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TOPIC OF THE LESSON : "There are such born angels ..." The image of Matryona
(according to the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin Dvor”).
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
- give students the opportunity to think about such moral concepts as kindness, sensitivity, conscience, humanity.
- “following the author” to follow the fate of a Russian woman who withstood the harsh trials of life and managed to maintain a kind and sympathetic soul;
- find out what qualities allowed the author to call the heroine the righteous of the Russian land, an angel
There are such born angels, they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide over this muck (violence, lies, myths about happiness and legality), without drowning in it at all ...
A. I. Solzhenitsyn
MATERIALS FOR THE LESSON:
- A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”;
- portrait of the writer;
- multimedia presentation on the topic of the lesson.
- printed table "Methods of creating the image of a hero."
1. Introductory speech of the teacher.
One day, the inhabitants of Athens, gathered in the square, saw Demosthenes, who on a hot sunny day walked around the city with a lantern in his hands.
- Why do you need a lantern, because it's so light? And what are you looking for? they asked him.
“I am looking for a man,” Demosthenes replied.
The Athenians were surprised and asked him the same question a second time.
"A man," Demosthenes answered again.
- Human? This is who: me, him, or maybe that one over there .., - the inhabitants of Athens laughed.
I am looking for a person...
So who do you think Demosthenes was looking for with a lantern in his hands?
What qualities should a person have in order to have a name for him?
A man with a capital letter? How should he live? We will try to find answers to these and other questions from Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, because real writer thinks about life, understands life and people more deeply.
2. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson(slide number 1)
Working with an epigraph(write in notebook - check at the end of the lesson ). (slide number)
What is an epigraph? What is it for?
What is its meaning and how well it is chosen, we will talk at the end of the lesson, when we will sum up.
3. Checking d / z.
Work with the text of the work.
So, you have read the work, let's turn to its beginning.
The narrator, returning from prison, decides to settle (“get lost”, as he himself says) “in the most interior, condo Russia” ( slide number 6 )
Sl. slave. – interior – internal; kondovy - primordial, retaining old customs, foundations) and fate brings him to Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva.
Poll on the content of the work
Remember the circumstances under which the first acquaintance of the author and readers with Matryona takes place?
Why is she not among the "applicants" who could let a guest in? Does Matrena want to get such a profitable tenant? What does it say? How does he explain the reason for the refusal?
For the residents of the village, Matrena is a useless hostess who does not have the opportunity to receive a guest well in her neglected house. But the hero-narrator suddenly feels that this life is inwardly close to him - and remains to live with Matryona.
How did the old peasant woman, a simple worker, attract the attention of the narrator? Let's get to know her better.
- To do this, remember how to create the image of the hero of the work (table) slide no.
- tables are handed out
5. Work in mini-groups, each - a card with a task
( cards included)
Please note that acquaintance with the heroine begins with her house, her hut (slide number 7) Solzhenitsyn continues the traditions of Russian literature: the world of the Turbins in the play " white guard was described by Bulgakov through their house; with a description of the Melekhovs' house begins " Quiet Don» Sholokhov. (You have yet to get acquainted with these works. So you are happy, because you can feel the joy of reading a new interesting work)
What is a hut (slide number 8), in which Ignatich settled?
Card: 1 gr. The interior as a way to create character.
- What important details in her description does the author draw our attention to? - Who inhabits Matryona's hut?
- What portrait details does the writer focus on?
Card: 2 gr. Portrait as a way to create character.
- Is there a detailed portrait of the heroine in the story? What portrait details does the writer focus on? (fill in the second column of the notebook)
“Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience,” the author states bluntly.
What is the peculiarity of the heroine's speech?
Card: 3 gr. Speech as a way to create character.
- Give examples of the use of colloquial, dialect vocabulary.
How is a typical day for Matrona? What is the meaning of her life?
Card: 4 gr. Life and life of Matryona.
- How is a typical day for Matrona? What does she do?
- What is this quality called? (the first column of the notebook is disinterested)
And now general task for all
- How do others treat Matryona?
- native,
- neighbours,
- the board of the collective farm?
- “Matryona accumulated a lot of grievances that year.” What grievances of the heroine does the author talk about? (slide number)
Matryona had to endure a lot of grief and injustice in her lifetime: broken love, the death of six children, the loss of her husband, overwork in the countryside, severe illness - a disease, a bitter resentment at the collective farm, which squeezed all the strength out of her, and then wrote it off as unnecessary, leaving without pension or support.
Was Matryona angry at this world, so cruel to her?
Matryona did not get angry, she retained a good mood, a sense of joy and pity for others, her radiant smile still brightens her face (1 col. Tetr.)
This is her world, this is how she lives. But the arrival of Thaddeus destroys the established life, peace, silence. Why?
What are the reasons for the death of Matryona?
So Matryona was gone. “A dear person was killed,” the narrator does not hide his grief.
How do they feel about her death in the village? You can read from the text
And it turned out that Matryona was leaving life, so understood by no one, no one humanly mourned. The author admits that he, who became related to Matryona, did not fully understand her. And only death revealed to him the majestic and tragic image of Matryona.
8. Analysis of the ending of the story
How do you understand these words? What is the meaning of the word "righteous"? (slide number 9)
By the way, the original title of the story, given by Solzhenitsyn himself, sounded like this: “A village does not stand without a righteous man” (slide number 10) It was later, for censorship reasons, that it was renamed (Tvardovsky renamed it to let it go to print)
9. Summary of the lesson
Can we call Matryona Vasilievna an angel, a righteous man? (What entry did you get in the table in the first column?) And why do we say "born"?
Now answer the question: “How well is the epigraph chosen for our lesson today?” Does it reflect the character of the heroine?
- Do you think such righteous people are needed in our life?
But you will answer this question at home, once again remembering the lessons of kindness, conscience, humanity that AI Solzhenitsyn taught us. Form of work - essay
- Evaluation
- Reflection
1 gr. The interior as a way to create character.
- What is the hut in which Ignatich settled?
- What important details in the description of the hut does the author draw our attention to?
- Who inhabits Matryona's hut?
2 gr. Portrait as a way to create character.
- Is there a detailed portrait of the heroine in the story? What portrait details does the writer focus on?
______________________________________________
3 gr. Speech as a way to create character.
- Follow the heroine's speech. What is special about her speech? (Pay attention to tone, timbre of speech.)
- How is the character of Matryona revealed in her speech?
______________________________________________
4 gr. Life and life of Matryona.
- How is a typical day at Matryona? What does she do?
- How do you feel about work? Is there a way for her to regain her good humor?
- What is the meaning of her life? Is she ready to help others? Does he ask for something in return?
______________________________________________
The attitude of others towards the heroine
- How others relate to Matryona:
- native,
- neighbours,
- the board of the collective farm?
- "Matryona accumulated a lot of insults that year." What grievances of the heroine does the author talk about?
_____________________________________________
TOPIC OF THE LESSON: "RIGHTEOUS EARTH RUSSIAN"
(according to the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin Dvor”).
Lesson type : study lesson
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
help students think about such moral concepts as kindness, sensitivity, conscience, humanity.
find out what qualities allowed the author to call the heroine "the righteous of the Russian land."
MATERIALS FOR THE LESSON:
A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”;
musical accompaniment;
memo to create literary image hero;
printed table "Methods of creating the image of a hero."
DURING THE CLASSES.
Epigraph:
To end,
To the silent cross
Let the soul
Stay clean!
N. Rubtsov
1. Reflection. Creating a problem situation in the classroom.
The teacher's word to a slow composition. (Music of the sea and seagulls)
One day, the inhabitants of Athens, gathered in the square, saw Demosthenes, who on a hot sunny day walked around the city with a lantern in his hands.
- Why do you need a lantern, because it's so light? And what are you looking for? they asked him.
“I am looking for a man,” Demosthenes replied.
The Athenians were surprised and asked him the same question a second time.
"A man," Demosthenes answered again.
- Human? This is who: me, him, or maybe that one over there .., - the inhabitants of Athens laughed.
I am looking for a person...
So who do you think Demosthenes was looking for with a lantern in his hands?
What qualities should a person have in order to have a name for him?
Human with a capital letter? How should he live? We will try to find answers to these and other questions from Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, because a real writer thinks about life, understands life and people more deeply.
2. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson
Working with an epigraph (write on the board).
To end,
To the silent cross
Let the soul
Stay clean!
N. Rubtsov.
What is an epigraph? What is it for? ( Epigraph (from επιγραφή - "inscription") - placed at the head of an essay or part of it in order to indicate its spirit, its meaning, the attitude of the author towards it, etc.
- What is its meaning and how well it is chosen, we will talk at the end of the lesson, when we will sum up.
3. Checking d / z. Content survey.
Over the years, in various publishing houses, the story “ Matrenin yard». The biography of a Russian woman was published only in 1963, when the story was published in the magazine " New world". Its original name "There is no village without a righteous man", on the advice of A.T. Tvardovsky, in order to avoid censorship obstacles, was changed. For the same reasons, the year of action in the story 1956 is replaced by the author with 1953, the events in the story are transferred to the time of the pre-Khrushchev thaw.
The story is completely autobiographical and authentic. The life of Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova and her death are reproduced as they were.
And what are the most memorable episodes of the story would you illustrate?
4. Work with the text of the work.
So, you have read the work, let's turn to its beginning.
The narrator, returning from imprisonment, decides to settle (“get lost,” as he himself says) “in the most interior, condo Russia”
vocabulary work – interior – internal; kondovy - primordial, retaining old customs, foundations . And fate brings him to Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva.
( On the desks we have table blanks: in the first you will write down the methods and techniques for creating her image, in the second - the character traits of Matryona. You will make entries in the table throughout the lesson).
- Remember under what circumstances is the first acquaintance of the author and readers with Matryona?
- Why is she not among the "applicants" who could take in a guest?Does Matryona want to get such a good tenant? What does it say? How does he explain the reason for the refusal?
For the inhabitants of the village, Matrena is a useless hostess, not having the opportunity to receive a guest well in her neglected house. But the hero-narrator suddenly feels that this life is inwardly close to him - and remains to live with Matryona.
How did the old peasant woman, a simple worker, attract the attention of the narrator? Let's get to know her better.
To do this, remember how to create the image of the hero of the work
Image analysis plan literary hero
1. The place of the hero in the system of images. His relationship with the characters and events of the work.
2. The origin of the hero. His social affiliation, upbringing, education, the formation of a worldview. Family and friendship ties.
3. The role of the past hero for understanding his character.
4. Author's techniques for creating an image:
1) the meaning of the name and surname of the hero;
2) the semantic role of his first appearance in the work;
3) portrait; whose eyes it is given;
4) landscapes associated with the hero, his state of mind;
5) interior; things that characterize the hero;
6) the speech of the hero; features of internal monologues;
7) the actions of the hero, revealing his character, and their place in the plot; the hero's dreams and their artistic function;
artistic details, characteristic of the image of the hero;
9) the hero in the evaluation of other characters; changes in his self-esteem.
5. Work in mini-groups, each - a card with a task
Sample table
Please note that acquaintance with the heroine begins with her house, her hut. Solzhenitsyn continues the traditions of Russian literature: the world " dead souls"in the poem" Dead Souls» was described by Gogol through their houses; Sholokhov's "Quiet Flows the Don" begins with a description of the Melekhovs' house.(village music)
- What is a hut , in which Ignatich settled?
Card: 1 gr. The interior as a way to create character.
- What is the hut in which Ignatich settled?
- What important details in her description does the author draw our attention to? - Who inhabits Matryona's hut?
What portrait details does the writer focus on?
Card: 2 gr. Portrait as a way to create character.
- Is there a detailed portrait of the heroine in the story? What portrait details does the writer focus on?
- What means of expression does the author use when drawing the image of the heroine? (fill in the first column of the table)
“Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience,” the author states bluntly.
- What is the peculiarity of the heroine's speech?
Card: 3 gr. Speech as a way to create character.
- Follow the heroine's speech. What is the peculiarity of her speech of the heroine? (Pay attention to tone, timbre of speech.)
- Give examples of the use of colloquial, dialect vocabulary.
- How is the character of Matryona revealed in her speech?
Deep folk character Matryona is manifested in her speech. Expressiveness, a bright individuality gives her language an abundance of colloquial, dialectal vocabulary (I’ll add, to the ugly, summer, lightning :) The manner of her speech is also deeply popular, the way she pronounces her “friendly words”. “They started with some kind of low warm purr, like grandmothers in fairy tales.”
- What is the attitude of the heroine to the Orthodox faith? (1column of the table)
4 gr. attitude towards the Orthodox faith.
- Find the pages of the story that describe Matryona's attitude towards the Orthodox faith.
- According to what Christian commandments does the heroine live?
(Matryona has infinite humility, which does not require any effort of will from her. She does not indulge in the sin of pride, knows how to be grateful for every moment she lives. Matryona can be content with little - what she has: feelings of envy, anger, resentment, money-grubbing are not characteristic of her. The righteousness of Matryona is based on her indifference to material values.)
- How is a typical day at Matryona? What is the meaning of her life?
Card: 5 gr. Life and life of Matryona.
- How is a typical day at Matryona? What does she do?
- How do you feel about work? Is there a way for her to regain her good humor?
- What is the meaning of her life? Is she ready to help others? Does he ask for something in return?
(Work gives her real pleasure, returns a good mood. Free work on the collective farm, disinterested help to the one who asks - she is always trouble-free. Those around willingly use her kindness, they never ask, but simply state the fact: “It will be necessary to help the collective farm”; “Tomorrow Matryona come and help me." The villagers themselves not only do not help Matryona, but unanimously condemn her precisely for helping people for free).
- What is this quality called? (the second column of the notebook is disinterested)
How do people around her feel about her?
Card: 6 gr. The attitude of others towards the heroine.
- How others relate to Matryona:
- native,
- neighbours,
- the board of the collective farm?
- "Matryona accumulated a lot of insults that year." What grievances of the heroine does the author talk about?
Matryona had to endure a lot of grief and injustice in her lifetime: broken love, the death of six children, the loss of her husband, overwork in the countryside, severe illness - a disease, a bitter resentment at the collective farm, which squeezed all the strength out of her, and then wrote it off as unnecessary, leaving without pension or support.
Was Matryona angry at this world, so cruel to her?
Matryona did not get angry, she retained a good mood, a sense of joy and pity for others,still a radiant smile brightens her face (1 coll. tab.)
This is her world, this is how she lives. But the arrival of Thaddeus destroys the established life, peace, silence. Why?
6. It is on this evening that Matryona fully reveals herself to Ignatich. (blizzard and winter music) (p. 271)
Episode dramatization .
Color painting often plays an important role in revealing the idea of a work.
Think about what color, in your opinion, can correspond to each episode from the life of Matryona? Why?
Through what details does the author convey internal state heroines? What is this technique called in the literature? (psychologism) - the first column of the table
7. Work with the textbook. . However, during the life of Matryona, Ignatich failed to fully understand her, sometimes did not notice her presence or was exaggeratedly demanding of her. And only the death of the mistress forced the narrator to comprehend her spiritual essence, which is why the motive of repentance sounds so strong in the finale of the story.
Matryona does not feel sorry for the upper room, “it was terrible for her to break that roof under which she had lived for forty years,” the author writes. She clearly understands: "... it was the end of her whole life."(Words from the text read p. 270)
- What are the reasons for the death of Matryona?
So Matryona was gone. “A loved one was killed,” (p. 276) - the narrator does not hide his grief.
How do they feel about her death in the village?
And it turned out that Matryona was leaving life, so understood by no one, no one humanly mourned. The author admits that he, who became related to Matryona, did not fully understand her. And only death revealed to him the majestic and tragic image of Matryona.
And the story is a kind of author's repentance, bitter remorse for the moral blindness of everyone around him, including himself.
8. Analysis of the ending of the story. I read the end of the story myself. (pp. 282-283)
How do you understand these words? What is the meaning of the word "righteous"?
By the way, the original title of the story, given by Solzhenitsyn himself, sounded like this: “A village does not stand without a righteous» It was later, for censorship reasons, that it was renamed.
Matryona (lat.) - mother. The heroine carries a saving beginning.
To survive what Matryona went through and remain a disinterested, open, delicate, sympathetic, sensitive person, not to get angry at fate and people, to keep a “radiant smile” until old age - what mental strength is needed for this!
- What allows the writer to call Matryona a righteous man, despite the fact that her behavior and lifestyle are by no means ideal?
Can we call our heroine righteous? (What record did you get in the table?)
Teacher's word. Let's hear how Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy M. Dunaev answers this question. “What is the righteousness of Matryona? In non-possessiveness. Maybe she lived simply to her liking, showing her natural Christian essence?
Matryona is righteous. She is not a hoarder, not a hoarder.
Let's open the New Testament. “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal. ... For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also” (Matthew 6:19-21).
“Morality is one in all ages and for all people” (D.S. Likhachev).
There are unshakable rocks
Over the boring mistakes of centuries.
O. Mandelstam
Solzhenitsyn's main lesson lies in the conclusion he leads the reader to:
- Of course, all of you want a different fate. Dreams may or may not come true, happiness may not come true, success may or may not come, but a person must go his own way, no matter how successful or unsuccessful, retaining both courage and conscience, and humanity, and nobility, do not kill the high that is inherent in it by nature itself.
Now answer the question: “How well is the epigraph chosen for our lesson today?” Does it reflect the character of the heroine?
Do you think such righteous people are needed in our life?
But you will answer this question at home, once again remembering the lessons of kindness, conscience, humanity that AI Solzhenitsyn taught us.
House. Exercise.
9. House. you received the task; responsible in groups evaluate the work of their team, put in the diary an assessment for your work in the lesson.
10. The result of the lesson. (village music)
Relaxation.
Nomination: pedagogical ideas and technologies.
Topic: Lesson on the story "Matryonin Dvor"
And how do people around her treat her?
Card: 6 gr. The attitude of others towards the heroine.
How others relate to Matryona:
Collective farm board?
- "Matryona accumulated a lot of insults that year." What grievances of the heroine does the author talk about?
Matryona had to endure a lot of grief and injustice in her lifetime: broken love, the death of six children, the loss of her husband, overwork in the countryside, severe illness - a disease, a bitter resentment at the collective farm, which squeezed all the strength out of her, and then wrote it off as unnecessary, leaving without pension or support.
Was Matryona angry at this world, so cruel to her?
Matryona did not get angry, she retained a good mood, a sense of joy and pity for others, her radiant smile still brightens her face (1 col. Tetr.)
This is her world, this is how she lives. But the arrival of Thaddeus destroys the established life, peace, silence. Why?
6. It is on this evening that Matryona fully reveals herself to Ignatich.
Episode staging.
Color painting often plays an important role in revealing the idea of a work.
Think about what color, in your opinion, can correspond to each episode from the life of Matryona? Why?
7. Work with the textbook.
And one more technique, which we meet for the first time, is used by the author in describing the heroine. Open page 323 of the textbook, after reading from the words "Paying attention ...", draw a conclusion: what underlies this literary device? (often NOT, what is she like? Does the author deny? No, she claims.)
"Affirmation through negation" is called this technique (notebook)
Matryona does not feel sorry for the upper room, “it was terrible for her to break that roof under which she had lived for forty years,” the author writes. She clearly understands: "... it was the end of her whole life."
What are the reasons for the death of Matryona?
So Matryona was gone. “A dear person was killed,” the narrator does not hide his grief.
How do they feel about her death in the village?
And it turned out that Matryona was leaving life, so understood by no one, no one humanly mourned. The author admits that he, who became related to Matryona, did not fully understand her. And only death revealed to him the majestic and tragic image of Matryona.
8. Analysis of the ending of the story. An audio recording of the finale of the story read by the author himself sounds.
How do you understand these words? What is the meaning of the word "righteous"? (slide number 9)
By the way, the original title of the story, given by Solzhenitsyn himself, sounded like this: “A village does not stand without a righteous man” (slide No. 10) It was later, for censorship reasons, that it was renamed.
Can we call our heroine righteous? (What entry did you get in your notebook in the first column?)
Now answer the question: “How well is the epigraph chosen for our lesson today?” Does it reflect the character of the heroine?
Do you think such righteous people are needed in our life?
But you will answer this question at home, once again remembering the lessons of kindness, conscience, humanity that he taught us.
House. ass (slide number 11)
9. House. you received the task; after counting the tokens, put in the diary an assessment for your work in the lesson.
10. The result of the lesson.
Reflection. Listen to the composition of B. Okudzhava "Prayer")
Lesson topic: Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn.
Analysis of the story "Matrenin Dvor".
The purpose of the lesson: try to understand how the writer sees the phenomenon " common man", understand philosophical sense story.
During the classes:
- Teacher's word.
History of creation.
The story "Matryona Dvor" was written in 1959, published in 1964. "Matryona Dvor" is an autobiographical and reliable work. The original name is “A village does not stand without a righteous man”. Published in Novy Mir, 1963, No. 1.
This is a story about the situation in which he found himself, returning "from the dusty hot desert", that is, from the camp. He wanted to "get lost in Russia", to find a "quiet corner of Russia". The former prisoner could only be hired for hard work, he also wanted to teach. After rehabilitation in 1957, S. worked for some time as a physics teacher in the Vladimir region, lived in the village of Miltsevo with a peasant woman, Matrena Vasilievna Zakharova.
2. Conversation on the story.
1) The name of the heroine.
- Which of the Russian writers of the 19th century had the main character of the same name? With which female images in Russian literature, could you match the heroine of the story?
(Answer: the name of Solzhenitsyn's heroine evokes the image Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, as well as the images of other Nekrasov women - workers: just like them, the heroine of the story "is dexterous for any work, she had to stop her galloping horse and enter a burning hut." There is nothing in her appearance from a majestic Slav, you can’t call her a beauty. She is modest and inconspicuous.)
2) Portrait.
- Is there an extended portrait of the heroine in the story? What portrait details does the writer focus on?
(Answer: Solzhenitsyn does not give a detailed portrait of Matryona. From chapter to chapter, only one detail is repeated most often - a smile: “a radiant smile”, “the smile of her roundish face”, “smiled at something”, “apologetic half-smile.” It is important for the author to portray not so much external beauty a simple Russian peasant woman, how much inner light streaming from her eyes, and the more clearly to emphasize her idea, expressed directly: "Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience." Therefore, after the terrible death of the heroine, her face remained intact, calm, more alive than dead.)
3) The speech of the heroine.
Write down the most characteristic statements of the heroine. What are the features of her speech?
(Answer: The deeply folk character of Matryona is manifested primarily in her speech. Expressiveness, a bright individuality betray her language with an abundance of colloquial, dialect vocabulary and archaism (2 - I’ll hurry up the days, to the ugly one, love, fly around, help, inconvenience). That's what everyone in the village used to say. Just as deeply popular are Matryona's manner of speech, the way she pronounces her "friendly words." “They started with some kind of low, warm purring, like grandmothers in fairy tales.”
4) Life of Matryona.
- What artistic details create a picture of Matryona's life? How are household items connected with the spiritual world of the heroine?
(Answer: Outwardly, Matryona’s life is striking in its disorder (“she lives in the wilderness”) All her wealth is ficus, a shaggy cat, a goat, mouse cockroaches, a coat altered from a railway overcoat. All this testifies to the poverty of Matryona, who has worked all her life, but only with great difficulty procured a tiny pension for herself. But something else is also important: these mean everyday details reveal her special world. It is no coincidence that the ficus says: "They filled the loneliness of the hostess. They grew freely ... "- and the rustling of cockroaches is compared with the distant sound of the ocean. It seems that nature itself lives in Matryona's house, all living things are drawn to her).
5) The fate of Matryona.
Restore the life story of Matryona? How does Matryona perceive her fate? What role does work play in her life?
(Answer: The events of the story are limited by a clear time frame: summer-winter 1956. Restoring the fate of the heroine, her life dramas, personal troubles, one way or another, are connected with the turns of history: With the First World War, in which Thaddeus was captured, with the Great Patriotic, with which her husband did not return, with the collective farm, which survived from her all the strength and left her without a livelihood.Her fate is a particle of the fate of the whole people.
And today, the inhuman system does not let Matryona go: she was left without a pension, and she is forced to spend whole days on obtaining various certificates; they don’t sell her peat, forcing her to steal, and even on a denunciation they go with a search; the new chairman cut gardens for all disabled people; it is impossible to get cows, since they are not allowed to mow anywhere; They don't even sell train tickets. Matryona does not feel justice, but she does not hold a grudge against fate and people. "She had a sure way to bring back a good mood - work." Not receiving anything for her work, at the first call she goes to help her neighbors, the collective farm. People around her willingly take advantage of her kindness. The villagers and relatives themselves not only do not help Matryona, but also try not to appear in her house at all, fearing that she will ask for help. To each and every one, Matrena remains absolutely alone in her village.
6) The image of Matryona among relatives.
What colors are painted in the story by Faddey Mironovich and Matryona's relatives? How does Thaddeus behave when he takes apart the upper room? What is the conflict in the story?
(Answer: The main character is opposed in the story by her late husband’s brother, Thaddeus. Drawing his portrait, Solzhenitsyn repeats the epithet “black” seven times. A man whose life was broken in his own way by inhuman circumstances, Thaddeus, unlike Matryona, harbored a grudge against fate , taking it out on his wife and son. The almost blind old man, revives when he presses on Matryona about the upper room, and then when he breaks down the hut of his former bride. Self-interest, the thirst to seize a plot for his daughter make him destroy the house that he once "He built it himself. Thaddeus' inhumanity is especially evident on the eve of Matryona's funeral. Thaddeus did not come to Matryona's funeral at all. But the most important thing is that Thaddeus was in the village, that Thaddeus was not alone in the village. At the commemoration, no one talks about Matryona herself.
The eventual conflict in the story is almost absent, because the very nature of Matryona excludes conflict relations with people. For her, good is the inability to do evil, love and compassion. In this substitution of concepts, Solzhenitsyn sees the essence of the spiritual crisis that struck Russia.
7) The tragedy of Matryona.
What signs portend the death of the heroine?
(Answer: From the very first lines, the author prepares us for the tragic denouement of the fate of Matryona. Her death is foreshadowed by the loss of a pot of consecrated water and the disappearance of a cat. For relatives and neighbors, the death of Matryona is just an excuse to gossip about her until the opportunity to profit from her not cunning good, for the narrator is the death of a loved one and the destruction of the whole world, the world of that people's truth, without which the Russian land does not stand)
8) The image of the narrator.
What is common in the fate of the narrator and Matryona?
(Answer: The narrator is a man of a difficult family, behind whom there is a war and a camp. Therefore, he is lost in a quiet corner of Russia. And only in Matryona's hut did the hero feel something akin to his heart. And the lonely Matryona felt trust in her guest. Only she tells him about his bitter past, only he will reveal to her that he spent a lot in prison. The heroes have in common both the drama of their fate and many life principles. Their relationship is especially evident in speech. And only the death of the mistress forced the narrator to comprehend her spiritual essence, which is why it sounds so strong in the final story motive of repentance.
9) What is the theme of the story?
(Answer: main topic story - "how people are alive."
Why is the fate of the old peasant woman, told in a few pages, of such interest to us?
(Answer: This woman is unread, illiterate, a simple worker. To survive what Matryona Vasilievna had to endure, and remain a disinterested, open, delicate, sympathetic person, not be angry at fate and people, keep her “radiant smile” until old age - what mental strength is needed for this!
10) -What is the symbolic meaning of the story "Matryona Dvor"?
(Answer: Many symbols of S. are associated with Christian symbols: the images are symbols of the way of the cross, the righteous, the martyr. The first name “Matryona Yard” indicates this directly. And the name itself is of a generalizing nature. finds the narrator after many years of camps and homelessness. The fate of the house is, as it were, repeated, the fate of its mistress is predicted. Forty years have passed here. In this house she survived two wars - German and Patriotic, the death of six children who died in infancy, the loss of her husband, who went missing in the war. The house falls into disrepair - the mistress grows old. The house is dismantled like a man - "by the ribs". Matryona dies along with the chambermaid. With part of her house. The hostess dies - the house is completely destroyed. Matrona's hut was filled up until spring, like a coffin - buried.
Conclusion:
Righteous Matryona - moral ideal the writer on whom, in his opinion, the life of society should be based.
The folk wisdom that the writer put into the original title of the story accurately conveys this author's thought. Matryonin's yard is a kind of island in the middle of an ocean of lies, which keeps the treasure of the national spirit. The death of Matryona, the destruction of her yard and hut is a formidable warning of a catastrophe that can happen to a society that has lost moral guidelines. However, despite all the tragedy of the work, the story is imbued with the author's faith in the resilience of Russia. Solzhenitsyn sees the source of this resilience not in the political system, not in state power, not in the power of arms, but in the simple hearts of the unnoticed, humiliated, most often lonely righteous people who oppose the world of lies.)
"In the summer of 1953, he returned from the dusty hot desert at random - just to Russia." These lines open Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor", an amazing fusion of document and high artistic prose. True, the manuscript indicated 1956, but, on the advice of Tvardovsky, Solzhenitsyn changed the date for reasons of censorship, moved the action during the Khrushchev thaw. The story is largely autobiographical. After being released from the camp, Solzhenitsyn came to central Russia to work as a teacher, where he met the future heroine of the story. V. Astafiev called the story "the pinnacle of Russian short stories", he believed that all modern " village prose"left Matryonin Dvor".
The story is based on a case that reveals the character of the protagonist. Through the tragic event - the death of Matryona - the author comes to a deep understanding of her personality. It was only after her death that “the image of Matryona floated before me, which I did not understand her, even living side by side with her.” The writer does not give detailed, specific portrait description heroines. Only one portrait detail is constantly emphasized - Matryona's "radiant", "kind", "apologising" smile. Already in the very tonality of the phrase, the selection of “colors”, one can feel the author’s attitude towards Matryona: “From the red frosty sun, the frozen window of the canopy, now shortened, filled with a little pink, and Matryona’s face warmed this reflection.” And then - a direct author's description: "Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience." Matryona's speech is smooth, melodious, beginning with "some kind of low warm murmur, like that of a grandmother in fairy tales."
Whole the world Matryona in her darkish hut with a large Russian stove is a continuation of herself, a part of her life. Everything here is organic and natural: the cockroaches rustling behind the partition, the rustle of which resembled the “distant sound of the ocean”, and the shaggy cat, picked up by Matryona out of pity, and the mice that rushed behind the wallpaper on the tragic night of Matryona’s death, as if Matryona herself “invisibly rushed about and said goodbye here to her hut. An image is revealed through artistic details main character. These are, for example, Matryona's favorite ficuses, which “filled the loneliness of the hostess with a silent but living crowd”, ficuses, which Matryona once saved from a fire, not thinking about the meager acquired goodness. Frightened by the crowd, the ficuses froze that terrible night, and then they were forever taken out of the hut.
Matryona had to sip a lot of grief and injustice in her lifetime: broken love, the death of six children, the loss of her husband in the war, hellish, not every peasant's feasible work in the countryside, severe sickness-illness, bitter resentment at the collective farm, which squeezed all the strength out of her, and then wrote it off as unnecessary, leaving him without a pension and support. In the fate of one Matryona, the tragedy of a rural Russian woman is concentrated. But Matryona did not get angry at this world, she retained a good mood, a feeling of pity for others, her radiant smile still brightens her face. "She had a sure way to get her good spirits back - work." For a quarter of a century on the collective farm, she pretty much broke her back: she dug, planted, dragged huge bags and logs, she was one of those who, according to Nekrasov, "stop a galloping horse." And all this “not for money - for sticks. For sticks of workdays in a filthy record book. Nevertheless, she was not entitled to a pension, because, as Solzhenitsyn writes with bitter irony, she did not work in a factory - on a collective farm. And in her old age, Matryona did not know rest: either she grabbed a shovel, or she went with bags to the swamp to mow grass for her dirty-white goat, or she went with other women to steal peat for winter kindling secretly from the collective farm.
“Matryona was angry with someone invisible,” but she did not hold a grudge against the collective farm. Moreover, according to the very first decree, she went to help the collective farm, without receiving, as before, anything for her work. Yes, and she did not refuse to help any distant relative or neighbor, without a shadow of envy, ”later telling the guest about the neighbor’s rich potato harvest. Work was never a burden to her, "Matryona never spared her labor or her goodness." And shamelessly everyone around Matryona used unselfishness. Sisters, sister-in-law, adopted daughter Kira, the only friend in the village, Thaddeus - these are the ones who were closest to Matryona, who should have understood and appreciated this person. And what? She lived in poverty, wretchedly, lonely - a "lost old woman", exhausted by work and illness. Relatives almost did not appear in her house, apparently fearing that Matryona would ask them for help. Everyone condemned Matryona in unison, that she was funny and stupid, working for others for free, always climbing into men's affairs (after all, she got under the train because she wanted to help the peasants, drag the sled with them through the crossing). True, after the death of Matryona, the sisters immediately flocked, “seized the hut, the goat and the stove, locked her chest with a lock, gutted two hundred funeral rubles from the lining of her coat.” Yes, and a half-century friend is the only one who sincerely loved Matryona in this village, nevertheless, when leaving, she did not forget to take Matryona's knitted blouse with her so that the sisters would not get it. The sister-in-law, who recognized Matrona's simplicity and cordiality, spoke of this "with contemptuous regret." Everyone mercilessly used Matryona's kindness and innocence - and unanimously condemned her for this.
Matryona was lonely inside a large society and, worst of all, inside a small one - her village, relatives, friends. It means that the society that suppresses the best is wrong.
Fate threw the hero-narrator to the station with a strange name for Russian places - Peat-product. Already in the name itself - a wild violation, a distortion of the original Russian traditions. From individual details, a holistic image of the Russian village is formed. Gradually, the interests of a living, concrete person were replaced by state interests. They no longer baked bread, did not sell anything edible - the table became scarce and poor. Collective farmers “down to the whitest flies, all to the collective farm, all to the collective farm,” and they had to collect hay for their cows already from under the snow. The new chairman began by trimming the vegetable gardens of all the disabled, and huge tracts of land were empty behind the fences. Long years Matryona lived without a ruble, and when they advised her to seek a pension, she was no longer happy: they drove her with papers to the offices for several months - “either after a dot, then after a comma.” More experienced neighbors in life summed up her pension ordeals: “The state is a momentary one. Today, you see, it gave, and tomorrow it will take away.
There has been a distortion, a displacement of the most important thing in life - moral foundations and concepts. Greed, envy of each other and bitterness drive people. When they dismantled Matryona’s room, “everyone worked like crazy, in the bitterness that people have when they smell of big money or are waiting for a big treat. They shouted at each other, argued.
The picture leaves a painful impression: “Leaves flew around, snow fell - and then melted. Plowed again, sowed again, reaped again. And again the leaves flew around, and again the snow fell ... "" And the years went by, as the water floated ... ", so Matryona was gone," a dear person was killed. All relatives and friends gathered for the last time in Matryona's house. And it turned out that Matryona was leaving life, so understood by no one, no one humanly mourned. Even from the folk rites of farewell to a person, a real feeling, a human principle, have left, they unpleasantly amaze with their “coldly thought out” orderliness. At the memorial dinner, they drank a lot, they said loudly, “It’s not about Matryona at all.” As usual, they sang "Eternal Memory", but "the voices were hoarse, different, drunken faces, and no one put feelings into this eternal memory."
The most terrible figure in the story is Thaddeus, an "insatiable old man" who has lost elementary human pity and is overwhelmed by a thirst for profit. Thaddeus in his youth was completely different - it is no coincidence that Matryona loved him. And in the fact that by old age he has changed beyond recognition, there is a certain share of guilt and Matryona herself. And she felt it, she forgave him a lot. After all, she did not wait for Thaddeus from the front, buried her in her thoughts ahead of time - and Thaddeus became angry with the whole world, driving all his resentment and anger at his wife, the second Matryona he found. At the funeral of Matryona, he was gloomy with one heavy thought - to save the upper room from the fire and from the Matryona sisters. “Having gone through the Zhalnovskayas,” the author writes, “I realized that Thaddeus was not alone in the village.” But Matryona - such - was completely alone.
The death of Matryona is inevitable and logical, this is a kind of milestone, a break in moral ties, the beginning of decay, the death of the moral foundations that Matryona strengthened with her life. The original (author's) title of the story - "There is no village without a righteous man" - carried the main ideological load. Tvardovsky suggested a neutral name - "Matrenin Dvor".
“Matryona Dvor” is a symbol of a special structure of life, a special world. Matryona, the only one in the village, lives in her own world: she arranges her life with work, honesty, kindness and patience, preserving her soul and inner freedom. In the popular way, wise, reasonable, able to appreciate goodness and beauty, smiling and sociable, Matryona managed to resist evil and violence, retaining her “yard”. Matryona dies and this world collapses. And there is no one to protect Matryona's yard, no one even thinks that with the departure of Matryona, something very valuable and important, not amenable to division and primitive everyday assessment, passes away.
The ending of the story is bitter: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she is the same righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land."
The righteous Matryona is the moral ideal of the writer. According to Solzhenitsyn, "the meaning of earthly existence is not in prosperity, but in the development of the soul." Solzhenitsyn continues one of the main traditions of Russian literature, according to which the writer sees his mission in preaching the truth, spirituality, in the need to pose "eternal" questions and seek answers to them.
