday life.

So, in the story “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, Tolstoy wants to tell the main thing - the truth, the truth about a person and about this person’s place in society, and in a society alien to him, completely alien. This theme does not lose its relevance for several centuries now.

Goal of the work consist in tracking and explaining the reasons for the formation and development of the characters of the heroes of the story, their morality.

We have the following tasks:

1. to analyze the story of L. N. Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus";

2. highlight distinctive features each of the heroes

3. to determine what is the moral value of the "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

object research advocates the character of the hero as a carrier of morality, moral values.

Subject research becomes directly the artistic text itself - "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

Chapter 1

"Prisoner of the Caucasus" L. N. Tolstoy- the book of life

"People's Thought" in the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus"

"Prisoner of the Caucasus" - last work in "Russian book for reading". In a letter to N. N. Strakhov, the writer called this story his best work, because, in his opinion, it was here that he managed to most naturally use the best artistic means folk poetry.

Leo Tolstoy worked on it in 1872, stubbornly striving for simplicity, naturalness of the narrative, the work was written during the writer's sharp thoughts about life, the search for its meaning. Here, as in his great epic, the separation and enmity of people, "war" is opposed to what binds them together - "peace". And here there is its own “folk thought” - the assertion that simple people different nationalities can find mutual understanding, because universal human moral values- love for work, respect for a person, friendship, honesty, mutual assistance. And vice versa, evil, hostility, selfishness, self-interest are inherently anti-people and anti-human. Tolstoy is convinced that “the most beautiful thing in a person is love for people, which makes it possible to live a full life. Love is hindered by all sorts of social foundations, ossified national barriers, protected by the state and generating false values: the desire for rank, wealth, career - everything that people think is familiar and normal " .

Therefore, Tolstoy addresses children who have not yet been "spoiled" by social and national abnormal relations. He wants to tell them the truth, to teach them to distinguish good from evil, to help them follow the good. He creates a work where the beautiful is clearly distinguished from the ugly, the work is extremely simple and clear, and at the same time deep and significant, like a parable. “Tolstoy is proud of this story. This is beautiful prose - calm, there are no decorations in it, and there is not even what is called psychological analysis. Human interests collide, and we sympathize with Zhilin - good man, and what we know about him is enough for us, and he himself does not want to know much about himself ” .

The plot of the story is simple and clear. The Russian officer Zhilin, who served in the Caucasus, where the war was going on at that time, goes on vacation and on the way is captured by the Tatars. He escapes from captivity, but unsuccessfully. The secondary escape succeeds. Zhilin, pursued by the Tatars, escapes and returns to military unit. The content of the story is the impressions and experiences of the hero. This makes the story emotional and exciting. The life of the Tatars, the nature of the Caucasus are revealed by the author realistically, through the perception of Zhilin. Tatars in the view of Zhilin are divided into kind, warm-hearted and those who are offended by the Russians and take revenge on them for the murder of relatives and the ruin of auls (old Tatar). Customs, way of life, mores are depicted as the hero perceives them.

Features of human relations in the story

It must be said that Tolstoy's detailed, "everyday" description of events does not obscure the ugliness of human relations. There is no romantic intensity in his narrative.

Tolstoy's "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is a true story. Zhilin is captured by the Gentiles on completely legal grounds. He is an adversary, a warrior, according to the customs of the highlanders, he can be captured and ransomed for him. The character of the protagonist corresponds to the surname, he is strong, persistent, sinewy. He has golden hands, in captivity he helped the highlanders, repaired something, they even came to him for treatment. The author does not indicate the name, only that he is called Ivan, but that was the name of all Russian captives. Kostylin - as if on crutches, props. But pay attention: in fact, Tolstoy has one prisoner, as the title speaks eloquently, although there are two heroes in the story. Zhilin managed to escape from captivity, and Kostylin remained not only and not so much in Tatar captivity, but in captivity of his weakness, his selfishness.

Let us remember how helpless, how physically weak Kostylin turns out to be, how he only hopes for a ransom that his mother will send.

Zhilin, on the contrary, does not count on his mother, does not want to shift his difficulties onto her shoulders. He is included in the life of the Tatars, the aul, he is constantly doing something, he knows how to win over even his enemies - he is strong in spirit. It is this idea that the author wants to convey to the readers first of all.

The main device of the story is opposition; the prisoners Zhilin and Kostylin are shown in contrast. Even their appearance is depicted in contrast. Zhilin is outwardly energetic and mobile. "There was a master for every needlework" , “Although small in stature, but he was daring” , - emphasizes the author. And in the guise of Kostylin, L. Tolstoy brings to the fore unpleasant features: “a man is heavy, plump, sweaty” . Not only Zhilin and Kostylin are shown in contrast, but also the life, customs, and people of the village. Residents are depicted as Zhilin sees them. In the guise of an old Tatar, cruelty, hatred, malice are emphasized: “the nose is hooked like a hawk, and the eyes are gray, angry and there are no teeth - only two fangs” .

Kostylin - is in double captivity, as we said above. Writer drawing this image, says that, without getting out of the internal captivity, it is impossible to get out of the external captivity.

But L.N. Tolstoy - an artist and a man - wanted Kostylin to arouse in the reader not anger and contempt, but pity and compassion. The author has similar feelings for him, who sees every person as a person, and the main way to change life is in self-improvement, and not in revolutions. So in this story favorite thoughts of L. N. Tolstoy are affirmed, his knowledge of human psychology and the ability to portray inner world, experience; the ability to clearly and simply draw a portrait of a hero, a landscape, an environment in which the heroes live.

The image of the Tatar girl Dina evokes the warmest sympathy. In Dean, traits of sincerity and spontaneity are noticed. She squatted down, began to turn the stone: “Yes, the little hands are thin, like twigs, there is nothing to be strong. Threw a stone, cried " . This little girl, obviously deprived of affection, constantly left unattended, reached out to the kind, paternal attitude towards her Zhilin.

“The Prisoner of the Caucasus” is a realistic work in which the life of the highlanders is vividly and vividly described, the nature of the Caucasus is depicted. It is written in accessible language, close to fabulous. The story is told from the point of view of the narrator.

By the time the story was written, Tolstoy finally affirmed the need to learn from the people of their morality, their views on the world, simplicity and wisdom, the ability to "take root" in any situation, survive in any situation, without grumbling and without shifting their troubles onto other people's shoulders. The writer at that time was completely occupied with public education, he wrote the ABC for peasant children, all the literary texts in which are simple, entertaining, instructive. "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is published in the 4th book of "Russian Children's Books for Reading", that is, the story was written by Tolstoy specifically for children, and therefore it is so instructive.

Also, we conducted a survey among 5-7 classes (60 people) of our lyceum. The results of the survey are presented in the appendix.

Conclusion

So, reading the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" captivates the reader. Everyone sympathizes with Zhilin, despise Kostylin, admire Dina. Emotional perception, the ability to empathize, up to identifying yourself with your favorite characters, faith in the reality of what is happening in the story - these are the features of perception literary work, but the reader must also develop, enrich perception, learn to penetrate the thoughts of the writer, experience aesthetic pleasure from reading. Attracts attention moral issues story to realize Tolstoy's ideal of a beautiful person.

In the story “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, L. Tolstoy solves the following problem: can people live in peace and friendship, what separates them and what connects them, is it possible to overcome the eternal enmity of people with each other? This leads to the second problem: are there qualities in a person that make it possible for people to unite? Which people have these qualities, and which do not, and why?

Both of these problems are not only quite accessible to readers, but are also deeply relevant, because relationships of friendship and comradeship occupy an ever greater place in life.

Literature

Afanasyeva T.M., Tolstoy and childhood, M., 1978
Bulanov A.M., Philosophical and ethical searches in Russian literature 2 half of XIX century, M., 1991
Voinova N.M., Russian literature XIX century, M., 2004
Lomukov K.N. L. Tolstoy. Essay on life and creativity, M., 1984.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich//Short literary encyclopedia.-vol.7.-M., 1972.
Khrapchenko M.B., Tolstoy as an artist, M., 2000
Shklovsky V. Leo Tolstoy.-M., 1963 - (ZhZL).

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