Problem national unity at tragic moments in history
III. Military issues
Politicians start wars, but the people win. Not a single war ended in victory as a result of the strategic skillful actions of military leaders. Only the people, standing up for the defense of their Fatherland, ensure victory at the cost of great losses.
The Patriotic War of 1812 was won when the French in their own skin experienced the power of the "club people's war". Let us recall Tolstoy's famous comparison of two swordsmen. The duel between them was at first carried out according to all the rules of a fencing fight, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this is a serious matter, but concerns his life, throws his sword, takes the first club that comes across and begins to toss with it. The opponent begins to resent that the fight is not going according to the rules, as if the killing has some rules. Therefore, the people, armed with a club, causes fear in Napoleon, and he does not stop complaining to Alexander I that the war is being waged against all rules. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of hostilities does not depend on politicians and military leaders, but on some kind of inner feeling that unites people. In war, this is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called "hidden warmth of patriotism."
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone out of a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - this is the true price of victory. In the novel by Y. Bondarev « Hot Snow» the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to their group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, with superhuman efforts hold back the onslaught of brutalized fascists armed to the teeth. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier held out and did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Pain pierces the heart from the fact that the state remembers the people only at tragic moments in history.
G. Vladimov in the novel "The General and His Army" has an episode that tells about the battle of Volkhov, when the army of General Kobrisov was squeezed into a German ring. Everyone was thrown into battle: with and without weapons. They even drove the walking wounded from the medical battalion - in dressing gowns and underpants, forgetting to hand out weapons. And a miracle happened: these unarmed men stopped the Germans. Their commander was taken prisoner, brought to the general, he strictly asks:
Why did you back off. You also had such positions that you could defeat the division!
Mr. General, - the prisoner answers, - my machine gunners are true soldiers. But shooting an unarmed crowd in hospital gowns was not taught to us. Our nerves failed, perhaps for the first time in this war.
What is it: a manifestation of humanism or a nervous shock German soldiers? Probably, after all, a humane attitude towards unarmed wounded soldiers who are forced to defend their land, their people.
Mercy
2. The problem of mercy for the defeated enemy was shown by Sholokhov in the work “ Quiet Don". This happened in 1914, where the author shows the perception of people in the first days of the war. We will consider only the episode where each Cossack treated the prisoner differently. Chubaty was the first to notice him and led him to a pine tree. The prisoner was fussing, trembling, unfastening the buckle. His life was on the verge of death, and this hair could have been torn off by the Cossack Grigory, but, strangely enough, he "carefully helped him." Grigory showed mercy to the prisoner, in contrast to Chubaty, who perceived people "like dough." The prisoner felt fear, he tried in every possible way to dissuade Grigory and other Cossacks from Chubaty leading him to the headquarters. The horror in his eyes, "raised whirlwinds and a confident, gallant gait" remained in Grigory's memory. He didn't want death for someone who could easily kill him. But he could not calmly react to the fact that Chubaty "cut down" the prisoner. That's why he tried to shoot the one who shot at the unarmed hussar. Thus, the manifestation of mercy in relation to the defeated enemy should be inherent in every warrior, since this trait is an integral part of a truly good human being.
People's need for comfort
2. KROTOV VG Chervyachok Ignatius and his dreams. but he sobbed very sadly.
The worm Ignatius knew that the moth had something to worry about. Something happened to Micah with the left wing. It became more and more difficult for them to wave, the doctors shrugged and did not know what to advise. Now I can't fly at all.
How to comfort him? Maybe consolations will only make him worse? But the worm Ignatius could not leave him to grieve alone.
“Once I dreamed of being a magician,” he said thoughtfully, not even addressing Micha, just to himself. - If someone is ill, you will say a special spell, just for this occasion, and everything will be fine.
“Yeah,” Mikha said in a trembling voice, but without sobs, “he dreamed, dreamed, but did not dream.
- And then I gradually understood one amazing thing, - continued the worm Ignatius. “It's not just WHAT happened to you, but WHY. If you think about it before, it turns out better than any spell. For example, what would you say about becoming a wizard?
- Like this? - the moth was surprised.
- Oh, this is a business conversation, - the worm was delighted. Let's discuss everything in detail.
They got into a conversation, and the conversation dragged on for a long time ... ".
1. An internal enemy - breast cancer with a probability of 87 percent scared the actress Angelina Jolie so much that she decided on a bilateral amputation. According to the actress, she deliberately made her own story public in order to try to save other women. The threat of breast cancer, which forced Jolie to go under the surgeon's knife, many realize too late. Angelina Jolie: “I am lucky to have a partner, Brad Pitt, who gives me love and support. So anyone whose wife or girlfriend is going through this should know that you are a very important support. During each operation, Brad was at the Pink Lotus Center, where I was treated. Together we managed to find reasons to laugh. We knew that treatment was a necessary thing for our family and that it would bring us closer. And so it happened."
Cooperative activity.
1. in social psychology - an organized system of activity of interacting individuals, aimed at the expedient production, reproduction of objects of material and spiritual culture. Features joint activities:
1) spatial and temporal co-presence of participants, creating the possibility of direct personal contact between them - the exchange of actions, information, as well as mutual perception;
2) the presence of a single goal - an anticipated result of activity that meets the common interests and contributes to the realization of the needs of each of the participants; as a prototype of the result and, together, the initial moment of activity, the goal also belongs to the constitutive features;
3) the presence of organizational and management bodies, embodied either in the person of one of the participants, endowed with special powers, or distributed;
4) division of the process of activity between the participants, due to the nature of the goal, means and conditions for achieving it, the composition and skill level of the performers; this implies the interdependence of individuals, manifested: a) either in the final product of activity - in this case, individual operations are performed in parallel and do not depend on the sequence of actions of others; b) either in the very process of its production - in this case, individual operations are interdependent (specialized and hierarchized), because they must be performed simultaneously as functionally different components of a complex operation, or in a strict sequence, when the result of one operation serves as a condition for starting another;
5) the emergence in the course of activity of interpersonal relations - on the basis of subject-specific functional-role interactions and acquiring a relatively independent character over time; initially conditioned by the content of activity, they themselves influence its process and results. S.Yu. Golovin. Practical Psychologist Dictionary
Who is capable of showing compassion, mercy to a captive enemy? It is this question that arises when reading the text of B. L. Vasiliev.
Revealing the problem of the manifestation of humanity in war, the manifestation of compassion, mercy for the captured enemy, the author introduces us to his hero - the defender of the Brest Fortress Nikolai Pluzhnikov. Before us is an excerpt from the story of B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists." The lieutenant was supposed to shoot the captured German.
who knew well German the girl Mirra told Nikolai that the prisoner was a worker, mobilized in April, he had three children. Pluzhnikov understood that this German did not want to fight, he did not want to get into the dungeon, but mercilessly led the German to be shot. But he couldn't shoot the man. And Mirra admitted that she was very afraid that Nikolai would shoot "this old man." Pluzhnikov explained to the girl that he did not shoot the German "for his conscience, which wanted to remain clean."
In the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, Petya Rostov, being in the partisan detachment of Denisov, pities the French drummer boy who was captured, and is embarrassed by this, because he wants to look like an adult, a real warrior. At the table, he worries whether the prisoner is fed, whether someone offended him. Petya timidly offered to feed the prisoner, and Denisov agreed with this: "Yes, pathetic boy." Petya sees that the “adults” also treat the prisoner with sympathy and compassion, and ordinary soldiers renamed the French name “Vincent” into “Spring”. There is an episode in the novel where Russian soldiers feed the hungry French with porridge, and the stars affectionately look from a height at the people sitting by the fire and seem to approve of them. After defeating the enemy, Kutuzov offers to take pity on the prisoners, who look "worse than beggars" because they are "people too". A feeling of majestic triumph, combined with pity for the enemies and the consciousness of being right, lay in the soul of every Russian soldier.
In the story of V. Kondratiev "Sashka" main character received an order to shoot a captured German who did not say anything during interrogation. The commander had just lost his beloved and was burning with the desire for revenge. But Sashka cannot fulfill this order, since earlier he convinced the German that Soviet soldiers did not shoot prisoners, he even showed a leaflet. Fortunately, the commander understood Sasha's feelings and canceled the order.
We have proved that those who have not lost their humanity in the war, who are capable of mercy and compassion, are able to generously forgive and spare a captured enemy.
(1) The meeting happened unexpectedly. (2) Two Germans, talking peacefully, went out to Pluzhnikov from behind the surviving wall. (3) The carbines hung over their shoulders, but even if they held them in their hands, Pluzhnikov would have managed to shoot first.
Composition
In the most desperate and difficult times, each person reveals himself to the fullest. War is an event that affects the character and worldview of each of its participants. In the text given to us, B.L. Vasiliev.
Describing one of the wartime periods, the author of the text introduces us to a situation in which one of the characters had to make a serious moral choice. The meeting between the Pluzhnikovs and the German "occurred unexpectedly", and just as unexpectedly came to its logical conclusion: one of them was supposed to die, and now the German was on his knees and shouting something pitiful, "choking and swallowing words." There was something about family, children and mercy in this cry, the writer emphasizes that the German "did not want to fight, of course, he wandered into these terrible ruins not by his own desire," the Soviet soldier also understood this. He was to commit murder, and at that time there was no question of pity for the Germans - however, B.L. Vasiliev leads us to the idea that there are exceptions to everything, especially when a soldier strives to maintain the purity of his conscience no matter what.
The writer's thought is clear to me: he believes that even in the most terrible war times, one who has a clear conscience and who realizes the value human life, is able to spare the captive enemy and show him compassion and mercy.
It is difficult to disagree with B.L. Vasiliev, because he knows firsthand how important it was to remain human during the Great Patriotic War. I also believe that for a soldier, for his moral and mental health, it is very important, despite physical exhaustion and anger, to be able to preserve humanity and mercy in himself, because not every German could deserve the most brutal retribution.
In the story of V.A. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man" main character carries his humanity and mercy through all trials. She, feeling a burning hatred for the Nazis who killed her family, having met a German boy on her way, denies herself revenge. Hearing the boy's cry, Mary was filled with pity for the child, and, thanks to her humanism and kindness of the heart, left him alive.
The hero of the story M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" lost all his relatives in the war. He was forced to go through many trials, but even being tired and embittered, Andrei Sokolov found a place in his heart for love and mercy. Having met little boy, left alone on the street by the will of fate, our soldier takes control of him, thus giving the boy a chance to happy life.
About how hard it is to remain a man during the war, more than a dozen books have been written. Each of those soldiers who fought for our future experienced the amount of upheaval that modern man can't even fully comprehend. However, most of all it is written about those who, even in that inhumanity and dirt, managed to save themselves, their pure thoughts and a good heart.
“Prisoner of war - a soldier taken prisoner” From the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova Objectives: 1. To trace the attitude towards prisoners of war on literary material. 2. Consider the "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols", Section III "Protection of Prisoners of War". 3. To convey to students the existing problem and find out their opinion in relation to the issue of prisoners of war. 4. Consider the role of the ICRC in this issue
Tasks: 1. To bring to the attention of students the relevance of the issue of the rights of prisoners of war. 2. Show the horrors of war on literary examples. 3. With the help of a questionnaire, make schoolchildren think about the problems associated with captivity. 4. To convey information about the rights and obligations of prisoners of war.
Research methods: 1. The study of stories and novels on the proposed topic. 2. Consideration of the found works in the chronological order of their writing. 3. Revealing the peculiarities of the attitude towards prisoners of war in a certain period of time. 4. Study the "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols", Section III "Protection of Prisoners of War". 5. Questioning of modern schoolchildren on the problem of prisoners of war. 6. Review the literature on the ICRC's contribution to POW issues.
The relevance of this problem is natural, since there is no such day and even such a minute in the world that there are no wars in some corner of our planet. And none of the warring parties can do without losses: some die, others are captured. And we must treat this issue with understanding, because every life is priceless, because every dead or captured soldier is, first of all, a person, a soul with its dreams of the future, with its past, and not a military unit. And the present of this captive person (the deceased no longer has a future, he can only be transported to his relatives and buried with dignity) depends on the content in captivity. The relevance of this problem is natural, since there is no such day and even such a minute in the world that there are no wars in some corner of our planet. And none of the warring parties can do without losses: some die, others are captured. And we must treat this issue with understanding, because every life is priceless, because every dead or captured soldier is, first of all, a person, a soul with its dreams of the future, with its past, and not a military unit. And the present of this captive person (the deceased no longer has a future, he can only be transported to his relatives and buried with dignity) depends on the content in captivity.
The attitude towards prisoners in Rus' has long been humane. Mercy to the vanquished was demanded by the “Council Code” of Moscow Rus' (1649): “Spare the enemy who asks for mercy; do not kill the unarmed; do not fight with the women; do not touch the youngsters. Treat the captives philanthropicly, be ashamed of barbarism. Defeat the enemy no less than weapons philanthropy. A warrior should crush the enemy's power, and not defeat the unarmed." And so they did for centuries.
Attitude towards prisoners of war by example literary works written during the Second World War and after it. The formula for attitude towards prisoners of war: 1) attitude towards Soviet prisoners of war: a) who are with the Germans; b) returned from German captivity. 2) attitude towards German prisoners of war.
War! The peculiarities of this difficult time dictate an irreconcilable attitude towards the enemy. Consequently, during the war, prisoners of war from the ranks of those who invaded foreign territory are a beast, a nonhuman, devoid of any human qualities. Wars of conquest or liberation, this is one of the aspects that affects the attitude towards prisoners of war. The attitude towards the invaders is more severe than towards the liberators. And this is not surprising, since the one who defends his native land, born and nurtured by this land, fights for every centimeter of it, for every blade of grass and blade of grass. Once on foreign territory, civilians also suffer at the hands of the invaders. And this is someone's relatives and friends. And then revenge settles in the hearts of people and gradually takes possession of them.
The past horrors of captivity are fighting with the same feelings, and a good example of this is from M. Sholokhov's story "The Science of Hate" in 1942. Lieutenant Gerasimov, was in captivity and experienced all the hardships of captivity: “They beat me in the camp with fists, sticks, rifle butts. They beat us so simply, out of boredom or for fun ... We slept right in the mud, there were no straw bedding, nothing. We will gather in a tight heap, we lie down. Quiet fuss goes on all night: those who are above are chilled. It was not a dream, but a bitter torment. Last words I think they have a double meaning. After being released from the camp, he returns to the front, but cannot see the living Nazis, “namely the living, he looks at the dead nothing ... even with pleasure, but he will see the prisoners and either close his eyes and sit pale and sweaty, or turn around and leave.” The words of the protagonist are very indicative: "... And they learned to fight for real, and to hate, and to love." The past horrors of captivity are fighting with the same feelings, and a good example of this is from M. Sholokhov's story "The Science of Hate" in 1942. Lieutenant Gerasimov, was in captivity and experienced all the hardships of captivity: “They beat me in the camp with fists, sticks, rifle butts. They beat us so simply, out of boredom or for fun ... We slept right in the mud, there were no straw bedding, nothing. We will gather in a tight heap, we lie down. Quiet fuss goes on all night: those who are above are chilled. It was not a dream, but a bitter torment. The last words, in my opinion, have a double meaning. After being released from the camp, he returns to the front, but cannot see the living Nazis, “namely the living, he looks at the dead nothing ... even with pleasure, but he will see the prisoners and either close his eyes and sit pale and sweaty, or turn around and leave.” The words of the protagonist are very indicative: "... And they learned to fight for real, and to hate, and to love." Sholokhov M.
Autobiographical story It's us, sir! was written in 1943. Being underground for exactly 30 days, knowing that mortal danger was nearby and that he had to be in time, K. Vorobyov wrote about what he had experienced in fascist captivity. scary pictures pass before the reader's eyes: Sheared heads, bare legs and arms stick out like a forest from the snow along the sides of the roads. These people went to the place of torture and torment in the camps of prisoners of war, but they did not reach, they died on the way ... and silently and menacingly they send curses to the killers, sticking their hand out from under the snow, as if bequeathing Revenge! Revenge! Revenge! Autobiographical story It's us, Lord! was written in 1943. Being underground for exactly 30 days, knowing that mortal danger was nearby and that he had to be in time, K. Vorobyov wrote about what he had experienced in fascist captivity. Terrible pictures pass before the reader's eyes: Sheared heads, bare legs and arms stick out like a forest from the snow along the sides of the roads. These people went to the place of torture and torment in the camps of prisoners of war, but they did not reach, they died on the way ... and silently and menacingly they send curses to the killers, sticking their hand out from under the snow, as if bequeathing Revenge! Revenge! Revenge! Vorobyov K.
There is also such a type of prisoners of war, where special detachments deliberately capture military personnel behind enemy lines who have important information about their troops, these are the so-called "languages". Such prisoners of war were highly valued. Such a case is described in the story of K. Vorobyov “My language is my enemy”, written in 1943. Accordingly, "language" was treated as a precious commodity, because it had to be brought alive to its superiors. Since the story was written in 1943, the "tongues" are depicted faceless. But here's what's interesting, Bekasov, the main character of the story, “kept a list of his “languages” and they were all listed under the names: Kurt, Willy, Richard, another Kurt, Fritz, Helmut, Michel, Adolf, and another Richard. Bekasov, having found out that the German's name was Karl, lost all interest in him. Vorobyov K.
The attitude towards prisoners of war depends on what stage the war is at (beginning, turning point, end), the duration, the economic condition of the army and its fighting spirit, whether there is an idea or an ultimate goal for which the warring parties are fighting. The literature of the post-war period, in addition to revealing a new look at the problems of wartime, began to treat prisoners of war differently. Human qualities suddenly began to appear in the prisoner, some character traits appeared, even the appearance began to acquire individual features. And during the war, any representative of the enemy army is a fascist, a monster, a soulless creature. This was certain meaning. Thus, the image of an irreconcilable enemy was formed in the soldier, on the other hand, they raised morale and strengthened the feeling of patriotism. The literature of the post-war period, in addition to revealing a new look at the problems of wartime, began to treat prisoners of war differently. Human qualities suddenly began to appear in the prisoner, some character traits appeared, even the appearance began to acquire individual features. And during the war, any representative of the enemy army is a fascist, a monster, a soulless creature. It made some sense. Thus, the image of an irreconcilable enemy was formed in the soldier, on the other hand, they raised morale and strengthened the feeling of patriotism.
The story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" 1962. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn depicts one day in the life of a prisoner: “It is considered in the case that Shukhov sat down for treason. And he testified, yes, yes, he surrendered, wanting to betray his homeland, and returned from captivity because he was carrying out the task of German intelligence. But what task - neither Shukhov nor the investigator could think of. So it was just a "mission". Shukhov was in captivity for two days, and then he ran away, and not one, but five of them. Three died in their wanderings. Two survived. Ivan Denisovich has been in the camp for 10 years because he mentioned two days of captivity, rejoicing that he had escaped from captivity. Such a fate befell many prisoners of war. And this is not surprising, since the slogan during the Second World War was the words: "Die and do not give up!". Solzhenitsyn A.I.
In the story "Sasha" 1979. Vyacheslav Kondratiev, the main character is Private Sashka, having talked with a German who was taken prisoner by him. He even says that he experienced "a great sense of power over the prisoner: if I want, I will kill, if I want, I will have mercy." But he cannot just kill an unarmed person on the orders of the battalion commander. Even breaking the charter, he is looking for possible options to keep him (a young German student who says he is not a fascist, but a German soldier) alive. The honesty and straightforwardness of a soldier evoke respect for the prisoner of war in Sasha’s soul: “He also swore an oath.” I was struck by the description of the look of a person doomed to death: “...their eyes - brightened somehow, detached, already from the other world, as if ... The eyes died before the body. The heart was still beating, the chest was breathing, and the eyes ... the eyes were already dead. The reaction of the battalion commander in the story towards the prisoners of war is understandable, he can also be sympathized with, because in the person of the prisoner he sees the culprit in the death of his beloved girl Katya, who died on the same day. Kondratiev V.
The literature of the war period reflects the state of affairs during the war, the fighting spirit of the army and the people. Nothing enhances the feeling of patriotism like war. Proven! At the beginning of hostilities, the soldiers could not understand how to relate to the enemy, since they could not accept the very fact of the war. After the Nazis began to build concentration camps, burn villages and villages, kill everyone from young to old, mock prisoners of war, a feeling of merciless revenge and cruelty towards the enemy arose. And any German began to be perceived as something shapeless and faceless. But before turning point during the war, literature had a slogan character, I would say optimistic-pessimistic. “There is nothing worse than a cornered beast,” says folk wisdom. And this statement is true, as history has shown.
In literature, in my opinion, the attitude towards prisoners of war is mostly subjective, and literature considers some typical situations. The attitude in the literature towards prisoners of war depends entirely on the prevailing circumstances, although it has common features. At the end of the war, the attitude towards the enemy and towards prisoners of war, respectively, was condescending, because the soldiers had a premonition of a close victory and were tired of the war. Post-war literature about the Second World War, revising its attitude to the war, seeing the mistakes and shortcomings of the command, the meaninglessness of some orders and actions of military leaders, took a fresh look at prisoners of war: a German prisoner of war is a man with his own problems, dreams, character and not necessarily a fascist.
Luneva O.S. and Lunev A. Parting words to the soldier War is a toy for big men, War is a toy for big men, The game of politicians going ahead. A game of politicians going ahead. This virus struck the innocent, This virus struck the innocent, And grief enters every home. And grief enters every home. Soldier, you are fully equipped, Soldier, you are fully equipped, Strong, sure, packed, Strong, sure, packed, And the bearing, worthy of praise, And the bearing, worthy of praise, And discipline - drawing, heating. And discipline - exhaust, glow. Before you is an unfortunate prisoner... Before you is an unfortunate prisoner... Yesterday he was also sure, Yesterday he was also sure, That there is no more courageous on earth. That there is no more courageous on earth. Today... he stands defeated, Today... he stands defeated, Trampled, wounded, rendered harmless. Trampled, wounded, disabled. You too can be captured, You too can be captured, Disarmed, even oppressed. Disarmed, even oppressed. And every century is disfigured by war, And every century is disfigured by war, And every year is infected by war. And every year the war is infected.
HISTORICAL REFERENCE. Up to 2nd half of XIX century in international law there were no multilateral agreements establishing the regime of military captivity. The first convention on the laws and customs of war on land, which fixed the rules governing the regime of military captivity, was adopted in 1899 at the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague. Until the second half of the 19th century, there were no multilateral agreements in international law establishing the regime of military captivity. The first convention on the laws and customs of war on land, which fixed the rules governing the regime of military captivity, was adopted in 1899 at the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague.
The 2nd Hague Peace Conference (1907) developed a new convention that more fully defined the legal regime of prisoners of war. 1st World War necessitated further development of the rules of military captivity, and in 1929 the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War was adopted. The 2nd Hague Peace Conference (1907) developed a new convention that more fully defined the legal regime of prisoners of war. World War I necessitated further development of the norms of military captivity, and in 1929 the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War was adopted. During the Second World War, Germany, trampling international conventions, subjected prisoners of war to torture and mass destruction. In order to prevent the arbitrariness of the belligerents in 1949, the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War was developed and signed, aimed at humanizing the rules of warfare. During the Second World War, Germany, trampling international conventions, subjected prisoners of war to torture and mass destruction. In order to prevent the arbitrariness of the belligerents in 1949, the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War was developed and signed, aimed at humanizing the rules of warfare.
Fundamentally new norms were included in this convention: the prohibition of discrimination against prisoners of war on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, origin or property status; the establishment of criminal liability for violation of the provisions of the convention, etc. Fundamentally new norms were included in this convention: the prohibition of discrimination against prisoners of war on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, origin or property status; the establishment of criminal liability for violation of the provisions of the convention, etc. An innovation was the extension of the provisions of the convention to civil and so-called "national liberation" wars. Thus, the main conventions governing the regime of military captivity are: Regulations on the laws and customs of war on land (annex to the 4th Hague Convention 1907) and the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War. An innovation was the extension of the provisions of the convention to civil and so-called "national liberation" wars. Thus, the main conventions governing the regime of military captivity are: Regulations on the laws and customs of war on land (annex to the 4th Hague Convention 1907) and the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War.
According to various estimates, the number of Soviet soldiers in German captivity in the years. was According to various estimates, the number of Soviet soldiers in German captivity in the years. ranged from to people. from to person.
After 1945, we had 4 million Germans, Japanese, Hungarians, Austrians, Romanians, Italians, Finns in captivity ... What was the attitude towards them? They were pitied. Of the captured Germans, two-thirds survived, of ours in German camps - a third! “In captivity, we were fed better than the Russians themselves ate. I left a part of my heart in Russia,” testifies one of the German veterans, who survived Soviet captivity and returned to his homeland, Germany. The daily ration of an ordinary prisoner of war according to the boiler allowance for prisoners of war in the NKVD camps was 600 grams of rye bread, 40 grams of meat, 120 grams of fish, 600 grams of potatoes and vegetables, and other products with a total energy value of 2533 kcal per day. After 1945, we had 4 million Germans, Japanese, Hungarians, Austrians, Romanians, Italians, Finns in captivity ... What was the attitude towards them? They were pitied. Of the captured Germans, two-thirds survived, of ours in German camps - a third! “In captivity, we were fed better than the Russians themselves ate. I left a part of my heart in Russia,” testifies one of the German veterans, who survived Soviet captivity and returned to his homeland, Germany. The daily ration of an ordinary prisoner of war according to the boiler allowance for prisoners of war in the NKVD camps was 600 grams of rye bread, 40 grams of meat, 120 grams of fish, 600 grams of potatoes and vegetables, and other products with a total energy value of 2533 kcal per day. Unfortunately, most of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions "On the Treatment of Prisoners of War" remained only on paper. German captivity is one of the darkest phenomena of the Second World War. The picture of fascist captivity was already very difficult, the atrocities did not stop throughout the war. Everyone knows what the "cultured" Germans and Japanese did during the Second World War, conducting experiments on people, mocking them in death camps ... Unfortunately, most of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions "On the Treatment of Prisoners of War" remained only on paper. German captivity is one of the darkest phenomena of the Second World War. The picture of fascist captivity was already very difficult, the atrocities did not stop throughout the war. Everyone knows what the "cultured" Germans and Japanese did during the Second World War, conducting experiments on people, mocking them in death camps ...
The main provisions of international law relating to prisoners of war are as follows: Encroachment on the life and physical integrity of a prisoner of war (murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, torture and torture), as well as an attack on their human dignity, including abusive and degrading treatment, are prohibited. Encroachment on the life and physical integrity of a prisoner of war (murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, torture and torture), as well as an attack on their human dignity, including insulting and degrading treatment, are prohibited. No prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation, scientific or medical experience, unless medical treatment justifies it. No prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation, scientific or medical experience, unless medical treatment justifies it. The state in whose power prisoners of war are located is obliged to support them free of charge, as well as to provide them with appropriate medical assistance; prisoners of war must enjoy the same food, accommodation and clothing as the troops of the state that took them prisoner. The state in whose power prisoners of war are located is obliged to support them free of charge, as well as to provide them with appropriate medical assistance; prisoners of war must enjoy the same food, accommodation and clothing as the troops of the state that took them prisoner.
Property personally owned by prisoners of war, with the exception of weapons, military property and military documents, remains in their possession; they are given complete freedom to practice their religion, and are allowed to send and receive letters, individual or collective parcels, and money orders. Property personally owned by prisoners of war, with the exception of weapons, military property and military documents, remains in their possession; they are given complete freedom to practice their religion, and are allowed to send and receive letters, individual or collective parcels, and money orders. Prisoners of war (with the exception of officers) may be involved in work not related to military operations; prisoners of war may not be employed in hazardous or health-threatening work without their consent. The work performed by prisoners of war must be paid: part of the wages are withheld for the costs of maintaining prisoners of war, and the remaining amount is given to them upon release. Prisoners of war (with the exception of officers) may be involved in work not related to military operations; prisoners of war may not be employed in hazardous or health-threatening work without their consent. The work performed by prisoners of war must be paid: part of the wages are withheld for the costs of maintaining prisoners of war, and the remaining amount is given to them upon release. Prisoners of war must obey the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces of the state in whose captivity they are; for disobedience, judicial or disciplinary measures may be applied to them (collective punishments for individual offenses are prohibited). Prisoners of war must obey the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces of the state in whose captivity they are; for disobedience, judicial or disciplinary measures may be applied to them (collective punishments for individual offenses are prohibited).
Prisoners of war may not be tried or convicted for acts which are not punishable under the laws of the state in whose power they are; they may not be subjected to penalties other than those prescribed for the same acts committed by members of the armed forces of the detaining State. Prisoners of war may not be tried or convicted for acts which are not punishable under the laws of the state in whose power they are; they may not be subjected to penalties other than those prescribed for the same acts committed by members of the armed forces of the detaining State. For a failed escape, prisoners of war are only subject to disciplinary punishment. For a failed escape, prisoners of war are only subject to disciplinary punishment. Any illegal act or omission by the detaining state that results in the death of a prisoner of war or endangers their health is prohibited and constitutes a serious breach of the convention. Those responsible for such acts are considered war criminals and subject to criminal prosecution. Any illegal act or omission by the detaining state that results in the death of a prisoner of war or endangers their health is prohibited and constitutes a serious breach of the convention. Those responsible for such acts are considered war criminals and subject to criminal prosecution.
Socio-poll Socio-poll The view of modern schoolchildren on the problem of being in captivity. We invite you to participate in the survey. Please take the questions seriously. Please mark your answer with a tick next to the proposed statements. Respond quickly, as the first reaction of a person is important. If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them? If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them? A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them B) I would try to humiliate their dignity B) I would try to humiliate their dignity C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war C A) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible D) I would like to find out as much information as possible about the enemy E) I would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights E) I would behave according to to them according to the convention on human rights E) (other) ______________________________________________ E) (other) ______________________________________________ If you, being a military man, were captured, how would you behave in this situation? If you, being a military man, were captured, how would you behave in this situation? A) I would tell about everything that I knew about my army. A) I would tell about everything that I knew about my army. B) would throw a tantrum. B) would throw a tantrum. C) Would have behaved aggressively towards those to whom I was captured C) Would have behaved aggressively towards those to whom I had been captured D) Would have come to terms with what was happening D) Would have come to terms with what was happening E) Would have committed suicide E) Would commit suicide F) Would try to escape F) Would try to escape G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation THANK YOU! THANK YOU!
Boys of grades 8 and 11 (37 students) took part in the socio-survey. Boys of grades 8 and 11 (37 students) took part in the socio-survey. Out of 19 eighth-graders, to the 1st question (If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?), put in the questionnaire, students gave the following answers Out of 19 eighth-graders to the I-th question (If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?), put in the questionnaire, the students gave the following answers A) I would try to find out the problems these people and would try to help them - 6 students, 31.5% A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them - 6 students, 31.5% B) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 B ) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war 4 students, 21% C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war 4 students, 21% D) I would like to find out as much information as possible about opponent 9 students, 47.5% D) I would like to find out as much information as possible about the enemy 9 students, 47.5% E) I would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights 0 0 E) I would themselves in relation to them in accordance with the human rights convention if you, being a military man, were taken prisoner, how would you behave in this situation?) The eighth graders answered in this way A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 0 0 A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 0 0 B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5% C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5% D) Would reconcile with what is happening 1 student 5% D) Would accept what is happening 1 student 5% E) Would commit suicide 0 0 E) Would commit suicide 0 0 F) Would try to escape5 student 26% F) Would try run away 5 students 26% G) would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out G) would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation 12 students 64% from the created situation 12 students 64%
A survey conducted among 11 people (18 people participated in the survey) gave the following indicators. A survey conducted among 11 people (18 people participated in the survey) gave the following indicators. To the 1st question (If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?), the opinion of the 11th was divided as follows: To the 1st question (If If you went to war, and during the hostilities you would have to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?) the opinion of the 11s was divided as follows: A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would strive to help them 3 student 17% A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them 3 students 17% B) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 B) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 C) I would try to exchange them for my own prisoners of war 5 students 28% C) I would like to exchange them for my prisoners of war 5 students 28% D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible 10 students 55% D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible 10 students 55% E) Would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights 0 0 E) Would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights 0 0 , was captured, how would you behave in this situation?) high school students answered this way: To the second question (If you, being a military man, were taken prisoner, how would you behave in this situation?), high school students answered like this way: A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 1 student 5.5% A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 1 student 5.5% B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 C) Behaving aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5.5% C) Behaving aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5.5% D) Would accept what is happening 1 student 5.5% D) Would accept what is happening 1 student 5.5% E) Would commit suicide 0 0 E) Would commit suicide 0 0 F) Would try to escape 9 student 50% F) Would try to escape 9 students 50% G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation 6 students 33.5% of existing situation 6 students 33.5%
Monitoring for Question I A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them B) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible
Monitoring for Question II A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. A) I would tell about everything that I knew about my army. C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured D) Would accept what is happening D) Would be resigned to what is happening E) Would try to escape F ) Would try to escape G) Would try to make contact with the enemy and find a way out
Observations show that students of both 8th and 11th grades focus on and highlight certain items from the proposed list. It is very unfortunate that none of the students noted item D in the first question (I would behave towards them (prisoners of war) in accordance with the convention on human rights). I think this is due to the fact that the students are not familiar with the 3rd section: "Protection of prisoners of war" from the "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols".
The ICRC and PRISONERS OF WAR (SECTION 3) 10. Assistance provided by the ICRC and other relief societies 10. Assistance provided by the ICRC and other relief societies significant that the Convention dedicates an entire article to them in order to encourage their activity and to promote it in every possible way. The role of the aid societies, the ICRC and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in helping prisoners of war during the two world wars was so significant that the Convention dedicates an entire article to them in order to encourage and promote their activities in every possible way. In accordance with this article, the Powers are obliged to provide the societies with their duly authorized delegates with all facilities for visiting prisoners of war, distributing aid packages and materials of any origin intended for religious and educational purposes, and also for helping prisoners of war to organize their leisure time inside the camps. The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field must always be recognized and respected. In accordance with this article, the Powers are obliged to provide the societies with their duly authorized delegates with all facilities for visiting prisoners of war, distributing aid packages and materials of any origin intended for religious and educational purposes, and also for helping prisoners of war to organize their leisure time inside the camps. The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field must always be recognized and respected.
11. Right of the Protecting Powers and the ICRC to visit prisoners of war 11. Right of the Protecting Powers and the ICRC to visit prisoners of war . They must have access to all premises used by prisoners of war. Representatives of the ICRC enjoy the same rights. The appointment of these representatives shall be subject to the approval of the Power holding the prisoners of war to be visited. The Convention further provides that representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers should be allowed to visit all places where prisoners of war are found, in particular places of internment, imprisonment and work. They must have access to all premises used by prisoners of war. Representatives of the ICRC enjoy the same rights. The appointment of these representatives shall be subject to the approval of the Power holding the prisoners of war to be visited. The parties to the conflict must provide the International Committee of the Red Cross with all the means within their power to enable it to carry out its humanitarian mission entrusted to it by the Conventions and the Protocol in order to provide protection and assistance to the victims of conflicts. The ICRC may also carry out any other humanitarian action in favor of such victims, subject to the consent of the parties concerned in the conflict. The Federation of Red Cross Societies and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are also entitled to all assistance in carrying out their humanitarian mission. The parties to the conflict must provide the International Committee of the Red Cross with all the means within their power to enable it to carry out its humanitarian mission entrusted to it by the Conventions and the Protocol in order to provide protection and assistance to the victims of conflicts. The ICRC may also carry out any other humanitarian action in favor of such victims, subject to the consent of the parties concerned in the conflict. The Federation of Red Cross Societies and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are also entitled to all assistance in carrying out their humanitarian mission.
Luneva OS The Angel of Peace The RED CROSS rushes to the rescue, Glorifying humanity in our world, Granting shelter and bread to the humiliated, Protecting human rights throughout the earth. The grain of humanity is carried into the hearts of people, It will extend a helping hand to the captives, It hurries... Where the heat of passions reigns, Our ANGEL OF PEACE spreads its wings! 2009
Materials used: 1. "For the sake of peace on earth" stories of Soviet writers about the Second World War, Moscow, Pravda publishing house, 1990. 2. "Russian literature of the twentieth century" reader, Moscow, "Enlightenment", 1997. 3. "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols to Them", International Committee of the Red Cross, Moscow, 2003. 4.Internet resources.
