Presentation on the topic: "Elite culture" Elite culture is a culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by fundamental closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency.

Origin of the term Historically, elite culture arose as an antithesis of the mass culture and its meaning, the main meaning shows in comparison with the latter. The essence of elite culture was first analyzed by X. Ortega y Gasset ("Dehumanization of Art", "The Revolt of the Masses") and K. Manheim ("Ideology and Utopia", "Man and Society in an Age of Transformation", "An Essay on the Sociology of Culture") who considered this culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and having a number of fundamentally important features, including the method of verbal communication - the language developed by its speakers, where special social groups - clergymen, politicians, artists - also use special , closed to the uninitiated languages, including Latin and Sanskrit.

Features of "Elite Culture" The subject of an elite, high culture is a personality - a free, creative person capable of conscious activity. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience, which is why the wide circulation and millions of copies of the works of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Shakespeare not only do not reduce their significance, but, on the contrary, contribute to the wide dissemination of spiritual values. In this sense, the subject of an elite culture is a representative of the elite.

At the same time, objects of high culture that retain their form - plot, composition, musical structure, but change the mode of presentation and appear in the form of replicated products, adapted, adapted to an unusual type of functioning, as a rule, pass into the category of mass culture. In this sense, we can talk about the ability of form to be the bearer of content. In the field of music, the form is fully meaningful, even its minor transformations (for example, the widespread practice of translating classical music into an electronic version of its instrumentation) lead to the destruction of the integrity of the work. In area visual arts the translation of an authentic image into a different format - a reproduction or a digital version - leads to a similar result (even if the context is preserved - in a virtual museum).

Elite culture consciously and consistently opposes the culture of the majority in all its historical and typological varieties - folklore, folk culture, the official culture of a particular estate or class, the state as a whole, the cultural industry of the technocratic society of the 20th century. etc. Philosophers consider elite culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and possessing a number of fundamentally important features:

complexity, specialization, creativity, innovation; the ability to form consciousness, ready for active transformative activity and creativity in accordance with the objective laws of reality; the ability to concentrate the spiritual, intellectual and artistic experience of generations; the presence of a limited range of values ​​recognized as true and "high"; a rigid system of norms accepted by this stratum as obligatory and strict in the community of "initiates"; individualization of norms, values, evaluative criteria of activity, often principles and forms of behavior of members of the elite community, thereby becoming unique; the creation of a new, deliberately complicated cultural semantics, requiring special training and an immense cultural outlook from the addressee; using a deliberately subjective, individually creative, “deleting” interpretation of the ordinary and familiar, which brings the subject’s cultural assimilation of reality closer to a mental (sometimes artistic) experiment on it and, to the extreme, replaces the reflection of reality in an elitist culture with its transformation, imitation - with deformation, penetration into the meaning - conjecture and rethinking given; semantic and functional "closeness", "narrowness", isolation from the whole national culture, which turns the elite culture into a kind of secret, sacred, esoteric knowledge, taboo for the rest of the masses, and its carriers turn into a kind of "priests" of this knowledge, the chosen ones of the gods , "servants of the muses", "keepers of secrets and faith", which is often played up and poeticized in elite culture.

Elite culture

Elite culture is a high culture that is opposed to mass culture by the type of influence on the perceiving consciousness, preserving its subjective features and providing a meaning-forming function. The subject of an elitist, high culture is a person - a free, creative person capable of conscious activity. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience. In this sense, the subject of an elite culture is a representative of the elite.

Consumers of elite culture are people with a high educational level and a developed aesthetic taste. Many of them are themselves creators of works of art or their professional researchers. First of all, we are talking about writers, artists, musicians, art historians, literary and art critics. This circle also includes connoisseurs and connoisseurs of art, regular visitors to museums, theaters and concert halls.

Elite culture is not clear to the crowd, so it stands apart, meeting the needs of a particular group of the population. The famous "Diaghilev's Russian Seasons" in Paris, the teachings of F. Nietzsche, the world of rockers, the club of great athletes, scientific and creative associations- all these are products of an elite culture. They are created by real professionals, each of them is a product that is difficult for mass perception.

Elite culture arose as the antithesis of mass culture and shows its meaning in comparison with the latter. The essence of elite culture was first analyzed by X. Ortega y Gasset and K. Mannheim, who considered this culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and having a number of fundamentally important features, including the method of verbal communication - the language developed by it. carriers, where special social groups - clergy, politicians, artists - use special languages ​​that are closed to the uninitiated, including Latin and Sanskrit.

To bring a striking difference between elite culture and mass culture, we can mention the music of the great L. Beethoven. Its performance in the Philharmonic Hall is interesting only to true connoisseurs of the classics, but the usual audience of music lovers would prefer to hear a consumer product reproduced in a simplified form, sounding, for example, on a CD or in a mobile phone.

Most of the works of elite culture are initially avant-garde or experimental. They use artistic means that will become clear to the mass consciousness after a few decades. Sometimes experts even call the exact period - 50 years. In other words, examples of elite culture are half a century ahead of their time.

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elite art

Kochanova Polina Grade 10

MBOU "Secondary school No. 14 p.Podyapolskoye"

Motto:"Art for Art"

Target: self-expression

IN contemporary culture the films of Fellini, Tarkovsky, books by Kafka, Bell, paintings by Picasso, music by Duval, Schnittke belong to the elite. However, sometimes elite works become popular (for example, films by Coppolo and Bertolucci, works by Salvador Dali and Shemyakin)

Pablo Picasso - the genius of modern art

  • In Spain, in the small city of Malaga, on October 25, 1881, a baby was born. The birth was difficult, the born boy could not breathe. Cigarette smoke was blown into his nose to open his lungs. Thus began the life of the world's youngest "smoker" and at the same time the greatest artist nineteenth century Pablo Picasso.
  • Unusual talent began to appear in the boy as early as early childhood. His first word was "pencil" and he learned to draw before he could speak.

Pablo Picasso can rightfully be called one of the most amazing and inimitable artists. It has always been different, but always shocking. famous paintings Picasso is an extraordinary tandem of traditional painting and original art. He was so devoted to his works that he did not notice his stylistic inconsistency. Pablo Picasso skillfully combined such extraordinary materials on canvas as metal, stone, plaster, charcoal, pencil or oil paints. The magnificent artist did not stop at nothing. Perhaps that is why Picasso's paintings are so surprising with their emotionality and courage.

Top 10 most famous paintings by Pablo Picasso

10. Old guitarist

The painting was painted in 1903 after Picasso's friend Carlos Casagemas committed suicide. At this time, the artist treats those who have stumbled, humiliated by fate and poverty with understanding. This canvas was created in Madrid, and the distorted style used is reminiscent of El Greco. It shows a crooked blind man holding a large brown guitar. Brown color goes beyond the overall color scheme of the picture. Not only in fact, but also symbolically, the guitar fills the entire space around the old man, who, it seems, ignoring his blindness and poverty, completely devoted himself to music.

9. Girl in front of a mirror

In the painting, painted in March 1932, we see the image of Picasso's French mistress, Marie Teresa Walter. The style of this painting is called cubism. The idea of ​​cubism is to take an object, break it down into simpler parts, and then, from multiple points of view, recreate those parts on canvas. In "Girl in front of a mirror" you can see the image of vanity. The picture at first glance seems quite simple, but if you look closely, you can find various deep symbols in all parts of the picture.

8. Guernica

Perhaps this is one of the most famous paintings by Picasso. This is not just an ordinary picture, but also a strong political statement. Here the artist criticizes the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica, carried out by the Nazis during civil war in Spain. The painting, measuring 3.5 meters high and 7.8 meters long, is a powerful indictment against the war. The style of painting used is a combination of pastoral and epic in black and white. Guernica is a meticulous depiction of the tragedies of war and the suffering of civilians.

7. Three musicians

The title of the painting refers to the series that was completed by Picasso in 1921 at Fontainebleau near Paris. This is a rather large painting in size - its width and height are more than 2 meters. It uses the synthetic style of cubism, which turns the work of art into a sequence of planes, lines and arcs. Each painting under this title depicts a Harlequin, a Pierrot, and a monk. It is believed that these three symbolic heroes are Picasso himself, Guillaume Apollinaire and Max Jacob, respectively. Apollinaire and Jacob were very good friends Picasso during the 1910s. Some historians, however, believe that The Three Musicians is Picasso's belated response to Matisse and his Piano Lesson.

  • Seated woman.

    • Maria Theresa Walter

Like Guernica, this work of art was also created in 1937. Picasso's muse was Maria Theresa Walter, and he created many of her calm images. Many believe that this picture resembles a queen from a deck playing cards- such imagery is often designed with the help of stripes. The work is also done in the style of cubism along with the polarization of red and green colors.

5. Dora Maar with a cat

In the painting, which was painted by Picasso in 1941, his Croatian mistress is depicted sitting on a chair with a small cat on her shoulder. During his relationship with Dora Maar, which lasted ten years, Picasso painted her portraits many times. Dora herself was a surrealist photographer. This painting is considered one of the least aggressive depictions of Dora Maar, as well as one of the most expensive paintings in the world. In composition, Picasso showed exceptional attention to detail, many of which are symbolic.

4. Blue nude

The Blue Nude is one of Picasso's earliest masterpieces. It was painted in 1902. This picture is from blue period Picasso. During this time, Picasso used a pale, cold blue as the dominant color in his paintings and sketches. In most of his paintings during the blue period with the help of one color are reflected powerful emotions. The Blue Nude sits with her back to us in a fetal position. The painting offers no subtext, and its emotions are not clear.

3. Avignon girls

This masterpiece was painted in 1907 and is one of the most typical examples of cubism in painting. The picture goes beyond the traditional composition and presentation. Picasso innovatively uses distorted female bodies and geometric shapes. None of the figures are depicted with traditional femininity, and the women appear slightly menacing. It took Picasso nine months to complete this painting. This painting also reflects the influence of African art.

  • Nude, green

    • leaves and bust

Painted in 1932, the painting again depicts Picasso's mistress, Maria Teresa Walter. The canvas, measuring about one and a half meters in length and height, was completed within one day. This painting is considered one of the greatest achievements of Picasso in the interwar period. She gives rise to illusions and is considered very sexual.

1. Weeping woman

The oil on canvas “Weeping Woman” was created by Picasso in 1937. It is believed that this painting is a continuation of the theme of tragedy, which is depicted in Guernica. In painting the weeping woman, Picasso directly focused on the human aspect of suffering and created a uniquely universal image. This picture completed the series that Picasso painted in protest. The model for the picture (as well as for the entire series) was Dora Maar, who worked as a professional photographer.

These were the most famous paintings Pablo Picasso.

Thank you for your attention!

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Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people's relations to nature, to each other and to themselves. Culture characterizes the features of consciousness, behavior and activity of people in specific areas of public life. The very word culture came into use in European social thought from the second half of the 18th century.

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Initially, the concept of culture meant the impact of man on nature, as well as the upbringing and education of man himself. In German classical philosophy, culture is the area of ​​human spiritual freedom. Many peculiar types and forms of cultural development were recognized, located in a certain historical sequence and forming a single line of human spiritual evolution. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th, culture began to be seen primarily as a specific system of values, placed according to their role in the life and organization of society. At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of "local" civilizations - closed and self-sufficient cultural organisms, passing through similar stages of growth, maturation and death (Spengler) became widely known. This concept is characterized by the opposition of culture and civilization, which was considered as the last stage in the development of this society.

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The diversity of culture types can be considered in two aspects: diversity: culture on the scale of humanity, emphasis on socio-cultural supersystems, internal diversity: culture of a particular society, city, emphasis on subcultures. Within the framework of a separate society, one can distinguish: a high (elitist) folk (folklore) culture, based on a different level of education of individuals and mass culture, the formation of which led to the active development of the media.

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Mass culture forms a different one, the one that is called high, or elitist. Mass culture is an indicator of many aspects of society's life and at the same time a collective propagandist and organizer of society's moods. Within mass culture there is a hierarchy of values ​​and a hierarchy of persons. A weighted rating system and, conversely, scandalous brawls, a fight for a seat at the throne. Mass culture is a part of the general culture, separated from the elite only by a large number of consumers and social demand.

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The masses are the embodiment of herdism, uniformity, stereotypes ”D. Bell

American sociologist

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Mozart's music in the Philharmonic hall remains a phenomenon of elite culture, and the same melody in a simplified version, which sounds like a mobile phone ringtone, is a phenomenon of mass culture. So, in relation to the subject of creativity - perception, we can distinguish folk culture, elite and mass.

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Elitism and mass character have an equal relation as to the phenomena of Culture. In mass culture itself, one can distinguish, for example, a spontaneously emerging culture under the influence of a mass of external factors: a totalitarian culture imposed on the masses by one or another totalitarian regime and supported by it in every possible way. Art socialist realism is one of the main varieties of such art. It is also possible to fix attention on the functioning and modification of traditional art forms and the emergence of new ones. The latter include photographic art, cinema, television, video, various types of electronic arts, computer art and their various interconnections and combinations.

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specific feature of the twentieth century. was the spread of mass culture, mainly due to the developing means of mass communication. The Purpose of Mass Culture What is mass culture for? In order to implement the principle of complementarity, when the lack of information in one communication channel is replaced by its excess in another. This is how mass culture is opposed to fundamental culture. Mass culture is characterized by anti-modernism and anti-avant-gardism. If modernism and the avant-garde strive for a sophisticated technique of writing, then mass culture operates with an extremely simple technique, worked out by the previous culture. If in modernism and the avant-garde the focus on the new prevails as the main condition for their existence, then mass culture is traditional and conservative, as it is addressed to a huge readership, viewers and listeners.

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Mass culture arose in the twentieth century. not only due to the development of technology, which led to such a huge number of sources of information, but also due to the development and strengthening of political democracies. It is known that mass culture is the most developed in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. The whole culture is declared mass, and in fact the whole culture is elitist. It sounds paradoxical, but it's true.

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Mass culture arose in the twentieth century. not only due to the development of technology, which led to such a huge number of sources of information, but also due to the development and strengthening of political democracies.

It is known that mass culture is the most developed in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. The whole culture is declared mass, and in fact the whole culture is elitist. It sounds paradoxical, but it's true.

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Mass culture, being one of the most striking manifestations of the socio-cultural existence of modern developed communities, remains a relatively little understood phenomenon from the point of view of the general theory of culture. Interesting theoretical foundations for the study of the social functions of culture. In accordance with the concept, two areas can be distinguished in the morphological structure of culture: ordinary culture, mastered by a person in the process of his general socialization in the living environment (primarily in the processes of upbringing and general education), and specialized culture, the development of which requires special (professional) education. An intermediate position between these two areas with the function of a translator of cultural meanings from a specialized culture to ordinary consciousness man and is occupied by mass culture. Since the decomposition of primitive society, the beginning of the division of labor, social stratification in human groups and the formation of the first urban civilizations, a corresponding differentiation of culture has arisen, determined by the difference in the social functions of different groups of people associated with their lifestyle, material means and social benefits, as well as the emerging ideology and symbols of social prestige. These differentiated segments of the general culture came to be called social subcultures.

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The third social subculture is elite. This word usually means a special refinement, complexity and high quality of cultural products. Its main function is the production of social order (in the form of law, power, structures of the social organization of society and legitimate violence in the interests of maintaining this organization), as well as the ideology that justifies this order (in the forms of religion, social philosophy and political thought). The elite subculture is distinguished by: a very high level of specialization; the highest level of social claims of the individual (love of power, wealth and fame is considered the "normal" psychology of any elite).

Slide 14

The main manifestations and trends of mass culture of our time the foundations of basic values ​​that are officially promoted in a given society; mass general education school, closely connected with the settings of the "subculture of childhood", introducing students to the basics of scientific knowledge, philosophical and religious beliefs about the surrounding world, to the historical socio-cultural experience of the collective life of people, to the value orientations accepted in the community. the mass media broadcasting current up-to-date information to the general population, "interpreting" to the average person the meaning of ongoing events, judgments and actions of figures from various specialized areas of social practice and interpreting this information in the "necessary" perspective for the customer engaging this media, i.e. actually manipulating the minds of people and forming public opinion on certain issues in the interests of their customer.

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a system of national (state) ideology and propaganda, "patriotic" education, controlling and shaping the political and ideological orientations of the population and its individual groups, manipulating people's consciousness in the interests of the ruling elites. mass political movements (party and youth organizations, manifestations, demonstrations, propaganda and election campaigns.), initiated by the ruling or opposition elites in order to involve broad sections of the population in political actions. mass social mythology(national chauvinism and hysterical "patriotism", social demagoguery, populism, extrasensory perception, "spy mania", "witch hunt"), which simplifies the complex system of human value orientations and the variety of shades of worldview to elementary dual oppositions ("ours - not ours"), replacing the analysis of complex multifactorial cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena and events with appeals to simple and, as a rule, fantastic explanations (world conspiracy, intrigues of foreign special services, "drums", aliens)

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reflections, from efforts to rationally explain the problems that concern them, gives vent to emotions in their most infantile manifestation; leisure entertainment industry, which includes mass artistic culture), mass staging and entertainment performances (from sports and circus to erotic), professional sports (as a spectacle for fans), structures for organizing organized entertainment (corresponding types of clubs, discos, dance floors, etc.) and other types of mass shows. the industry of recreational leisure, physical rehabilitation of a person and correction of his bodily image, which, in addition to the objectively necessary physical recreation of the human body; an industry of intellectual and aesthetic leisure, introducing people to popular science knowledge, scientific and artistic amateurism, developing a general "humanitarian erudition" among the population, actualizing views on the triumph of enlightenment and humanity.

Slide 17

Genres of mass culture A necessary property of mass culture products must be entertaining in order for them to be commercially successful, to be bought and the money spent on them to make a profit. Amusement is given by the strict structural conditions of the text. Plot and stylistic texture of mass culture products. may be primitive from the point of view of an elitist fundamental culture, but it should not be poorly made, but on the contrary, in its primitiveness it must be perfect - only in this case it is guaranteed readership and, therefore, commercial success.. Mass literature needs a clear a plot with intrigue and vicissitudes and, most importantly, a clear division into genres.

Slide 18

It can be said that the genres of mass culture must have a rigid syntax - an internal structure, but at the same time they may be poor semantically, they may lack a deep meaning. The texts of mass literature and cinema are constructed in the same way. Why is this needed? This is necessary so that the genre can be recognized immediately; and the expectation must not be violated. The viewer should not be disappointed. Comedy should not spoil the detective, and the plot of a thriller should be exciting and dangerous. That is why plots within mass genres are so often repeated. Repeatability is a property of a myth - this is the deep kinship between mass and elite culture. Actors in the mind of the viewer are identified with the characters. The hero who died in one film seems to be resurrected in another, just as archaic mythological gods died and were resurrected. After all, movie stars are the gods of modern mass consciousness. A variety of mass culture texts are cult texts. Their main feature is that they penetrate so deeply into the mass consciousness that they produce intertexts, but not in themselves, but in the surrounding reality. Thus, the most famous cult texts of Soviet cinema - "Chapaev", "His Excellency's Adjutant", "Seventeen Moments of Spring" - provoked endless quotations in the mass consciousness and formed jokes about Chapaev and Petka, about Stirlitz. That is, the cult texts of mass culture. form a special intertextual reality around them. After all, one cannot say that the jokes about Chapaev and Stirlitz are part of the internal structure of these texts themselves. They are part of the structure of life itself, linguistic, elements Everyday life language. An elitist culture, which is complex and sophisticated in its internal structure, cannot influence the extra-textual reality in such a way. True, some modernist or avant-garde technique is mastered by fundamental culture to such an extent that it becomes a cliché. Then it can be used by mass culture texts. An example is the famous Soviet cinematic posters, where the huge face of the protagonist of the film was depicted in the foreground, and in the background little men killed someone or simply flickered. This change, distortion of proportions is a stamp of surrealism. But the mass consciousness perceives it as realistic, although everyone knows that there is no head without a body, and that space is, in essence, absurd.

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