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Jazz is a form of musical art that arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States as a result of a synthesis of African and European cultures and subsequently became widespread. characteristic features The musical language of jazz was originally improvisation, polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. Further development of jazz occurred due to the development of new rhythmic and harmonic models by jazz musicians and composers.
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The history of the development of jazz. Jazz originated as a combination of several musical cultures And national traditions. It originally came from African lands. Any African music is characterized by a very complex rhythm, music is always accompanied by dances, which are fast stomping and clapping. On this basis, at the end of the 19th century, another musical genre ragtime. Subsequently, the rhythms of ragtime, combined with elements of the blues, gave rise to a new musical direction - jazz. The cradle of jazz was the American South and especially New Orleans. A feature of the jazz style is the unique individual performance of a jazz virtuoso. The key to the eternal youth of jazz is improvisation.
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Main currents. New Orleans Jazz The terms New Orleans and Traditional Jazz usually refer to the style of musicians who played jazz in New Orleans between 1900 and 1917, as well as New Orleans musicians who played in Chicago and recorded records from about 1917 through the 1920s. years. This period of jazz history is also known as the Jazz Age. And the term is also used to describe the music played in different historical periods by New Orleans revivalists who sought to play jazz in the same style as New Orleans school musicians. Jelly Roll Morton
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Swing. Swing (swing) - the direction of jazz music, the most widely represented in the performing practice of large orchestras. The term "swing" in jazz has several meanings. For example, if they say that there is no swing in the performance of a performer, then this usually means that the performance of a musician is devoid of intense beat ripple - a wave-like movement that is created in the contrast of beat and off-beat, giving the impression of a buildup, or swing. In dance music terminology, this word sometimes denotes a tempo related to the dance genre of the same name. As for professional jazzmen, for many of them such genre division of their music seems meaningless and even harmful. Louis Armstrong
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Bop. Bebop, bebop, bop (eng. bebop) - a jazz style that developed in the early - mid-40s of the XX century and is characterized by a fast pace and complex improvisations based on playing out harmony, not melody. Bebop revolutionized jazz, boppers created new ideas about what music is. The bebop stage was a significant shift in focus in jazz from melody-based dance music to less popular, more rhythm-based "musician music". Bop musicians preferred complex improvisations based on playing chord progressions instead of varying the melody. Bop was fast, sharp, he was "hard on the listener". Max Roach Dizzy Gillespie Thelonious Spheer Monk
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Big bands. The classic, established form of big bands has been known in jazz since the early 1920s. This form retained its relevance until the late 1940s. The musicians who entered most big bands, as a rule, almost in their teens, played quite certain parts, either learned in rehearsals or from notes. Careful orchestrations, along with massive brass and woodwind sections, produced rich jazz harmonies and produced the sensationally loud sound that became known as "the big band sound". Benny Goodman Count Basie Artie Show
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Mainstream. Many famous swing soloists, after playing ball rooms in concert, liked to play for their own pleasure at spontaneous jams in small clubs on 52nd Street in New York. Not accepting the innovative techniques of the upcoming bebop, these musicians adhered to the traditional swing manner, while demonstrating inexhaustible imagination when performing improvisational parts. The main stars of swing constantly performed and recorded in small compositions, called "combos", within which there was much more room for improvisation. The style of this style of club jazz of the late 1930s received the name mainstream with the rise of bebop. Duke Ellington
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Stride. Stride, full name English. Harlem Stride (Piano), literally "Harlem Walking" - a jazz piano style that developed mainly from ragtime, in which elements of classical piano music - arpeggios, scales, etc. were added. The stride style originated in Harlem and Manhattan during the First World War. Its origin is due to the fact that pianists had to perform music every night, which required diversifying monotonous ragtimes and turning them into more virtuoso works. Louis Armstrong Benny Goodman
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Cool jazz Cool jazz (also "cool jazz" - literal translation of English cool jazz) - style contemporary jazz, which arose in the late 1940s on the West Coast of the United States, became widespread mainly among white boper musicians and reached its peak in the 1960s. Miles Davis Chet Baker Bill Evans
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Progressive jazz Progressive jazz, or simply progressive. The main difference of this genre is the desire to move away from the frozen cliche of big bands and outdated, worn out techniques of the so-called. symphonic jazz introduced in the 1920s by Paul Whiteman. Unlike the boppers, the creators of progressive did not seek to radically abandon the jazz traditions that had developed at that time. Rather, they sought to update and improve swing phrase-models, introducing into the practice of composition the latest achievements of European symphonism in the field of tonality and harmony. Miles Davis
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Hard bop Hard bop is a jazz style that developed from bebop and cool jazz, incorporating elements of soul, church music (gospel) and blues. The followers of bebop and hard bop added a little more style to it in the form of modal jazz, in which the harmony of the structure of individual parts became even freer, but this usually manifested itself only when playing the chord on the piano (including low tones). Thanks to this jazz period, instrumentalists were able to improvise with different modes of the scale. John Coltrane Art Blakey Charles Mingus
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Soul jazz Soul jazz (English - soul) - soul music in a broad sense is sometimes called all Negro music associated with the blues tradition. It is characterized by reliance on the traditions of the blues and African American folklore. The tempos were applied from slow to fast, but overall, the music had an inconsistent, meandering character, it was distinguished by a sense of unhurriedness. To create a more exotic effect, performers sometimes used non-European scales (for example, Indian, Arabic, African) as a "modal" basis for their music. Jimmy Smith Ray Charles
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Groove An offshoot of soul jazz, the groove style draws melodies with bluesy notes and is characterized by exceptional rhythmic focus. Sometimes also called "funk", the groove focuses on maintaining a continuous characteristic rhythmic pattern, flavoring it with light instrumental and sometimes lyrical embellishments. The pieces performed in the groove style are full of joyful emotions, inviting the listeners to dance, both in a slow, bluesy version, and at a fast pace. Shirley Scott
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Free jazz Free jazz is a style of modern jazz music, which is characterized by a departure from the principles of tonal organization musical material, blues chord progressions, traditional swing rhythms. The main emphasis is on the freedom of improvisation (often in groups), diversity means of expression, which allows you to fully reflect the intellectual and sensual components of music. Ornette Coleman Cecil Taylor
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Creativity The appearance of the "Creative" direction is marked by the penetration of elements of experimentalism and avant-garde into jazz. The beginning of this process partially coincided with the emergence of free jazz. The elements of avant-garde jazz, understood as changes and innovations introduced into music, have always been "experimental". So the new forms of experimentalism offered by jazz in the 50s, 60s and 70s were the most radical departure from tradition, introducing new elements of rhythms, tonality and structure into practice. In fact, avant-garde music became synonymous with open forms, which were harder to characterize than even free jazz.Paul Bley Andrew Hill
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Jazz fusion Jazz fusion (also jazz-rock fusion, rock fusion or fusion; English fusion - alloy) is a musical genre that combines elements of jazz and music of other styles, usually pop, rock, folk, reggae, funk, metal, R&B, hip-hop, electronic music and world music. Fusion albums, even those made by a single artist, often include a variety of these styles. Chick Corea Joe Zawinul
Music presentation
subject: "Jazz is the art of the 20th century"
Origins of Jazz
North America
Birthplace of Jazz
Africa
South America
Jazz in the New World
The processes of mixing African musical culture and European (which also underwent serious changes in the New World) took place starting from the 18th century.
And in the XIX century led to the emergence "proto-jazz" and then jazz in the conventional sense, as a fusion of African rhythms and European harmony.
Origins of JAZZ :
Spiritual - songs of North American blacks of religious content. They were sung in chorus by plantation slaves, imitating the spiritual hymns of white settlers in America. Spiritual had a significant impact on the development of jazz art. The genre of spiritual - the spiritual chants of slaves in the United States - arose as a result of the conversion of blacks to the Christian faith. For this, hymns and psalms brought to America by white settlers and missionaries were used.
Blues - a folk song of American blacks with a sad, sad undertone. The blues were sung with the accompaniment of a banjo or "Blues" guitar.
Any African music is characterized by a very complex rhythm: music is always accompanied by dances, which are fast stomping and clapping.
On this basis, at the end of the 19th century, a musical genre was formed. ragtime (dance music of a particular type is an attempt by Negro musicians to use the cross-rhythms of African music when using dances).
Subsequently, spiritual and rhythms ragtime combined with elements blues gave rise to a new musical direction - JAZZ .
Archaic (early) jazz - the designation of the oldest traditional types of jazz that have existed since the middle of the last century in a number of southern states of the United States. Archaic jazz was represented, in particular, by the music of Negro and Creole marching bands of the 19th century.
The period of archaic jazz preceded the emergence New Orleans (classic) style .
Roots of Jazz - musical folklore brought to America by blacks.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the first slave ships with live cargo arrived in America. It was quickly sold out by the rich. American South who began to use slave labor for hard work on their plantations. Torn from their homeland, separated from loved ones, exhausted from overwork, black slaves found solace in music.
In the beginning it was real African music. The one that the slaves brought from their homeland. The brought slaves did not come from the same clan and usually did not even understand each other. The need for consolidation led to the unification of many cultures and, as a result, the creation of a single culture (including music) of African Americans.
First jazz improvisations (representatives)
American homeland, where it originated Jazz , consider the city of songs and music - New Orleans . Although it is argued that jazz arose all over America, and not only in this city, but it was here that it developed most powerfully.
In addition, all the old jazz musicians pointed to the center, which they considered New Orleans. In New Orleans, the most favorable environment for the development of this musical direction developed: there was a large Negro community and a large percentage of the population were Creoles; many musical directions and genres actively developed here, elements of which were then included in the works of famous jazzmen. Different groups developed their own musical directions, and African-Americans created a new art that has no analogues from the combination of blues melodies, ragtime and their own traditions. The first jazz records confirm the prerogative of New Orleans in the origin and development of the art of jazz.
"Dixie Country" - colloquial designation of the southern states of the USA, one of the varieties of traditional jazz. Most of the blues singers, boogie-woogie pianists, ragtime players, and jazz bands came from the South to Chicago, bringing with them music soon to be nicknamed "dixieland" (the broadest term for the musical style of the earliest New Orleans and Chicago jazz musicians who recorded records from 1917-1923).
Johnny Dods (April 12, 1892 – August 8, 1940) - American clarinetist, one of the first solo jazz performers on this instrument. High professionalism, virtuosity of the instrument and soft, partly bluesy sound distinguished his playing. Dodds' work influenced subsequent generations of jazz clarinetists.
Dominic James (April 11, 1889 – February 22, 1961) - one of the first jazz cornetists and trumpeters, leader of the Original Dixieland Jass Band. He is a composer - the author of one of the most recorded compositions, jazz classics of all time - "Tiger Rag". He was part of the first recorded jazz band, the group that recorded and released the first recordings of jazz, "Livery Stable Blues" in 1917.
Jimmy McPartland (March 15, 1907 - March 13, 1991) - American cornetist and one of the founders of Chicago jazz. McPartland has worked with Eddie Condon, Art Hodes, Gene Krupa, Benny Goodman, Jack Teagarden, Tommy Dorsey and others. He was a member of the legendary Austin High School Gang.
The musicians were looking for a revival of classic New Orleans jazz.
These attempts have been successful.
The first famous performers in America
Sydney Joseph Bechet (May 14, 1897 – May 14, 1959) - Jazz clarinetist and soprano saxophonist, one of the pioneers of jazz. An outstanding performer of the New Orleans and Chicago styles. He had a great influence on the musicians of the North of the USA and contributed to the formation of traditional jazz in Europe.
Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1900 – July 6, 1971) - American jazz trumpeter, vocalist and bandleader. He had the greatest influence on the development of jazz and did a lot to popularize it throughout the world. He was also known as a master of vocals, a wonderful improviser, able to adjust the words and meanings in his performance to the emotional coloring of the work.
Count Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) - American jazz pianist, organist, famous leader of the big band. Basie was one of the most significant figures in the history of swing. He made the blues a universal genre - in his orchestra sounded fast blues, and slow, and tragic, and grotesque.
The first famous performers in Russia
Jazz has always aroused interest among musicians and listeners around the world.
regardless of their nationality.
IN Soviet Union jazz came in the early 20s. The first jazz concerts appeared in Moscow. In 1922, the Eccentric Jazz Band was formed. V.Ya.Parnakha (1891-1951) - Russian poet, translator, musician, dancer, choreographer, founder of the Parisian literary group Chamber of Poets, founder of Russian jazz. October 1, 1922 is considered to be the birthday of jazz in the USSR.
Soon jazz orchestras appeared in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). In the spring of 1927, the debut performance of the "First Concert Jazz Band" took place in the hall of the Academic Chapel. It was organized by a graduate of the conducting and choral faculty of the Leningrad Conservatory Leopold Yakovlevich Teplitsky (1890-1965) .
He invited well-known academic musicians as performers.
In the 20-30s, a lot for the development of jazz in Russia did Georgy Vladimirovich Landsberg (1904-1938) . An engineer by education, he worked for several years in Czechoslovakia, where he became friends with local jazz musicians and even played the piano in one of the Prague ensembles. Returning to Leningrad, Landsberg created the Jazz Capella in 1929.
One of the most popular jazz performers was Leonid Osipovich Utyosov (1895-1982) . In 1932, the composer wrote music for the theatrical performance "Music Store". On its basis, two years later, director G.V. Aleksandrov shot one of the best Soviet comedies "Merry Fellows" with the participation of the Utyosov orchestra.
The patriarch of Russian jazz is rightfully considered Oleg Leonidovich Lundstrem (1916-2005) . For over six decades he led one of the leading big bands in Russia. Lundstrem was born in Chita, then lived in China (1921-1947). He formed his team in Harbin (1934). The musician returned to Russia in 1947. The Lundstrem team has become a kind of jazz school, where young performers learn from the experience of more experienced artists.
One of the most popular large jazz orchestras of the 60s is the Leningrad group Iosif Vladimirovich Weinstein (1918-2001). It included the leading jazz instrumentalists of Leningrad.
Comparative analysis
Jazz performance technique
“If you don’t stamp your foot while listening to this music,
You will never understand what Jazz is." © Louis Armstrong.
Thank you for your attention!
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Slides captions:
Jazz is one of the musical styles of the 20th century that originated in the USA; jazz is characterized by a large role of improvisation and the complexity of rhythm. The characteristic features of jazz are an improvisational beginning, a specific sound extraction on musical instruments, phrasing different from academic music, as well as a complex multifaceted rhythmic structure and intonation structure,
The Europeans did not even know that, together with the slaves transported to the American continent, they brought African musical culture there, which is distinguished by amazing attention to musical rhythm. In the homeland of Africans, music was an indispensable component of various rituals. Rhythm was of tremendous importance here, being the basis of collective dance, collective prayer, in other words, collective ritual.
Characteristic features of African folk music are polyrhythm, rhythmic polyphony and cross-rhythm. African music more free, it has more space for improvisation. Together with black slaves, Europeans brought to the American continent what became the rhythmic basis of jazz music.
The Role of European Musical Culture in the Formation of Jazz Europe brought melody and harmony, minor and major standards, and a solo melodic principle into jazz.
The birthplace of jazz is the United States of America
Two Contrasting Opinions Jazz originated in the northern United States, where as early as the 18th century English and French Protestant missionaries began converting blacks to Christianity. It was here that a very special musical genre "spirituals" arose - these are spiritual chants that North American blacks began to perform. The chants were distinguished by extreme emotionality and largely improvisational character. From these chants, jazz subsequently arose. Jazz originated in the southern United States, where the vast majority of Europeans were Catholic. They treated Africans and their culture with special contempt and disdain, which played a positive role in preserving the identity of African musical folklore. African-American musical culture of black slaves was rejected by Europeans, which preserved its authenticity. Jazz was formed on the basis of authentic African rhythms.
Director of the New York Jazz Research Institute Marshall Stearns - author of the monograph "The History of Jazz" (1956) - showed that the situation is much more complicated. He pointed out that jazz music is based on the interpenetration of West African rhythms, work songs, American black religious chants, blues, African folklore of the past, musical compositions of itinerant musicians and street brass bands.
Street brass bands After graduation civil war in the US, many brass bands were disbanded and the instruments sold out. On sales wind instruments could be purchased for free. Many musicians playing wind instruments appeared on the streets. It is with sales of wind instruments that the fact that jazz bands have their traditional set: saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, double bass is connected. The basis is, of course, drums.
New Orleans City has a favorable geographical position. These are favorable conditions for the synthesis of musical cultures. Even a special jazz style was formed, which is called New Orleans Jazz On February 26, 1917, the first gramophone record on which jazz music sounded was recorded here in the Victor studio.
In subsequent years, jazz has evolved from a marginal musical direction into a rather serious musical movement that has captured the minds and hearts of the general public on the American continent.
In the 20-30s of the last century, the city of Chicago became the center of jazz, and then New York. This is due to the names of the great jazz masters Louis Armstrong, Eddie Condon, Jimmy Mac Partland, Art Hodes, Barrett Deems and, of course, Benny Goodman.
Big bands became the basis of jazz in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century. The orchestras were led by Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Chick Webb, Benny Goodman, Charlie Barnet, Jimmy Lunsford, Glenn Miller, Woody German, Stan Kenton. The “battles of the orchestras” were a stunning spectacle.
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Slides captions:
"Ah, this jazz" The presentation was prepared by the music teacher Shiryaeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Genres of Jazz Music - SPIRICHWELLS - RAGTIME - BLUES
Spirituals - songs of North American blacks of religious content. They were sung in chorus by plantation slaves, imitating the spiritual hymns of white settlers. Blues is a folk song of American blacks with a sad, sad undertone. Ragtime - dance music of a special rhythmic warehouse. Originally created as a piano piece.
Spirituals "Prayer" - performed by Mahelia Jackson
Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) Negro singer and trumpeter "KING OF JAZZ"
"Western Fringe Blues"
Duke Ellington (1899-1974)
"Rhapsody in Blues" George Gershwin (1898-1937)
MOU secondary school Urshelskaya secondary school Chirkunova O. V. Jazz orchestra - BIG BAND Trombone Clarinet Trumpet
Jazz Orchestra - BIG BAND Saxophone Piano Double bass
Jazz Orchestra - BIG BAND Banjo Percussion Guitar
JAZZ IN RUSSIA Isaac Osipovich Dunayevsky "March of the Jolly Guys" by I. Dunayevsky to the words of V. Lebedev-Kumach.
Leonid Utyosov (1895-1982) Actor, singer, leader of the Tea Jazz Orchestra In 1934, the jazz orchestra took part in the filming of the film Merry Fellows
Larisa Dolina
1 2 A R 3 M 4 S 5 T 6 R 7 O N 9 D 8 TEST YOURSELF
1.Group musical instruments in a jazz orchestra. (drums) 2. Composer, founder of symphonic jazz. (Gershwin) 3. Translated from Latin "sudden, unexpected" (improvisation). 4.Author of music for the film "Merry Fellows". (Dunaevsky) 5.Soviet singer, actor, leader of the jazz band. (Utyosov) 6. Negro prayer. (spirituals) 7. Russian pop star performing jazz. (Valley) 8. Fast style in jazz. (Dixieland) 9. What does the sound of musical instruments in jazz resemble? (conversation)
JAZZ AND ITS HISTORY. Completed
student 8 "A"
Osmanova Khadyzha.
early 20th century in the USA as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures
and subsequently became widespread. characteristic
features of the musical language of jazz were originally improvisation,
polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms and a unique complex
techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. Further development
jazz occurred due to the development of jazz musicians and
composers of new rhythmic and harmonic models. motherland
jazz It is unlikely that anyone will dare to explain what jazz is, since
this was not done even by the great man in the history of jazz - Louis
Armstrong, who said that it just needs to be understood and that's it.
Indeed, jazz, its history, origin, modifications and
branches are too diverse and multifaceted to give a simple
exhaustive definition. But there are moments that make it clear
the nature of this musical direction.
Jazz arose as a combination of several musical cultures and
national traditions. It originally arrived in its infancy
form from African lands, and under the influence of developed Western
music and its currents (blues, reg-times) and connections with them
musical African folklore turned out to be a style, not
dead and to this day - jazz. Jazz lives in rhythm, in inconsistency, in intersections and inconsistencies
tone and pitch. All music is built on confrontation and
contradictions, but in one piece of music it's all in harmony
connects and strikes with its melodiousness, special attractiveness.
The first jazzmen, with rare exceptions, created the tradition of the jazz orchestra,
where there is improvisation with sound, speed or tempo, expansion is possible
the number of instruments and performers, attracting symphonic traditions.
Many jazzmen have invested their art in the development of the tradition of the art of playing.
jazz ensembles. Spirituals - songs of North American blacks
religious content. Slaves sang them in chorus
plantations, imitating the spiritual hymns of white
settlers.
Blues is a folk song of American blacks with
sad, mournful tone.
Ragtime - dance music
rhythmic warehouse. Originally created
like a piano piece.
