] The central image in the early Gorky is proud and strong personality embodying the idea of ​​freedom . Therefore, Danko, who sacrifices himself for the sake of people, is on a par with the drunkard and thief Chelkash, who does not perform any feats for the sake of anyone. “Power is virtue,” said Nietzsche, and for Gorky, the beauty of a person lies in strength and feat, even aimless: a strong person has the right to be “on the other side of good and evil”, to be outside ethical principles, like Chelkash, and a feat, from this point of view, is resistance to the general flow of life.
After the series romantic works In the 90s, full of rebellious ideas, Gorky creates a play that has become, perhaps, the most important link in the entire philosophical and artistic system of the writer - the drama "At the Bottom" (1902). Let's see what heroes inhabit the "bottom" and how they live.

II. Conversation on the content of the play "At the bottom"
How is the scene depicted in the play?
(The scene is described in the author's remarks. In the first act, this "cave-like basement", "heavy, stone vaults, sooty, with crumbling plaster". It is important that the writer gives instructions on how the scene is lit: "from the viewer and from top to bottom" the light reaches the bedchambers from the basement window, as if looking for people among the basement inhabitants. Thin partitions fence off Ash's room.
"Everywhere on the walls - bunks". Except for Kvashnya, Baron and Nastya, who live in the kitchen, no one has their own corner. Everything is for show in front of each other, a secluded place only on the stove and behind the cotton canopy that separates the bed of the dying Anna from the others (this way she is already, as it were, separated from life). Dirt everywhere. "dirty cotton canopy", unpainted and dirty table, benches, stool, tattered cardboard, pieces of oilcloth, rags.
Third act takes place in the early spring in the evening on a wasteland, “littered with various rubbish and a yard overgrown with weeds”. Let's pay attention to the color of this place: the dark wall of a barn or stable "gray, covered with remnants of plaster" the wall of the rooming house, the red wall of the brick firewall blocking the sky, the reddish light of the setting sun, the black boughs of elderberry without buds.
Significant changes take place in the setting of the fourth act: the partitions of Ash's former room are broken, and the Tick's anvil has disappeared. The action takes place at night, and the light from the outside world no longer breaks into the basement - the stage is lit by a lamp standing in the middle of the table. However, the last "act" of the drama takes place in a wasteland - the Actor strangled himself there.)

- What kind of people are the inhabitants of the rooming house?
(People who have sunk to the bottom of life end up in a rooming house. This is the last refuge for tramps, outcasts, "former people." All social strata of society are here: the ruined nobleman Baron, the owner of the rooming house Kostylev, policeman Medvedev, locksmith Kleshch, kartuznik Bubnov, merchant Kvashnya , sharpie Satin, prostitute Nastya, thief Pepel. Everyone is equalized by the position of the dregs of society. Very young people live here (the shoemaker Alyoshka is 20 years old) and still not old people (the oldest, Bubnov, 45 years old). However, their life is almost over. Dying Anna introduces herself we are an old woman, and she, it turns out, is 30 years old.
Many shelters do not even have names, only nicknames remain, expressively describing their carriers. The appearance of the dumplings merchant Kvashnya, the character of the Mite, the ambition of the Baron are clear. The actor once bore the sonorous surname Sverchkov-Zadunaisky, and now there are almost no memories left - “I forgot everything.”)

What is the subject matter of the play?
(The subject of the image in the drama "At the bottom" is the consciousness of people thrown out as a result of deep social processes, to the "bottom" of life).

- What is the conflict of the drama?
(social conflict has several levels in the play. The social poles are clearly marked: on one, the owner of the bunkhouse, Kostylev, and the policeman Medvedev, who supports his power, on the other, the bunkhouses, essentially without rights. So it's obvious conflict between power and disenfranchised people. This conflict hardly develops, because Kostylev and Medvedev are not so far from the inhabitants of the rooming house.
Each of the hostels has experienced in the past your social conflict , resulting in a humiliating position.)
Reference:
A sharp conflict situation, played out in front of the audience, is the most important feature of drama as a kind of literature.

- What brought its inhabitants to the rooming house - Satin, Baron, Klesch, Bubnov, Actor, Nastya, Pepel? What is the backstory of these characters?
(satin got "to the bottom" after he served time in prison for murder: "He killed a scoundrel in his temper and irritation ... because of his own sister"; Baron went bankrupt; Mite lost his job: “I am a working person ... I have been working since I was young”; Bubnov he left the house away from sin so as not to kill his wife and her lover, although he himself admits that he is “lazy” and even a drunkard, “would drink the workshop away”; Actor drank himself, "drank away his soul ... died"; fate Ashes was predetermined already at his birth: “I am a thief from childhood ... everyone always told me: thief Vaska, thieves son Vaska!”
The Baron tells in more detail about the stages of his fall (act four): “It seems to me that all my life I have only changed clothes ... but why? I don't understand! He studied - he wore the uniform of a noble institute ... but what did he study? I don't remember... He got married - put on a tailcoat, then - a dressing gown... but he took a bad wife and - why? I don't understand... He lived everything he had - he wore some kind of gray jacket and red trousers... but how did he get mad? I didn't notice... I served in the Treasury Chamber... a uniform, a cap with a cockade... I squandered government money, - they put on me a prisoner's robe... then - I put on this... And that's it... like in a dream. .. A? That's funny? Each stage of the life of the thirty-three-year-old Baron seems to be marked by a certain costume. These dressings symbolize a gradual decline in social status, and there is nothing behind these “dressing up”, life passed “like in a dream”.)

- How is the social conflict interconnected with the dramatic one?
(The social conflict is taken offstage, relegated to the past, it does not become the basis of the dramaturgical conflict. We observe only the result of offstage conflicts.)

- What kind of conflicts, besides the social one, are highlighted in the play?
(The play has traditional love conflict . It is determined by the relationship between Vaska Pepel, Vasilisa, the wife of the owner of the hostel, Kostylev and Natasha, Vasilisa's sister.
Exposure of this conflict- the conversation of the roomers, from which it is clear that Kostylev is looking for his wife Vasilisa in the rooming house, who is cheating on him with Vaska Pepel.
The origin of this conflict- the appearance of Natasha in the rooming house, for the sake of which Pepel leaves Vasilisa.
During development of a love conflict it becomes clear that the relationship with Natasha revives Ash, he wants to leave with her and start new life.
Conflict climax taken off stage: at the end of the third act, we learn from the words of Kvashnya that “they boiled the girl’s legs with boiling water” - Vasilisa knocked over the samovar and scalded Natasha’s legs.
The murder of Kostylev by Vaska Ashes turns out to be tragic ending of a love conflict. Natasha ceases to believe Ash: “She is at the same time! Damn you! You both…")

- What is the peculiarity of the love conflict?
(Love conflict becomes edge of social conflict . He shows that anti-human conditions cripple a person, and even love does not save a person, but leads to tragedy: to death, mutilation, murder, hard labor. As a result, Vasilisa alone achieves all her goals: she takes revenge on her former lover Pepl and her sister-rival Natasha, gets rid of her unloved and disgusted husband and becomes the sole mistress of the rooming house. There is nothing human left in Vasilisa, and this shows the enormity of the social conditions that have disfigured both the inhabitants of the rooming house and its owners. The roomers are not directly involved in this conflict, they are only bystanders.)

III. Final word teachers
The conflict in which all the characters are involved is of a different kind. Gorky depicts the consciousness of the people of the “bottom”. The plot unfolds not so much in external action - in everyday life, but in the dialogues of the characters. Exactly the conversations of the sleepers determine development of dramatic conflict . The action is transferred to the non-event series. It's typical of the genre. philosophical drama .
So, the genre of the play can be defined as a socio-philosophical drama .

Additional material for the teacher
To record at the beginning of the lesson, you can suggest the following analysis plan dramatic work:
1. Time of creation and publication of the play.
2. The place occupied in the work of the playwright.
3. The theme of the play and the reflection of certain life material in it.
4. Actors and their grouping.
5. The conflict of a dramatic work, its originality, the degree of novelty and sharpness, its deepening.
6. Development dramatic action and its phases. Exposition, plot, ups and downs, climax, denouement.
7. Composition of the play. The role and significance of each act.
8. Dramatic characters and their connection with action.
9. speech characteristic characters. Relationship between character and word.
10. The role of dialogues and monologues in the play. Word and action.
11. Identification of the author's position. The role of remarks in drama.
12. Genre and specific originality of the play. Correspondence of the genre to the author's predilections and preferences.
13. Comedy means (if it's a comedy).
14. Tragic flavor (in case of tragedy analysis).
15. Correlation of the play with the aesthetic positions of the author and his views on the theater. The purpose of the play for a particular scene.
16. Theatrical interpretation of the drama at the time of its creation and beyond. The best acting ensembles, outstanding directorial decisions, memorable incarnations of individual roles.
17. The play and its dramatic traditions.

Homework
Identify the role of Luke in the play. Write out his statements about people, about life, about truth, about faith.

Lesson 2 The role of Luke in the drama "At the Bottom"
The purpose of the lesson: create a problematic situation and encourage students to express their own point of view on the image of Luke and his position in life.
Methodical methods: discussion, analytical conversation.

During the classes
I. Analytical conversation
Let us turn to the extra-event series of the drama and see how the conflict develops here.

- How do the inhabitants of the rooming house perceive their situation before the appearance of Luka?
(IN exposure we see people, in essence, resigned to their humiliating position. The roommates languidly, habitually quarrel, and the Actor says to Sateen: “One day they will completely kill you ... to death ...” “And you are a blockhead,” Satine snaps. "Why?" - the Actor is surprised. "Because you can't kill twice."
These words of Sateen show his attitude towards the existence that they all lead in a rooming house. This is not life, they are all already dead. Everything seems to be clear.
But the Actor's retort is interesting: “I don’t understand ... Why not?” Perhaps it is the Actor, who has died more than once on the stage, who understands the horror of the situation more deeply than others. He is the one who commits suicide at the end of the play.)

- What is the meaning of using past tense in the self-characteristics of the characters?
(People feel "former":
"Satin. I was an educated person” (the paradox is that the past tense is impossible in this case).
"Bubnov. I'm a furrier was ».
Bubnov pronounces a philosophical maxim: “It turns out - don’t paint yourself outside, everything will be erased... everything will be erased, Yes!")

- Which of the characters opposes himself to the rest?
(Only one The tick has not reconciled yet with your fate. He separates himself from the rest of the roomers: “What kind of people are they? Roar, golden company... people! I'm a working man... I'm ashamed to look at them... I've been working since I was little... Do you think I won't get out of here? I’ll get out... I’ll rip off my skin, and I’ll get out... Just wait... my wife will die...”
The dream of another life is connected with the Tick with the liberation that the death of his wife will bring him. He does not feel the enormity of his statement. Yes, and the dream will be imaginary.)

What scene is the beginning of the conflict?
(The beginning of the conflict is the appearance of Luke. He immediately announces his views on life: “I don’t care! I respect crooks too, in my opinion, not a single flea is bad: everyone is black, everyone jumps ... that's it. And one more thing: “To the old man - where it is warm, there is the homeland ...”
Luke turns out in the center of guests' attention: “What an interesting old man you brought, Natasha ...” - and all the development of the plot is concentrated on him.)

- How does Luka behave with each of the inhabitants of the rooming house?
(Luke quickly finds an approach to the overnight stays: "I'll look at you, brothers - your life - oh-oh! .."
He takes pity on Alyoshka: "Oh, boy, you're confused ...".
He does not respond to rudeness, skillfully bypasses questions that are unpleasant for him, and is ready to sweep the floor instead of the bedchambers.
Luka becomes necessary for Anna, pities her: “How can you leave a person like that?”.
Luka skillfully flatters Medvedev, calling him "under", and he immediately falls for this bait.)

- What do we know about Luke?
(Luka says almost nothing about himself, we only learn: “They crumpled a lot, that’s why he is soft ...”)

- How does Luke affect the overnight stays?
(In each of the lodging-houses, Luka sees a man, reveals their bright sides, the essence of personality , and this produces revolution in life heroes.
It turns out that the prostitute Nastya dreams of beautiful and bright love;
the drunken Actor receives hope for a cure for alcoholism - Luke tells him: “A person can do anything, if only he wants to ...”;
thief Vaska Pepel plans to leave for Siberia and start a new life there with Natasha, to become a strong master.
Anna Luca gives consolation: “Nothing, dear! You - hope ... That means you will die, and you will be calm ... you will not need anything else, and there is nothing to be afraid of! Quiet, calm - lie to yourself!
Luke reveals the good in every person and inspires faith in the best.)

- Did Luka lie to the rooming-houses?
(There may be different opinions on this.
Luke selflessly tries to help people, to instill in them faith in themselves, to awaken the best sides of nature.
He sincerely wants the best shows real ways to achieve a new, a better life . After all, there really are hospitals for alcoholics, indeed Siberia is the “golden side”, and not just a place of exile and hard labor.
As for the afterlife with which he beckons Anna, the question is more complicated; it is a matter of faith and religious beliefs.
What did he lie about? When Luka convinces Nastya that he believes in her feelings, in her love: “If you believe, you had true love ... then it was! Was!" - he only helps her find the strength in herself for life, for real, not fictional love.)

- How do the inhabitants of the rooming house relate to the words of Luke?
(The overnight stayers are at first distrustful of Luka’s words: “Why are you lying all the time? Luka does not deny this, he answers the question with a question: “And ... why do you really need it painfully ... think about it! She, really, can , butt for you ... "
Even to a direct question about God, Luke answers evasively: “If you believe, there is; if you don’t believe it, no ... What you believe in is what it is ...”)

What groups can the characters of the play be divided into?
(The heroes of the play can be divided into "believers" and "non-believers" .
Anna believes in God, Tatar - in Allah, Nastya - in "fatal" love, Baron - in her past, perhaps invented. Tick ​​no longer believes in anything, and Bubnov never believed in anything.)

- What is the sacred meaning of the name "Luka"?
(At the name "Luka" dual meaning: this name is reminiscent of Evangelist Luke, means "light", and at the same time associated with the word "sly"(euphemism for the word "crap").)

- What is the author's position in relation to Luke?
(The author's position is expressed in the development of the plot.
After Luke left everything happens not at all as Luke convinced and as the heroes expected .
Vaska Pepel really ends up in Siberia, but only to hard labor, for the murder of Kostylev, and not as a free settler.
The actor, who has lost faith in himself, in his strength, exactly repeats the fate of the hero of Luke's parable about the righteous land. Luke, telling a parable about a man who, having lost faith in the existence of a righteous land, strangled himself, believes that a person should not be deprived of dreams, hopes, even imaginary ones. Gorky, showing the fate of the Actor, assures the reader and viewer that it is false hope that can lead a person to commit suicide .)
Gorky himself wrote about his plan: The main question I wanted to ask is what is better, truth or compassion. What is needed. Is it necessary to bring compassion to the point of using lies, like Luke? This is not a subjective question, but a general philosophical one.

- Gorky contrasts not truth and falsehood, but truth and compassion. How justified is this opposition?
(Discussion.)

- What is the significance of Luke's influence on the overnight stays?
(All characters agree that Luke instilled in them false hope . But after all, they didn’t promise to lift them from the bottom of life, he simply showed their own capabilities, showed that there is a way out, and now everything depends on them.)

- How strong is the faith in yourself awakened by Luke?
(This belief did not have time to gain a foothold in the minds of the roommates, it turned out to be fragile and lifeless, with the disappearance of Luke, hope goes out)

- What is the reason for the rapid fading of faith?
(Maybe the thing in the weakness of the heroes themselves , in their inability and unwillingness to do at least something to implement new plans. Dissatisfaction with reality, a sharply negative attitude towards it, are combined with a complete unwillingness to do anything to change this reality.)

- How does Luke explain the failures of the overnight stay life?
(Luke explains the failures of the life of overnight shelters by external circumstances , does not blame the heroes themselves for a failed life. Therefore, she reached out to him so much and was so disappointed, having lost external support with the departure of Luke.)

II. Final word of the teacher
Gorky does not accept passive consciousness, whose ideologist he considers Luke.
According to the writer, it can only reconcile a person with the outside world, but this world will not move him to change.
Although Gorky does not accept Luka's position, this image seems to be getting out of the author's control.
According to the memoirs of I. M. Moskvin, in the production of 1902, Luka appeared as a noble comforter, almost the savior of many desperate inhabitants of the rooming house. Some critics saw in Luka "Danko, who was given only real features", "the spokesman of the highest truth", found elements of Luka's exaltation in Beranger's verses, which the Actor shouts out:
Lord! If the truth is holy
The world can't find the way,
Honor to the madman who will inspire
Mankind has a golden dream!
K. S. Stanislavsky, one of the directors of the play, planned path "decrease" hero.“Luke is cunning”, “looking slyly”, “slyly smiling”, “insinuatingly, softly”, “it is clear that he is lying”.
Luke is a living image precisely because he is contradictory and ambiguous.

Homework
Find out how the question of truth is resolved in the play. Find sayings different heroes about the truth.

Lesson 3
The purpose of the lesson: to reveal the positions of the heroes of the play and the author's position in relation to the question of truth.
Methodical methods: analytical conversation, discussion.

During the classes
I. Teacher's word
A philosophical question posed by Gorky himself: Which is better, truth or compassion? The question of truth is multifaceted. Each person understands the truth in his own way, having in mind some final, higher truth. Let's see how the truth and lies correlate in the drama "At the Bottom".

II. Dictionary work
- What do the heroes of the play mean by "truth"?
(Discussion. This word has many meanings. We advise you to look into Dictionary and discover the meaning of the word "truth".

Teacher comment:
Can be distinguished two levels of "truth".
One is " private truth, which the hero defends, assures everyone, and above all himself, of the existence of an extraordinary, bright love. Baron - in the existence of his prosperous past. Kleshch calls his situation true, which turned out to be hopeless even after the death of his wife: “There is no work ... there is no strength! Here is the truth! Shelter... there is no shelter! You need to breathe ... here it is, really! For Vasilisa, the “truth” is that she is “tired” of Vaska Pepl, that she mocks her sister: “I’m not boasting - I’m telling the truth.” Such a "private" truth is at the level of a fact: it was - it was not.
Another level of "truth" "worldview"- in Luke's remarks. Luke's "truth" and his "falsehood" are expressed by the formula: "What you believe is what you are."

III. Conversation
- Do you really need the truth?
(Discussion.)

- The position of which character opposed to Luke's position?
(Positions of Luke, compromising, comforting, opposes the position of Bubnov .
This is the darkest figure in the play. Bubnov enters into an argument implicitly, like talking to myself , supporting the polyphony (polylogue) of the play.
First act, scene at the bedside of the dying Anna:
Natasha (to Tick). You should, tea, treat her more kindly now .., after all, not for long ...
Mite. I know...
Natasha. You know... It's not enough to know, you understand. It's scary to die...
Ash. And I'm not afraid...
Natasha. How! .. Courage ...
Bubnov (whistling). And the threads are rotten ...
This phrase is repeated several times throughout the play, as if

Maxim Gorky - literary pseudonym of Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire - June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow Region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright.

Dedicated to Konstantin Petrovich Pyatnitsky

Characters:

Mikhail Ivanov Kostylev, 54 years old, owner of a rooming house.

Vasilisa Karpovna, his wife, 26 years old.

Natasha, her sister, 20 years old.

Medvedev, their uncle, a policeman, 50 years old.

Vaska Pepel, 28 years old.

Kleshch, Andrey Mitrich, locksmith, 40 years old.

Anna, his wife, 30 years old.

Nastya, girl, 24 years old.

Kvashnya, dumpling vendor, under 40 years old.

Bubnov, kartuznik, 45 years old.

Baron, 33 years old.

Satin, Actor - approximately the same age: under 40 years old.

Luka, wanderer, 60 years old.

Alyoshka, shoemaker, 20 years old.

Crooked Goiter, Tatar - hookers.

Several tramps without names and speeches.

Analysis of the drama "At the Bottom" by Gorky M.Yu.

Drama is by its very nature meant to be staged.. Orientation towards stage interpretation limits the artist in the means of expressing the author's position. She cannot, unlike the author of an epic work, directly express her position - the only exceptions are the author's remarks, which are intended for the reader or actor, but which the viewer will not see. The author's position is expressed in the monologues and dialogues of the characters, in their actions, in the development of the plot. In addition, the playwright is limited in the volume of the work (the performance can go on for two, three, at most four hours) and in the number actors(all of them must “fit” on the stage and have time to realize themselves in the limited time of the performance and the space of the stage).

That is why , an acute clash between the characters on a very significant and significant occasion for them. Otherwise, the characters simply will not be able to realize themselves in the limited amount of drama and stage space. The playwright ties such a knot, when unraveling it, a person shows himself from all sides. Wherein there can be no “extra” characters in a drama- all the characters should be included in the conflict, the movement and the course of the play should capture them all. Therefore, a sharp, conflict situation, played out before the eyes of the viewer, turns out to be the most important feature of drama as a kind of literature.

The subject of the image in Gorky's drama "At the Bottom"(1902) becomes the consciousness of people thrown as a result of deep social processes to the bottom of life. In order to embody such an object of depiction by stage means, the author had to find an appropriate situation, an appropriate conflict, as a result of which the contradictions of the overnight stays' consciousness, its strengths and weaknesses would be most fully manifested. Is social, public conflict suitable for this?

Indeed, social conflict is presented in the play on several levels. Firstly, this is a conflict between the owners of the rooming house, the Kostylevs, and its inhabitants.. It is felt by the characters throughout the play, but it turns out to be static, devoid of dynamics, non-developing. This happens because The Kostylevs themselves are not so far removed in social terms from the inhabitants of the rooming house. The relationship between the owners and the inhabitants can only create tension, but not become the basis of a dramatic conflict capable of “tying up” a drama.

Besides , each of the characters in the past experienced their own social conflict, as a result of which they ended up at the "bottom" of life, in a rooming house.

But these social conflicts are fundamentally taken out of the scene, relegated to the past, and therefore do not become the basis of a dramatic conflict. We see only the result of the social turmoil that so tragically affected people's lives, but not the clashes themselves.

The presence of social tension is already indicated in the very title of the play.. After all, the very fact of the existence of the “bottom” of life also implies the presence of a “rapid stream”, its upper course, to which the characters aspire. But even this cannot become the basis of a dramatic conflict - after all, this tension is also devoid of dynamics, all attempts by the characters to escape from the "bottom" turn out to be futile. Even the appearance of policeman Medvedev does not give impetus to the development of a dramatic conflict.

Maybe, the drama is organized by a traditional love conflict? Really, such a conflict is present in the play. It is determined by the relationship between Vaska Ash, Vasilisa, Kostylev's wife, the owner of the rooming house, and Natasha.

The exposition of the love plot is the appearance of Kostylev in the bunkhouse and the conversation of the bunkhouses, from which it is clear that Kostylev is looking for his wife Vasilisa in the bunkhouse, who is cheating on him with Vaska Pepel. The plot of a love conflict is the appearance in the rooming house of Natasha, for the sake of which Pepel leaves Vasilisa. In the course of the development of the love conflict, it becomes clear that the relationship with Natasha enriches Ash, revives him to a new life.

The climax of the love conflict is fundamentally moved offstage: we do not see exactly how Vasilisa scalds Natasha with boiling water, we only learn about this from the noise and screams behind the scenes and the conversations of the roommates. The murder of Kostylev by Vaska Ash turns out to be a tragic outcome of a love conflict.

Of course love conflict is also a facet of social conflict. He shows that the anti-human conditions of the "bottom" cripple a person, and the most exalted feelings, even love, lead not to the enrichment of the individual, but to death, mutilation and hard labor. Having unleashed a love conflict in this way, Vasilisa emerges victorious from it, achieves all her goals at once: she takes revenge on her former lover Vaska Peplu and her rival Natasha, gets rid of her unloved husband and becomes the sole owner of the rooming house. There is nothing human left in Vasilisa, and her moral impoverishment shows the enormity of the social conditions in which both the inhabitants of the rooming house and its owners are immersed.

Ho love conflict can't organize stage action and become the basis of a dramatic conflict, if only because, unfolding in front of the overnight stays, it does not affect them . They are keenly interested in the vicissitudes of these relations, but do not participate in them, remaining only outsiders. Hence, love conflict also does not create a situation that could form the basis of a dramatic conflict.

Let us repeat once again: the subject of depiction in Gorky's play is not only and not so much the social contradictions of reality or possible ways of resolving them; his interested in the consciousness of overnight stays in all its inconsistency. Such an object of the image is typical for the genre of philosophical drama. Moreover, it also requires non-traditional forms. artistic expressiveness: the traditional external action (event series) gives way to the so-called internal action. Everyday life is reproduced on the stage: petty quarrels occur between the rooming-houses, one of the characters appears and disappears. But it is not these circumstances that turn out to be plot-forming. Philosophical issues forces the playwright to transform the traditional forms of drama: the plot is manifested not in the actions of the characters, but in their dialogues; the dramatic action is translated by Gorky into an extra-event series.

In the exposition, we see people who, in essence, have come to terms with their tragic situation at the bottom of their lives. The beginning of the conflict is the appearance of Luke. Outwardly, it does not affect the life of overnight shelters in any way, but in their minds hard work begins. Luke is immediately at the center of their attention, and the entire development of the plot is concentrated on him. In each of the characters, he sees the bright side of his personality, finds the key and approach to each of them. And this produces a true revolution in the lives of the heroes. The development of inner action begins at the moment when the characters discover in themselves the ability to dream of a new and better life.

It turns out that those bright side, What Luke guessed in each character of the play, and constitute its true essence. Turns out, prostitute Nastya dreams of beautiful and bright love; Actor, drunk man, recalls creativity and seriously thinks about returning to the stage; "hereditary" thief Vaska Pepel finds in himself a desire for an honest life, wants to go to Siberia and become a strong master there.

Dreams reveal the true human essence of Gorky's heroes, their depth and purity..

This is how another facet of social conflict manifests itself: the depth of the characters' personalities, their noble aspirations are in blatant contradiction with their current social position. The structure of society is such that a person does not have the opportunity to realize his true essence.

Luke From the first moment of his appearance in the rooming house, he refuses to see swindlers in the rooming houses. “I respect crooks too, in my opinion, not a single flea is bad: everyone is black, everyone jumps”- so he says, justifying his right to name his new neighbors "honest people" and rejecting Bubnov's objection: "I was honest, but the spring before last." The origins of this position are in the naive anthropologism of Luke, who believes that a person is initially good and only social circumstances make him bad and imperfect.

This story-parable of Luke clarifies the reason for his warm and benevolent attitude towards all people - including those who found themselves at the "bottom" of life. .

Luke's position in the drama is very complex, and the author's attitude towards him looks ambiguous. . On the one hand, Luke is absolutely disinterested in his preaching and in his desire to awaken in people the best, hidden for the time being sides of their nature, which they did not even suspect - they contrast so strikingly with their position at the very bottom of society. He sincerely wishes his interlocutors well, shows real ways to achieve a new, better life. And under the influence of his words, the heroes really experience a metamorphosis.

Actor stops drinking and saves money in order to go to a free hospital for alcoholics, not even suspecting that he does not need it: the dream of returning to creativity gives him the strength to overcome his illness.

Ash submits his life to the desire to go with Natasha to Siberia and get back on his feet there.

Dreams of Nastya and Anna, Klesh's wife, are quite illusory, but these dreams give them the opportunity to feel happier.

Nastya imagines herself the heroine of dime novels, showing in her dreams about the non-existent Raul or Gaston the feats of self-sacrifice that she is really capable of;

dying Anna, dreaming about the afterlife, also partly escapes from the feeling of hopelessness: Only Bubnov Yes Baron, people completely indifferent to others and even to themselves, remain deaf to the words of Luke.

Luke's position is exposed by the controversy About what is truth, which arose with him with Bubnov and the Baron, when the latter ruthlessly exposes Nastya's groundless dreams of Raoul: “Here ... you say - it's true ... She, really, is not always due to illness to a person ... not always the truth of the soul you will cure...” In other words, Luke affirms charity for the man of comforting lies. But is Luke only asserting a lie?

Our literary criticism has long been dominated by the concept that Gorky unequivocally rejects Luke's consolatory sermon. But the writer's position is more difficult.

Vaska Pepel will indeed go to Siberia, but not as a free settler, but as a convict convicted of murdering Kostylev.

An actor who has lost faith in his own strength will exactly repeat the fate of the hero of the parable of the righteous land told by Luke. Trusting the hero to tell this plot, Gorky himself will beat him in the fourth act, drawing directly opposite conclusions. Luke, telling a parable about a man who, having lost faith in the existence of a righteous land, strangled himself, believes that a person should not be deprived of hope, albeit an illusory one. Gorky, through the fate of the Actor, assures the reader and the viewer that it is precisely false hope that can lead a person to a noose. But back to the previous question: How did Luka deceive the inhabitants of the rooming house?

The actor accuses him of not leaving the address of a free clinic . All heroes agree that hope which Luke implanted in their souls, false. Ho after all he did not promise to bring them out of the bottom of life - he simply supported their timid belief that there is a way out and that it was not ordered for them. That self-confidence that woke up in the minds of the roommates turned out to be too fragile, and with the disappearance of the hero who was able to support it, it immediately died out. It's all about the weakness of the heroes, their inability and unwillingness to do at least something a little in order to resist the ruthless social circumstances that doom them to existence in the Kostylevs' rooming house.

Therefore, the author addresses the main accusation not to Luke, but to the heroes who are unable to find the strength in themselves to oppose their will to reality. So Gorky manages to open one of characteristic features Russian national character: dissatisfaction with reality, a sharply critical attitude towards it and complete unwillingness to do anything in order to change this reality . That is why Luke finds such a warm response in their hearts: after all, he explains the failures of their lives by external circumstances and is not at all inclined to blame the heroes themselves for a failed life. And the thought of trying to somehow change these circumstances does not occur to either Luka or his flock. Therefore, so the heroes dramatically experience the departure of Luke: the hope awakened in their souls cannot find inner support in their characters; they will always need external support, even from a person as helpless in a practical sense as the "passportless" Luke.

Luka is the ideologist of passive consciousness, which is so unacceptable to Gorky.

According to the writer, a passive ideology can only reconcile the hero with his current position and will not inspire him to try to change this position, as happened with Nastya, with Anna, with the Actor . But who could object to this hero, who could oppose at least something to his passive ideology? There was no such hero in the rooming house. The bottom line is that the bottom cannot develop a different ideological position, which is why the ideas of Luke are so close to its inhabitants. But his sermon gave impetus to the emergence of a new position in life. Satin became its spokesman.

He is well aware that his mindset turns out to be a reaction to Luka's words: “Yes, it was he, the old yeast, who fermented our roommates ... Old man? He is clever!.. The old man is not a charlatan! What is truth? Man is the truth! He understood that... you didn't!.. He... acted on me like acid on an old and dirty coin...' humiliation - expresses a different position in life. But this is still only the very first step towards the formation of an active consciousness capable of changing social circumstances.

The tragic finale of the drama (the Actor's suicide) raises the question of the genre nature of the play "At the Bottom". Let me remind you of the main genres of dramaturgy. The difference between them is determined by the subject of the image. Comedy is a moralistic genre, so the subject of the image in comedy is a portrait of society at a non-heroic moment in its development. The subject of depiction in tragedy most often becomes the tragic, insoluble conflict of the hero-ideologist with society, the outside world, and insurmountable circumstances. This conflict can move from the outer sphere to the hero's consciousness. In this case, we are talking about internal conflict. Drama is a genre that gravitates toward the study of philosophical or social problems.

Do I have any reason to consider the play "At the Bottom" as a tragedy? Indeed, in this case, I will have to define the Actor as a hero-ideologist and consider his conflict with society as ideological, because the hero-ideologist affirms his ideology by death. Tragic death is the last and often the only opportunity not to bow to the opposing force and to affirm ideas.

It seems not. His death is an act of despair and disbelief in one's own strength for rebirth. Among the heroes of the "bottom" there are no obvious ideologists who oppose reality. Moreover, their own situation is not comprehended by them as tragic and hopeless. They have not yet reached that level of consciousness when a tragic worldview of life is possible, because it involves a conscious opposition to social or other circumstances.

Gorky clearly does not find such a hero in Kostylev's rooming house, at the "bottom" of his life. Therefore, it would be more logical to consider "At the Bottom" as a socio-philosophical and social drama.

Reflecting on the genre nature of the play, one must find out what collisions are at the center of the playwright's attention, what becomes the main subject of the image. In the play "At the Bottom", the subject of Gorky's research is the social conditions of Russian reality at the turn of the century and its reflection in the minds of the characters. At the same time, the main, main subject of the image is precisely the consciousness of the overnight stays and the aspects of the Russian national character that manifested themselves in it.

Gorky is trying to determine what are the social circumstances that influenced the characters of the characters. To do this, he shows the background of the characters, which becomes clear to the viewer from the dialogues of the characters. But it is more important for him to show those social circumstances, the circumstances of the “bottom”, in which the heroes now find themselves. It is this position of theirs that equates the former aristocrat Baron with the cheater Bubnov and the thief Vaska Pepel and forms common features of consciousness for all: rejection of reality and at the same time a passive attitude towards it.

Within Russian realism, since the 1940s, a direction has been developing that characterizes the pathos of social criticism in relation to reality. It is this direction, which is represented, for example, by the names of Gogol, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, that received the name critical realism.

Gorky in the drama "At the Bottom" continues these traditions, which is manifested in his critical attitude to the social aspects of life and, in many respects, to the heroes immersed in this life and shaped by it.

Typical does not mean the most common: on the contrary, the typical is more often manifested in the exceptional. To judge typicality means to judge what circumstances gave rise to this or that character, what this character is due to, what is the background of the hero, what twists of fate led him to his present position and determined certain qualities of his consciousness.

Analysis of the play "At the bottom" (opposition)

Chekhov's tradition in Gorky's dramaturgy. Gorky originally said about the innovation of Chekhov, who "killed realism"(traditional drama), elevating images to "spiritual symbol". This is how the departure of the author of The Seagull from the sharp clash of characters, from the tense plot was determined. Following Chekhov, Gorky sought to convey the unhurried pace of everyday, "eventless" life and highlight in it the "undercurrent" of the characters' inner motives. Only the meaning of this "current" Gorky understood, of course, in his own way. Chekhov has plays of refined moods and experiences. Gorky has a clash of heterogeneous worldviews, the very “fermentation” of thought that Gorky observed in reality. One after another, his dramas appear, many of them are illustratively called “scenes”: “Petty bourgeois” (1901), “At the bottom” (1902), “Summer residents” (1904), “Children of the Sun” (1905), “Barbarians” ( 1905).

"At the Bottom" as a socio-philosophical drama. From the cycle of these works, “At the Bottom” stands out with the depth of thought and the perfection of construction. Delivered Art Theater, which was a rare success, the play struck with "non-stage material" - from the life of tramps, cheaters, prostitutes - and, despite this, its philosophical richness. A special author's approach to the inhabitants of a dark, dirty rooming house helped to "overcome" the gloomy coloring, the frightening way of life.

The final title of the play was theater poster, after Gorky went through the others: “Without the sun”, “Nochlezhka”, “Dno”, “At the bottom of life”. Unlike the original ones, which set off the tragic situation of the tramps, the latter clearly had ambiguity and was widely perceived: "at the bottom" not only of life, but first of all of the human soul.

Bubnov says about himself and his cohabitants: "...everything faded, one naked man remained." Because of the "fading", the loss of their former position, the heroes of the drama really bypass the particulars and gravitate towards some universal concepts. In this variant, it visibly appears internal state personality. " dark kingdom allowed to highlight the bitter meaning of existence, imperceptible under normal conditions.

Atmosphere of spiritual separation of people. The role of the polylogue. characteristic of all literature of the early 20th century. the painful reaction to the fragmented, elemental world in Gorky's drama acquired a rare scale and persuasiveness of embodiment. The author conveyed the stability and limit of mutual alienation of Kostylev's guests in the original form of "polylogue". In act I all the characters speak, but each, almost not listening to the others, speaks about his own. The author emphasizes the continuity of such "communication". Kvashnya (the play begins with her remark) continues the dispute with Klesch that began behind the scenes. Anna asks to stop what lasts "every God's day." Bubnov interrupts Satina: "I heard it a hundred times."

In a stream of fragmentary remarks and squabbles, words that have a symbolic sound are highlighted. Bubnov repeats twice (while doing furrier work): “And the threads are rotten ...” Nastya characterizes the relationship between Vasilisa and Kostylev: “Tie every living person to such a husband ...” Bubnov notices about the situation of Nastya herself: “You are superfluous everywhere” . The phrases spoken on a specific occasion reveal the “subtextual” meaning: the imaginary connections, the personality of the unfortunate.

The originality of the internal development of the play. The situation is changing from appearance of Luke. It is with its help that illusory dreams and hopes come to life in the recesses of the souls of the shelters. II and III acts of the drama allow you to see in the "naked man" an attraction to a different life. But, based on false ideas, it ends only in misfortunes.

Luke's role in this outcome is very significant. A smart, knowledgeable old man indifferently looks at his real surroundings, believes that "people live for a better ... For a hundred years, and maybe more - they live for a better person." Therefore, the delusions of Ash, Natasha, Nastya, the Actor do not touch him. Nevertheless, Gorky did not at all limit what was happening to the influence of Luke.

The writer, no less than human disunity, does not accept the naive belief in a miracle. It is the miraculous that Ash and Natasha imagine in a certain “righteous land” of Siberia; the actor - in the marble clinic; Tick ​​- in honest work; Nastya - in love happiness. Luke's speeches had an effect because they fell on the fertile soil of secretly cherished illusions.

The atmosphere of Acts II and III is different compared to Act I. There is a pervasive motif of the escape of the inhabitants of the rooming house to some unknown world, a mood of exciting expectation, impatience. Luke advises Ash: “... from here - march at a pace! - leave! Go away ... "The actor says to Natasha:" I'm leaving, I'm leaving ...<...>You, too, leave...” Ash persuades Natasha: “... we must go to Siberia of our own free will... Let’s go there, shall we?” But then other, bitter words of hopelessness sound. Natasha: "There's nowhere to go." Bubnov once “caught up in time” - he left the crime and forever remained in the circle of drunkards and cheaters. Satin, recalling his past, sternly asserts: "After prison there is no way." And Kleshch painfully admits: "There is no shelter ... there is nothing." In these replicas of the inhabitants of the rooming house, there is a deceptive liberation from circumstances. The Gorky tramps, by virtue of their rejection, are experiencing this eternal drama for a person with rare nudity.

The circle of existence seems to have closed: from indifference to an unattainable dream, from it to real upheavals or death. Meanwhile, it is in this state of the heroes that the playwright finds the source of their spiritual fracture.

The meaning of act IV. In the IV act - the former situation. And yet, something completely new is happening - the fermentation of the previously sleepy thought of the tramps begins. Nastya and the Actor for the first time angrily denounce their stupid classmates. The Tatar expresses a conviction that was previously alien to him: it is necessary to give the soul a "new law." Tick ​​suddenly calmly tries to recognize the truth. But the main thing is expressed by those who have long believed in nothing and no one.

The baron, confessing that he "never understood anything," thoughtfully remarks: "... after all, for some reason I was born ..." This bewilderment binds everyone. And it strengthens the question “Why was he born?” Satin. Clever, impudent, he correctly regards tramps: "stupid as bricks", "cattle", who know nothing and do not want to know. That is why Satin (he is “kind when drunk”) is trying to protect the dignity of people, to discover their possibilities: “Everything is in a person, everything is for a person.” Satin's reasoning is unlikely to be repeated, the life of the unfortunate will not change (the author is far from any embellishment). But the flight of Sateen's thought captivates listeners. For the first time, they suddenly feel like a small part of the big world. The actor therefore does not withstand his doom, cutting off his life.

The strange, not fully realized rapprochement of the “bitter brethren” takes on a new shade with the advent of Bubnov. "Where are the people?" - he shouts and offers to "sing ... all night", "burrow" his fate. That is why Satin responds sharply to the news of the Actor's suicide: "Eh ... ruined the song ... fool."

Philosophical subtext of the play. Gorky's play of the socio-philosophical genre, and with its life specificity, was undoubtedly directed towards universal concepts: alienation and possible contacts of people, imaginary and real overcoming of a humiliating situation, illusions and active thought, sleep and awakening of the soul. The characters of "At the Bottom" only intuitively touched the truth, without getting rid of the feeling of hopelessness. Such a psychological conflict enlarged the philosophical sound of the drama, revealing the general significance (even for the outcasts) and the elusiveness of genuine spiritual values. The combination of the eternal and the momentary, the stability and at the same time the precariousness of habitual ideas, a small stage space (dirty rooming house) and reflections on the big world of mankind allowed the writer to embody complex life problems in an everyday situation.

At the bottom is mine summary chapter by chapter

Act one

Cave-like basement. The ceiling is heavy, with crumbling plaster. light from the audience. To the right behind the fence is Pepel's closet, next to Bubnov's bunk beds, in the corner there is a large Russian stove, opposite the door to the kitchen, where Kvashnya, Baron, Nastya live. Behind the stove is a wide bed behind a chintz curtain. Around bunks. In the foreground, on a tree stump, there is a vise with an anvil. Kvashnya, Baron, Nastya are sitting nearby, reading a book. Anna is coughing heavily on the bed behind the curtain. On the bunk, he examines the old ripped trousers of Bubnov. Next to him, Satine, who has just woken up, lies and growls. The Actor is busy on the stove.

The beginning of spring. Morning.

Kvashnya, talking to the Baron, promises never to marry again. Bubnov asks Satin why he "grunts"? Kvashnya continues to develop her idea that she is a free woman and will never agree to "give herself to the fortress." The tick rudely shouts to her: “You're lying! You yourself will marry Abramka.

The baron grabs a book from Nastya who is reading and laughs at the vulgar title " fatal love". Nastya and Baron are fighting over a book.

Kvashnya scolds Klesh with an old goat who brought his wife to death. The tick scolds lazily. Kvashnya is sure that the Tick does not want to hear the truth. Anna asks for silence in order to die peacefully, Kleshch impatiently reacts to his wife’s words, and Bubnov philosophically remarks: “Noise is not a hindrance to death.”

Kvashnya is surprised how Anna lived with such a "sinister"? The dying woman asks to be left alone.

Kvashnya and the Baron are going to the market. Anna refuses the offer to eat dumplings, but Kvashnya still leaves dumplings. The Baron teases Nastya, tries to annoy her, and then hurriedly leaves for Kvashnya.

Satin, finally awakened, is interested in who beat him the day before and for what. Bubnov argues whether it's all the same, but they beat him for cards. The actor shouts from the oven that one day Sateen will be completely killed. The tick calls the Actor to get off the stove and start cleaning the basement. The actor objects, it's the Baron's turn. The baron, looking in from the kitchen, excuses himself with his busyness - he goes with Kvashnya to the market. Let the Actor work, he has nothing to do, or Nastya. Nastya refuses. Kvashnya asks the Actor to remove it, he will not break. The actor excuses himself with illness: it is harmful for him to breathe dust, his body is poisoned by alcohol.

Satin pronounces incomprehensible words: "sicambre", "macrobiotics", "transcendental". Anna offers her husband to eat dumplings left by Kvashnya. She herself languishes, anticipating the imminent end.

Bubnov asks Satin what these words mean, but Satin has already forgotten their meaning, and in general he is tired of all these conversations, all the “human words” that he heard probably a thousand times.

The actor recalls that he once played a gravedigger in Hamlet, quoting from there the words of Hamlet: “Ophelia! Oh, remember me in your prayers!

The tick, sitting at work, creaks with a file. And Satin recalls that once in his youth he served on the telegraph, read many books, was an educated person!

Bubnov skeptically notes that he heard this story “a hundred times!”, But he himself was a furrier, he had his own establishment.

The actor is convinced that education is nonsense, the main thing is talent and self-confidence.

Meanwhile, Anna asks to open the door, she is stuffy. The tick does not agree: he is cold on the floor, he has a cold. An Actor comes up to Anna and offers to take her out into the hallway. Supporting the patient, he takes her to the air. Kostylev, who met, laughs at them, what a "wonderful couple" they are.

Kostylev asks Klesch if Vasilisa was here in the morning? The tick was not removed. Kostylev scolds Kleshch for taking up five rubles worth of room in the rooming house, and paying two, he ought to put on a fifty-kopeck piece; “It’s better to throw a noose” - Tick retorts. Kostylev dreams that for this fifty dollars he will buy lamp oil and will pray for his own and others' sins, because Kleshch does not think about his sins, so he brought his wife to the grave. The tick cannot stand it and starts screaming at the owner. The Returning Actor tells that he has settled Anna well in the hallway. The owner notices that everything will be credited to the good Actor in the next world, but the Actor would be more satisfied if Kostylev now knocked him off half of the debt. Kostylev immediately changes his tone and asks: “Is it possible to equate the kindness of the heart with money?” Kindness is one thing, duty is another. The actor calls Kostylev a rogue. The owner knocks on Ash's closet. Satin laughs that Pepel will open, and Vasilisa is with him. Kostylev is angry. Opening the door, Pepel demands money from Kostylev for the watch, and when he finds out that he did not bring the money, he gets angry and scolds the owner. He rudely shakes Kostylev, demanding from him a debt of seven rubles. When the owner leaves, Ash is explained that he was looking for his wife. Satin is surprised that Vaska has not yet nailed Kostylev. Ash replies that "he will not spoil his life because of such rubbish." Satin teaches Pepel "to kill Kostylev smartly, then to marry Vasilisa and become the owner of a rooming house." Such a prospect does not please Ash, the rooming-houses will drink away all his property in the tavern, because he is kind. Ash is angry that Kostylev woke him up at the wrong time, he just had a dream that he had caught a huge bream. Satin laughs that it was not a bream, but Vasilisa. Ash sends everyone to hell along with Vasilisa. The tick, who returned from the street, is dissatisfied with the cold. He did not bring Anna - Natasha took her to the kitchen.

Satin asks Ash for a penny, but the Actor says that they need a dime for two. Vasily gives until the ruble is asked. Satin admires the kindness of the thief, "there are no better people in the world." The tick notices that they get money easily, which is why they are kind. Satin objects: “Many people get money easily, but few part with it easily,” he argues that if the work is pleasant, he might work. “When work is pleasure, life is good! When work is a duty, life is slavery!”

Satin and the Actor go to the tavern.

Ash asks Tick about Anna's health, he replies that he will die soon. Ash advises Tick not to work. "But how to live?" - he is interested. “Others live,” Pepel remarks. The tick speaks contemptuously of those around him, he believes that he will break out of here. Ash objects: those around are no worse than Klesch, and “honor and conscience are of no use to them. You can't wear them instead of boots. Those who have power and strength need honor and conscience.”

A chilled Bubnov enters and, to Ash’s question about honor and conscience, says that he doesn’t need a conscience: “I’m not rich.” Ash agrees with him, but Tick is against. Bubnov is interested in: does Kleshch want to occupy his conscience? Ash advises Kleshch to talk about conscience with Satin and the Baron: they are smart, although drunkards. Bubnov is sure: "Who is drunk and smart - two lands in him."

Pepel recalls how Satin said that it is convenient to have a conscientious neighbor, but being conscientious yourself is "not profitable."

Natasha brings the wanderer Luka. He politely greets those present. Natasha introduces a new guest, inviting him to go to the kitchen. Luke assures: old people - where it is warm, there is a homeland. Natasha tells Klesh to come for Anna later and be kind to her, she is dying and she is scared. Ash objects that dying is not scary, and if Natasha kills him, he will also be happy to die from a clean hand.

Natasha doesn't want to listen to him. Ash admires Natasha. He wonders why she rejects him, anyway, after all, he will disappear here.

"Through you and disappear" Bubnov says.

Kleshch and Bubnov say that if Vasilisa finds out about Ash's attitude towards Natasha, both will not be happy.

In the kitchen, Luka sings a mournful song. Ash wonders why people are suddenly saddened? He yells at Luka not to howl. Vaska loved to listen to beautiful singing, and this howl evokes melancholy. Luka is surprised. He thought he sang well. Luka says that Nastya is sitting in the kitchen and crying over a book. The Baron says it's stupidity. Pepel offers the Baron to bark like a dog for half a bottle of drink, standing on all fours. The Baron is surprised, what a joy this Vaska is. After all, now they are even. Luka sees the Baron for the first time. I saw the counts, the princes, and the baron - for the first time, "and even then spoiled."

Luke says that the overnight stays have a good life. But the Baron remembers how he used to drink coffee with cream while still in bed.

Luka notices: people become smarter over time. “They live worse, but they want - everything is better, stubborn!” The Baron is interested in the old man. Who it? He answers: a stranger. He says that everyone in the world is a wanderer, and "our earth is a wanderer in the sky." The baron goes with Vaska to a tavern and, saying goodbye to Luka, calls him a rogue. Alyosha enters with an accordion. He starts screaming and acting like a fool, which is no worse than others, so why Medyakin does not allow him to walk down the street. Vasilisa appears and also swears at Alyosha, drives him out of sight. Orders Bubnov to drive Alyosha if he appears. Bubnov refuses, but Vasilisa angrily reminds that since he lives out of mercy, then let him obey his masters.

Interested in Luka, Vasilisa calls him a rogue, since he has no documents. The hostess is looking for Ash and, not finding him, breaks down on Bubnov for dirt: “So that there is no mote!” She angrily shouts to Nastya to clean the basement. Upon learning that her sister was here, Vasilisa becomes even more angry, yelling at the shelters. Bubnov is surprised how much malice this woman has. Nastya replies that with a husband like Kostylev, everyone will go wild. Bubnov explains: the “hostess” came to her lover, did not find him on the spot, and therefore gets angry. Luca agrees to clean the basement. Bubnov learned from Nastya the reason for Vasilisa's anger: Alyoshka blurted out that Vasilisa was tired of Ash, so she was chasing the guy. Nastya sighs that she is superfluous here. Bubnov replies that she is superfluous everywhere ... and all the people on earth are superfluous ...

Medvedev enters and is interested in Luka, why doesn't he know him? Luke replies that not all the land is included in his plot, and that there is more than that. Medvedev asks about Ash and Vasilisa, but Bubnov refuses that he knows nothing. Kashnia returns. Complains that Medvedev calls her to marry. Bubnov approves of this union. But Kvashnya explains: a woman is better off in the hole than getting married.

Luke brings Anna. Kvashnya, pointing to the patient, says that she was driven to death by a mu. Kostylev calls Abram Medvedev to protect Natasha, who is being beaten by her sister. Luka asks Anna what the sisters did not share. She replies that they are both well-fed and healthy. Anna tells Luka that he is kind and gentle. He explains: "they were crumpled, that's why it is soft."

Action two

The same situation. Evening. On the bunk bed, Satin, Baron, Crooked Goit and Tatar are playing cards, Kleshch and Actor are watching the game. Bubnov plays checkers with Medvedev. Luka is sitting by Anna's bed. The stage is dimly lit by two lamps. One is burning near the gamblers, the other is near Bubnov.

Tatarin and Krivoy Zob sing, Bubnov also sings. Anna tells Luka about her hard life, in which she remembers nothing but beatings. Luke consoles her. The Tatar yells at Sateen, who cheats in a card game. Anna recalls how she starved all her life, was afraid to overeat her family, to eat an extra piece; Is it possible that torment awaits her in the next world? In the basement, the cries of gamblers, Bubnov, are heard, and then he sings a song:

As you wish, guard ...

I won't run away...

I want to be free - oh!

I can't break the chain...

Crooked Zob sings along. The Tatar shouts that the Baron is hiding the map in his sleeve, cheating. Satin reassures Tatarin, saying that he knows: they are swindlers, why did he agree to play with them? The baron reassures that he lost a dime, and shouts for a three-ruble note. Crooked Goiter explains to Tatarin that if the roommates begin to live honestly, then in three days they will die of hunger! Satin scolds the Baron: an educated man, but he has not learned to cheat at cards. Abram Ivanovich lost to Bubnov. Satin counts the winnings - fifty-three kopecks. The actor asks for three kopecks, and then he himself wonders why he needs them? Satin calls Luka to the tavern, but he refuses. The actor wants to read poetry, but realizes with horror that he forgot everything, he drank away his memory. Luka reassures the Actor that they are treating him for drunkenness, only he has forgotten in which city the hospital is. Luka convinces the Actor that he will recover, pull himself together, and begin to live well again. Anna calls Luka to talk to her. The tick stands in front of his wife, then leaves. Luka takes pity on Klesch - he feels bad, Anna replies that she is not up to her husband. She withered from him. Luka consoles Anna that she will die and feel better. “Death - it calms everything ... it is affectionate for us ... If you die, you will rest!” Anna is afraid that suddenly, in the other world, torment awaits her. Luke says that the Lord will call her and say that she lived hard, let her rest now. Anna asks what if she recovers? Luke is interested: for what, for new flour? But Anna wants to live longer, she even agrees to suffer, if then peace awaits her. Ash enters and screams. Medvedev is trying to calm him down. Luke asks to be quiet: Anna is dying. Ash agrees with Luka: “You, grandfather, if you please, I respect you! You, brother, well done. You lie well ... you tell fairy tales nicely! Lie, nothing ... not enough, brother, pleasant in the world!

Vaska asks Medvedev if Vasilisa beat Natasha badly? The policeman excuses himself: "that is a family matter, and not his, Ashes, business." Vaska assures that if he wants, Natasha will leave with him. Medvedev is outraged that a thief dares to make plans for his niece. He threatens to bring Cinder to clean water. At first, Vaska, in a temper, says: try it. But then he threatens that if he is taken to the investigator, he will not be silent. He will tell that Kostylev and Vasilisa pushed him to steal, they sell stolen goods. Medvedev is sure: no one will believe a thief. But Pepel confidently says that they will believe in the truth. Pepel and Medvedev are threatened that they will confuse him. The policeman leaves so as not to run into trouble. Ash smugly remarks: Medvedev ran to complain to Vasilisa. Bubnov advises Vaska to be careful. But Ash, Yaroslavl, you can’t take with your bare hands. “If there is war, we will fight,” the thief threatens.

Luka advises Ash to go to Siberia, Vaska jokes that he will wait until they take him at public expense. Luke persuades that people like Pepel are needed in Siberia: "There are such people - it is necessary." Ash replies that his path was predetermined: “My path is marked for me! My parent spent all my life in prisons and ordered the same thing for me ... When I was little, they called me a thief at that time, a son of thieves ... ”Luka praises Siberia, calls it the “golden side”. Vaska wonders why Luka is lying. The old man replies: “And why do you really need it painfully ... think about it! She, really, maybe swelled for you ... ”Ash asks Luka if there is a God? The old man replies: “If you believe, there is; if you don’t believe it, no… What you believe in is what it is.” Bubnov goes to the tavern, and Luka, slamming the door, as if leaving, carefully climbs onto the stove. Vasilisa goes to Ash's room and calls Vasily there. He refuses; He was tired of everything and so was she. Ash looks at Vasilisa and admits that, despite her beauty, he never had a heart for her. Vasilisa is offended that Ash fell out of love with her so suddenly. The thief explains that not suddenly, she has no soul, like animals, she and her husband. Vasilisa confesses to Ash that she loved the hope in him that he would get her out of here. She offers Ash a sister if he frees her from her husband: "Take off this noose from me." Ashes grins: it’s great she came up with everything: her husband - into a coffin, her lover - to hard labor, and herself ... Vasilisa asks him to help through her friends, if Pepel himself does not want to. Natalia will be his payment. Vasilisa beats her sister out of jealousy, and then she cries out of pity. Kostylev, quietly entering, finds them and shouts at his wife: “A beggar ... a pig ...”

Ash drives Kostylev, but he is the owner and decides where he should be. The ashes are strongly shaken by Kostylev's collar, but Luka makes noise on the stove, and Vaska releases the owner. Ashes realized that Luka had heard everything, but he did not deny it. He deliberately began to make noise so that Pepel would not strangle Kostylev. The old man advises Vaska to stay away from Vasilisa, take Natasha, and go with her away from here. Ash can't decide what to do. Luke says that Pepel is still young, he will have time to "get a woman, it's better to go from here alone, before he is killed here."

The old man notices that Anna has died. Ash does not like the dead. Luke replies that one must love the living. They go to the tavern to inform Klesh about the death of his wife. The actor recalled a poem by Paul Beranger, which he wanted to tell Luca in the morning:

Lord! If the truth is holy

The world can't find the way,

Honor to the madman who will inspire

Mankind has a golden dream!

If tomorrow the earth is our way

Forgot to shine our sun

Tomorrow the whole world would light up

The thought of some madman...

Natasha, who was listening to the Actor, laughs at him, and he asks where Luka has gone? As soon as it gets warm, the Actor is going to go look for a city where he is being treated for drunkenness. He admits that his stage name is Sverchkov-Zavolzhsky, but no one here knows this and does not want to know, it is very disappointing to lose a name. “Even dogs have nicknames. Without a name, there is no person.

Natasha sees the dead Anna and tells the Actor and Bubnov about it. Bubnov notices: there will be no one to cough at night. He warns Natasha: The ashes "will break her head", Natasha does not care who to die from. Those who entered look at Anna, and Natasha is surprised that no one regrets Anna. Luke explains that the living should be pitied. “We don’t pity the living ... we can’t pity ourselves ... where is it!” Bubnov philosophizes - everyone will die. Everyone advises Kleshch to report the death of his wife to the police. He grieves: he has only forty kopecks, why bury Anna? Crooked Goit promises that he will collect a dime each for a rooming house - a dime. Natasha is afraid to go through the dark passage and asks Luka to accompany her. The old man advises her to be afraid of the living.

The actor yells at Luka to name the city where they treat drunkenness. Satin is convinced that everything is a mirage. There is no such city. The Tatar stops them so that they don't scream when they are dead. But Satine says the dead don't care. Luka appears at the door.

Act Three

Wasteland littered with rubbish. In the depths there is a wall of refractory bricks, to the right a log wall and everything is overgrown with weeds. To the left is the wall of Kostylev's rooming house. In a narrow passage between the walls are boards and timber. Evening. Natasha and Nastya are sitting on the boards. On the firewood - Luke and Baron, next to them are Klesch and Baron.

Nastya talks about her alleged former date with a student in love with her, ready to shoot himself because of his love for her. Bubnov laughs at Nastya's fantasies, but the Baron asks not to interfere with lying further.

Nastya continues to fantasize that the student's parents do not give consent to their marriage, but he cannot live without her. She ostensibly tenderly says goodbye to Raul. Everyone laughs - the last time the beloved was called Gaston. Nastya is indignant that they do not believe her. She claims she had true love. Luka consoles Nastya: “Tell me, girl, nothing!” Natasha reassures Nastya that everyone behaves this way out of envy. Nastya continues to fantasize what tender words she said to her lover, persuading him not to take his own life, not to upset his beloved parents / The Baron laughs - this is a story from the book “Fatal Love”. Luka consoles Nastya, believes her. The Baron laughs at Nastya's stupidity, though noting her kindness. Bubnov wonders why people love lies so much. Natasha is sure: it is more pleasant than the truth. So she dreams that tomorrow a special stranger will come and a completely special thing will happen. And then he realizes that there is nothing to wait. The Baron picks up her phrase that there is nothing to wait for, and he does not expect anything. Everything already ... was! Natasha says that sometimes she imagines herself dead and becomes terrified of her. The Baron takes pity on Natasha, who is being tormented by her sister. The kind asks: And whom easier?

Suddenly Tick shouts that not everyone is bad. If only everyone would not be so offended. Bubnov is surprised by Klesch's cry. The baron goes to Nastya to put up, otherwise she will not give him a drink.

Bubnov is unhappy that people are lying. Okay, Nastya is used to "painting her face ... a blush brings to the soul." But why does Luka lie without any benefit to himself? Luka reprimands the Baron not to disturb Nastya's soul. Let her cry if she wants to. Baron agrees. Natasha asks Luka why he is kind. The old man is sure that someone needs to be kind. “It’s good to feel sorry for a person in time ... it happens well ...” He tells the story of how, being a watchman, he took pity on the thieves who climbed into the dacha guarded by Luka. Then these thieves were good men. Luke concludes: “If I hadn’t had pity on them, they might have killed me ... or something else ... And then - a court and a prison, and Siberia ... what’s the point? Prison - will not teach good, and Siberia will not teach ... but a person will teach ... yes! A person can teach good things ... very simply!

Bubnov himself cannot lie and always tells the truth. The tick jumps up as if stung and screams, where does Bubnov see the truth?! "There is no work - that's the truth!" The tick hates everyone. Luka and Natasha feel sorry for the Tick, who looks like a madman. Ash asks about the Tick and adds that he does not love him - he is painfully angry and proud. What are you proud of? Horses are the most hardworking, so are they taller than a person?

Luka, continuing the conversation started by Bubnov about the truth, tells the following story. There lived a man in Siberia who believed in the “righteous land”, which is inhabited by special good people. This man endured all insults and injustices in the hope that someday he would go there, this was his favorite dream. And when a scientist came and proved that there was no such land, this man hit the scientist, cursed him as a scoundrel, and strangled himself. Luka says that he will soon leave the rooming house for "Khokhly", to look at the faith there.

Pepel invites Natasha to leave with him, she refuses, but Pepel promises to stop stealing, he is literate - he will work. Offers to go to Siberia, assures: it is necessary to live differently than they live, better, "so that you can respect yourself."

He was called a thief from childhood, so he became a thief. “Call me differently, Natasha,” Vaska asks. But Natasha does not trust anyone, she is waiting for something better, her heart aches, and Natasha does not love Vaska. At times she likes him, and at other times it is sickening to look at him. Ash persuades Natasha that in time she will love him, as he loves her. Natasha asks with a sneer how Ash manages to love two people at the same time: her and Vasilisa? Ash replies that he is sinking, as if in a quagmire, whatever he grabs, everything is rotten. He might have fallen in love with Vasilisa if she had not been so greedy for money. But she does not need love, but money, will, debauchery. Ash admits that Natasha is another matter.

Luka persuades Natasha to leave with Vaska, only to remind him more often that he is good. And who does she live with? Her family is worse than wolves. And Pepel is a tough guy. Natasha doesn't trust anyone. Ashes is sure: she has only one way... but he won't let her go there, it's better to kill him himself. Natasha is surprised that Pepel is not yet a husband, but is already going to kill her. Vaska hugs Natasha, and she threatens that if Vaska touches her with a finger, she will not endure, she will strangle herself. Ash swears that his hands will wither if he offends Natasha.

Vasilisa, who was standing at the window, hears everything and says: “So we got married! Advice and love! ..” Natasha is frightened, and Pepel is sure: no one will dare to offend Natasha now. Vasilisa objects that Vasily does not know how to offend or love. He was more successful in words than in deeds. Luka is surprised by the poisonousness of the "hostess" tongue.

Kostylev urges Natalya to put on the samovar and set the table. Ash intercedes, but Natasha stops him from commanding her, "it's too early!".

Pepel tells Kostylev that they mocked Natasha and that's enough. "Now she is mine!" The Kostylevs laugh: he hasn't bought Natasha yet. Vaska threatens not to have much fun, no matter how much they have to cry. Luke drives Ashes, whom Vasilisa incites, wants to provoke. Ash threatens Vasilisa, and she tells him that Ash's plan will not come true.

Kostylev asks if it is true that Luka decided to leave. He replies that he will go where his eyes look. Kostylev says that it is not good to wander. But Luke calls himself a wanderer. Kostylev scolds Luka for not having a passport. Luke says that "there are people, and there are people." Kostylev does not understand Luka and gets angry. And he replies that Kostylev will never be a man, even if "the Lord God himself commands" him. Kostylev drives Luka away, Vasilisa joins her husband: Luka has a long tongue, let him get out. Luka promises to leave into the night. Bubnov confirms that it is always better to leave on time, tells his story about how he, having left on time, escaped hard labor. His wife got in touch with the master furrier, and so cleverly that, just in case, they would poison Bubnov so as not to interfere.

Bubnov beat his wife, and the master beat him. Bubnov even considered how to "kill" his wife, but he caught himself and left. The workshop was recorded on his wife, so he turned out to be naked as a falcon. This is facilitated by the fact that Bubnov is a drunkard and very lazy, as he himself admits to Luka.

Satin and the Actor appear. Satin demands that Luca confess to lying to the Actor. The actor did not drink vodka today, but worked - the street was chalked up. He shows the money earned - two five-kopeck pieces. Satin offers to give him the money, but the Actor says that he earns his own way.

Satin complains that he blew "everything to smithereens" into the cards. There is a "sharper smarter than me!" Luke calls Satina cheerful person. Satin recalls that in his youth he was funny, loved to make people laugh, to represent on stage. Luka wonders how Sateen came to current life? It is unpleasant for sateen to stir the soul. Luka wants to understand how such an intelligent person suddenly fell to the very bottom. Satin replies that he spent four years and seven months in prison, and after prison there is no going anywhere. Luka wonders why Sateen went to jail? He replies that for a scoundrel, whom he killed in his temper and irritation. In prison, he learned to play cards.

Who did you kill for? Luca asks. Satin replies that because of his own sister, but he does not want to tell anything more, and his sister died nine years ago, she was glorious.

Satin asks the returned Tick why he is so gloomy. The locksmith does not know what to do, there is no tool - all the funerals were "eaten". Sateen advises to do nothing - just live. But Klesch is ashamed of such a life. Satin objects, because people are not ashamed that they doomed Tick to such a bestial existence.

Natasha screams. Her sister beats her again. Luka advises calling Vaska Ash, and the Actor runs after him.

Crooked Zob, Tatarin, Medvedev are involved in the fight. Satin tries to push Vasilisa away from Natasha. Vaska Pepel appears. He pushes everyone aside, runs after Kostylev. Vaska sees that Natasha's legs are scalded with boiling water, she almost unconsciously says to Vasily: "Take me, bury me." Vasilisa appears and shouts that Kostylev has been killed. Vasily does not understand anything, he wants to take Natasha to the hospital, and then pay off her offenders. (The lights go out on the stage. Separate surprised exclamations and phrases are heard.) Then Vasilisa shouts in a triumphant voice that Vaska Pepel killed her husband. Calling the police. She says she saw everything. Ashes approaches Vasilisa, looks at the corpse of Kostylev and asks if they should kill her, Vasilisa? Medvedev calls the police. Satin reassures Ash: killing in a fight is not a very serious crime. He, Satin, also beat the old man and is ready to testify. Ash confesses: Vasilisa encouraged him to kill her husband. Natasha suddenly shouts that Pepel and her sister are at the same time. Vasilisa was hindered by her husband and sister, so they killed her husband and scalded her, knocking over the samovar. Ash is stunned by Natasha's accusation. He wants to refute this terrible accusation. But she does not listen and curses her offenders. Satin is also surprised and tells Cinder that this family will "drown him."

Natasha, almost delirious, screams that her sister taught, and Vaska Pepel killed Kostylev, and asks herself to be sent to prison.

act four

The setting of the first act, but there is no Ash room. Klesch sits at the table and repairs the accordion. At the other end of the table - Satin, Baron, Nastya. They drink vodka and beer. The Actor is busy on the stove. Night. There is wind outside.

Tick ​​did not notice how Luka disappeared in the confusion. The baron adds: "... like smoke from the face of fire." Satin says in the words of a prayer: "Thus sinners disappear from the face of the righteous." Nastya stands up for Luka, calling everyone present rust. Satin laughs: For many, Luke was like a crumb for the toothless, and the Baron adds: “Like a band-aid for abscesses.” The tick also stands up for Luka, calling him compassionate. The Tatar is convinced that the Koran should be the law for people. The tick agrees - we must live according to the laws of God. Nastya wants to leave here. Satin advises her to take the Actor with her, they are on the way.

Satin and the Baron list the muses of art, they can not remember the patroness of the theater. The actor tells them - this is Melpomene, calls them ignoramuses. Nastya screams and waves her arms. Satin advises the Baron not to interfere with the neighbors to do what they want: let them scream, go no one knows where. The baron calls Luka a charlatan. Nastya indignantly calls him a charlatan himself.

Kleshch notes that Luke "very much disliked the truth, rebelled against it." Satin shouts that "man - that's the truth!". The old man lied out of pity for others. Satin says that he has read: there is truth that is comforting, reconciling. But this lie is needed by those who are weak in soul, who hide behind it like a shield. Who is the master, is not afraid of life, he does not need a lie. “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters. Truth is the God of a free man."

The baron recalls that their family, which came out of France, was rich and noble under Catherine. Nastya interrupts: the Baron invented everything. He gets angry. Satin reassures him, "... forget about grandfather's carriages ... in the carriage of the past - you will not go anywhere ...". Satin asks Nastya about Natasha. She replies that Natasha left the hospital a long time ago and disappeared. The roommates argue who will “seat” whom more firmly, Vaska Pepel Vasilisa or she Vaska. They come to the conclusion that Vasily is cunning and will "get out", and Vaska will go to hard labor in Siberia. The Baron again quarrels with Nastya, explaining to her that he is not like him, the Baron. Nastya laughs in response - the Baron lives on her handouts, "like a worm - an apple."

Seeing that the Tartar went to pray, Satin says: “Man is free… he pays for everything himself, and therefore he is free!.. Man is the truth.” Satin claims that all people are equal. “There is only man, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain. Human! It's great! That sounds…proud!” Then he adds that a person should be respected, not humiliated with pity. He talks about himself that he is "a convict, a murderer, a card sharp" when he walks

The play "At the Bottom" was conceived by Gorky as one of the four plays in the cycle, showing the life and worldview of people from different walks of life. This is one of the two purposes of creating a work. deep meaning, which the author put into it - an attempt to answer the main questions of human existence: what is a person and whether he will retain his personality, sinking "to the bottom" of moral and social life.

The history of the creation of the play

The first evidence of work on the play dates back to 1900, when Gorky, in a conversation with Stanislavsky, mentions his desire to write scenes from the life of a rooming house. Some sketches appeared at the end of 1901. In a letter to the publisher K. P. Pyatnitsky, to whom the author dedicated the work, Gorky wrote that in the planned play, all the characters, the idea, the motives for the actions are clear to him, and "it will be scary." The final version of the work was ready on July 25, 1902, published in Munich and went on sale at the end of the year.

Things were not so rosy with the production of the play on the stages Russian theaters- it is practically prohibited. An exception was made only for the Moscow Art Theater, the other theaters had to receive special permission to stage.

The name of the play changed at least four times in the course of work, and the genre was never determined by the author - the publication read "At the bottom of life: scenes." The shortened and familiar name for everyone today first appeared on the theater poster during the first production at the Moscow Art Theater.

The first performers were the stellar composition of the Moscow Artistic academic theater: K. Stanislavsky acted as Satin, V. Kachalov as Baron, I. Moskvin as Luka, O. Knipper as Nastya, M. Andreeva as Natasha.

The main plot of the work

The plot of the play is tied to the relationship of the characters and in an atmosphere of general hatred that reigns in the rooming house. This is the outer canvas of the work. Parallel action explores the depth of a person's fall "to the bottom", the measure of the insignificance of a socially and spiritually descended individual.

The play begins and ends storyline the relationship between two characters: the thief Vaska Ash and the wife of the owner of the rooming house Vasilisa. Ash loves her younger sister Natasha. Vasilisa is jealous, constantly beating her sister. She also has another interest in her lover - she wants to get rid of her husband and pushes Ash to kill. In the course of the play, Pepel really kills Kostylev in a quarrel. In the last act of the play, the guests of the rooming house say that Vaska will have to go to hard labor, but Vasilisa will "get out" anyway. Thus, the action is looped by the destinies of the two heroes, but is far from being limited to them.

The time span of the play is several weeks of early spring. The season is an important part of the play. One of the first names given by the author to the work, "Without the sun." Indeed, spring is all around, a sea of ​​sunlight, and darkness is in the rooming house and in the souls of its inhabitants. Luka, a vagabond, whom Natasha brings one day, became a ray of sunshine for the overnight stays. Luke brings hope for a happy outcome to the hearts of those who have fallen and lost faith in best people. However, at the end of the play, Luka disappears from the rooming house. The characters who trust him lose faith in the best. The play ends with the suicide of one of them - the Actor.

Play analysis

The play describes the life of a Moscow rooming house. The main characters, respectively, were its inhabitants and the owners of the institution. Also, persons related to the life of the institution appear in it: a policeman, who is also the uncle of the hostess of a rooming house, a dumpling seller, loaders.

Satin and Luca

Schuler, the former convict Satin and the vagabond, the wanderer Luke, are carriers of two opposing ideas: the need for compassion for a person, a saving lie out of love for him, and the need to know the truth, as proof of a person’s greatness, as a sign of trust in his fortitude. In order to prove the falsity of the first worldview and the truth of the second, the author built the action of the play.

Other characters

All other characters form the backdrop for this battle of ideas. In addition, they are designed to show, to measure the depth of the fall, to which a person is able to sink. The drunkard Actor and the mortally ill Anna, people who have completely lost faith in their own strength, fall under the power of a wonderful fairy tale into which Luke takes them. They are the most dependent on him. With his departure, they physically cannot live and die. The rest of the inhabitants of the rooming house perceive the appearance and departure of Luke, as the play of a sunny spring ray - he appeared and disappeared.

Nastya, who sells her body "on the boulevard", believes that there is a bright love, and she was in her life. Kleshch, the husband of the dying Anna, believes that he will rise from the bottom and again begin to earn a living by working. The thread that connects him to his working past remains a toolbox. At the end of the play, he is forced to sell them in order to bury his wife. Natasha hopes that Vasilisa will change and stop torturing her. After another beating, after leaving the hospital, she will no longer appear in the rooming house. Vaska Pepel strives to stay with Natalya, but cannot get out of the networks of the imperious Vasilisa. The latter, in turn, is waiting for the death of her husband to untie her hands and give her long-awaited freedom. The Baron lives on with his aristocratic past. The gambler Bubnov, the destroyer of "illusions", the ideologist of misanthropy, believes that "all people are superfluous."

The work was created in conditions when, after the economic crisis of the 90s of the 19th century, factories in Russia stood up, the population was rapidly impoverished, many found themselves at the bottom rung of the social ladder, in the basement. Each of the heroes of the play in the past experienced a fall "to the bottom", social and moral. Now they live in the memory of this, but they cannot rise "into the light": they do not know how, they have no strength, they are ashamed of their insignificance.

Main characters

Luke became a light for some. Gorky gave Luka a "speaking" name. It refers both to the image of St. Luke, and to the concept of "deceit". Obviously, the author is trying to show the inconsistency of Luke's ideas about the beneficial value of the Faith for a person. Gorky practically reduces Luke's compassionate humanism to the concept of betrayal - according to the plot of the play, the tramp leaves the rooming house just when those who trusted him need his support.

Satin is a figure designed to voice the worldview of the author. As Gorky wrote, Satin is not quite a suitable character for this, but there is simply no other character with such powerful charisma in the play. Satin is the ideological antipode of Luke: he does not believe in anything, he sees the ruthless essence of life and the situation in which he and the other inhabitants of the rooming house find themselves. Does Satin believe in Man and his power over the power of circumstances and mistakes made? The passionate monologue that he utters while arguing in absentia with the departed Luka leaves a strong, but contradictory impression.

There is also a carrier of the "third" truth in the work - Bubnov. This hero, like Satin, "stands for the truth", only she is somehow very scary in him. He is a misanthrope, but, in fact, a murderer. Only they die not from the knife in his hands, but from the hatred that he harbors for everyone.

The drama of the play increases from act to act. Luke's consoling conversations with those suffering from his compassion and Sateen's rare remarks, which indicate that he is attentively listening to the speeches of the tramp, become the connecting canvas. The culmination of the play is Sateen's monologue, delivered after Luke's departure-flight. Phrases from it are often quoted because they have the appearance of aphorisms; “Everything in a person is everything for a person!”, “Lie is the religion of slaves and masters ... Truth is the god of a free person!”, “Man - it sounds proud!”.

Conclusion

The bitter outcome of the play is the triumph of the freedom of a fallen person to die, disappear, leave, leaving no trace or memories behind. The inhabitants of the rooming house are free from society, moral norms, family and livelihood. By and large, they are free from life.

The play "At the Bottom" has been alive for more than a century and continues to be one of the most powerful works of Russian classics. The play makes one think about the place of faith and love in a person's life, about the nature of truth and lies, about a person's ability to resist moral and social decline.

genre features. The problem of the genre of M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" has been little studied. Critics of the early 20th century associated Gorky's play with a genre variety of philosophical drama. “Gorky does not have a single hero who would not philosophize,” wrote K. Chukovsky. - Each one will appear on its pages a little, and so begins to express his philosophy. Everyone speaks in aphorisms; no one lives on his own, but only for aphorisms. They live and move not for movement, not for life, but to philosophize.

In one of the first books about Gorky's play "At the Bottom" (A.A. Smirnov-Treplev, 1904), the genre of the play is already defined as a "philosophical drama" "with its deep symbolic content" capable of "obscuring the everyday side: so densely the play is saturated with ideas presented in living images.

I. Annensky believed that "At the Bottom" is a real drama, only not quite ordinary, close in genre to tragedy.

Later Gorky's work was called " new drama". In literary criticism recent years the genre of the play "At the Bottom" is defined as new type socio-philosophical drama, in which the main burden falls on the monologues and dialogues of the characters and on the dramatic conflict.

Genre features "At the bottom"

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Man is the truth!

M. Gorky

The multifaceted talent of M. Gorky was clearly manifested in dramaturgy. In the play "At the Bottom" Alexei Maksimovich revealed to readers and viewers a hitherto unknown layer of Russian life: the aspirations, suffering, joys and hopes of the "former people", the inhabitants of the rooming house. The author did this quite severely and truthfully.

The drama "At the Bottom" poses and solves philosophical questions: what is truth? do people need it? Is it possible to find happiness and peace in real life? Thrown out of active life, the inhabitants of the “bottom”, meanwhile, do not refuse to solve complex philosophical questions, life situations that reality puts before them. They try on various situations for themselves, trying to "surface" to the surface. Each of them wants to return to the world of "real people".

Heroes are full of illusions about the temporality of their position. And only Bubnov and Satin understand that there is no way out "from the bottom" - this is the lot of only the strong. Weak people need self-deception. They console themselves with the thought that sooner or later they will become full-fledged members of society. This hope in the shelters is actively supported by Luke, a wanderer who unexpectedly appeared among them. The old man finds the right tone with everyone: he consoles Anna with heavenly happiness after death. Persuades her that in the afterlife she will find peace, which she has not felt until now. Luka persuades Vaska Pepla to leave for Siberia. There is the place for strong and purposeful people. He calms Nastya, believing in her stories about unearthly love. The actor is promised a cure for alcoholism in a special clinic. The most striking thing about all this is that Luke lies unselfishly. He pities people, tries to give them hope as a stimulus to life. But the old man's consolations backfire. Anna dies, the Actor dies, Vaska Pepel ends up in prison. It seems that through the mouth of Satin, the author condemns Luke, refutes the compromising philosophy of the wanderer. “There is a comforting lie, a reconciling lie... Those who are weak in soul... and who live on other people's juices need a lie... it supports some, others hide behind it... And who is his own master... who is independent and does not eat someone else's - why does he need a lie? Lies are the religion of slaves and masters… Truth is the god of a free man!”

But Gorky is not so simple and straightforward; it allows readers and viewers to decide for themselves: are Lucas needed in real life or are they evil? It is also striking that over the years the attitude of society towards this character has changed. If during the creation of the play "At the Bottom" Luke was almost villain, with his boundless pity for people, the attitude towards him changed over time.

In our cruel time, when a person feels his loneliness and uselessness to others, Luka received a “second life”, became almost goodie. He pities the people living nearby, albeit mechanically, without wasting his spiritual strength on this, but he finds time to listen to the suffering, instills hope in them, and this is already a lot.

The play "At the Bottom" is one of those few works that do not age over time, and each generation discovers in them thoughts that are consonant with their time, views, and life situations. This is the great power of the playwright's talent, his ability to look into the future.

In the play "At the Bottom" one of the peculiar genres of Gorky's dramaturgy crystallized - the genre of a socio-philosophical play.

Most critics of the pre-revolutionary period viewed The Lower Depths as a static play, as a series of sketches of everyday life, scenes not internally connected, as a naturalistic play devoid of action, development, and dramatic conflicts.

In "At the Bottom" Gorky develops, sharpens, and makes especially clear the principle characteristic of Chekhov's dramaturgy...

When ... Gorky wrote: “The play is done like a symphony: there is a main leitmotif and various variations, changing it ”(Letter to the LAPP Theater / Literary Gazette. 1931. N 53), then he could mean his own dramatic experience. There are several “themes” in the play, ideological and thematic complexes that “absorb” well-known ideas and moods, character traits of the characters, their aspirations, ideals and actions, their relationships and destinies, their individual collisions. No fate, no conflict can be traced holistically from beginning to end; they are outlined, as it were, by a dotted line, discontinuously, episodically, since they must enter a certain thematic complex, participating in the development of a “theme”, in solving a socio-philosophical problem.<...>

The exposition presents all the main problems that will be solved in the play; all its main themes appear in embryonic form. How to relate to the inhuman life of the destitute, the oppressed? Bear your cross patiently?

Soften the pain of others with compassion? Surrender to comforting illusions? Protest? Looking for an active way out for everyone, say, in work? Various answers to these questions separate and somehow bring together the heroes of the play, who are, as it were, in a state of expectation. The appearance of Luke sets everything in motion. He removes some, supports others, directs them, gives justification for their aspirations. A practical test of various life attitudes begins.

6. Dramaturgical conflict of the play "At the Bottom"

Most critics considered "At the Bottom" as a static play, as a series of sketches of everyday life, internally unrelated scenes, as a naturalistic play, devoid of action, the development of dramatic conflicts. In fact, in the play "At the Bottom" there is a deep inner dynamics, development ... The linkage of replicas, actions, scenes of the play is determined not by everyday or plot motivations, but by the deployment of socio-philosophical problems, the movement of topics, their struggle. That subtext, that undercurrent, which V. Nemirovich-Danchenko and K. Stanislavsky discovered in Chekhov's plays, acquires decisive significance in Gorky's "At the Bottom". “Gorky portrays the consciousness of the people of the “bottom”. The plot unfolds not so much in external action as in the dialogues of the characters. It is the conversations of the overnight stays that determine the development of the dramatic conflict.

It's amazing: the more the bed-seekers want to hide the real state of affairs from themselves, the more they take pleasure in convicting others of lies. They take particular pleasure in torturing their comrades in misfortune, trying to take away from them the last thing they have - an illusion

What do we see? It turns out there is no single truth. And there are at least two truths - the truth of the "bottom" and the truth of the best in man. What truth wins in Gorky's play? At first glance - the truth of the "bottom". There is no way out of this “dead end of life” for any of the overnight stays. None of the characters in the play gets better - only worse. Anna dies, Kleshch finally “falls” and gives up hope of escaping from the rooming house, Tatar loses his arm, which means he also becomes unemployed, Natasha dies morally, and maybe physically, Vaska Pepel goes to prison, even the bailiff Medvedev becomes one of the roomers . The nochlezhka accepts everyone and does not let anyone out, except for one person - the wanderer Luke, who entertained the unfortunate tales and disappeared. The culmination of general disappointment is the death of the Actor, whom it was Luka who inspired in vain hope for recovery and a normal life.

“The comforters of this series are the most intelligent, knowledgeable and eloquent. That is why they are the most harmful. Luka should be just such a comforter in the play "The Lower Depths," but apparently I failed to make him so. “At the Bottom” is an outdated play and, perhaps, even harmful in our days” (Gorky, 1930s).

7. Images of Satin, Baron, Bubnov in the play "At the bottom"

Gorky's play "At the Bottom" was written in 1902 for the troupe of the Moscow Public Art Theater. Gorky for a long time could not find the exact title of the play. Initially, it was called Nochlezhka, then Without the Sun, and finally, At the Bottom. The name itself has a lot of meaning. People who have fallen to the bottom will never rise to the light, to a new life. The theme of the humiliated and offended is not new in Russian literature. Let us recall the heroes of Dostoevsky, who also "have nowhere else to go." Many similar features can be found in the heroes of Dostoevsky and Gorky: this is the same world of drunkards, thieves, prostitutes and pimps. Only he is shown even more terribly and realistically by Gorky. In Gorky's play, the audience saw for the first time the unfamiliar world of the outcasts. Such a harsh, merciless truth about the life of the social lower classes, about their hopeless fate, the world dramaturgy has not yet known. Under the vaults of the Kostylevo rooming house there were people of the most diverse character and social status. Each of them has its own individual features. Here is the worker Kleshch, who dreams of honest work, and Ash, longing for the right life, and the Actor, all absorbed in memories of his former glory, and Nastya, passionately yearning for great, true love. All of them deserve a better fate. The more tragic their situation now. The people who live in this cave-like basement are tragic victims of an ugly and cruel order in which a person ceases to be a person and is doomed to drag out a miserable existence. Gorky does not give a detailed account of the biographies of the heroes of the play, but even the few features that he reproduces perfectly reveal the author's intention. In a few words, the tragedy of Anna's life fate is drawn. “I don’t remember when I was full,” she says. “She was shaking over every piece of bread ... I was trembling all my life ... I was tormented ... as if I couldn’t eat another one ... All my life I went in rags ... my whole unhappy life ...” Here is the truth! No shelter, no shelter! You need to breathe ... That's the truth! The inhabitants of the “bottom” are thrown out of life due to the conditions prevailing in society. Man is left to himself. If he stumbles, gets out of the rut, he is threatened with the “bottom”, inevitable moral, and often physical death. Anna dies, the Actor commits suicide, and the rest are exhausted, disfigured by life to the last degree. And even here, in this terrible world of outcasts, the wolf laws of the “bottom” continue to operate. The figure of the owner of the rooming house Kostylev, one of the "masters of life", who is ready even to squeeze the last penny out of his unfortunate and disadvantaged guests, is disgusting. Just as disgusting is his wife Vasilisa with her immorality. The terrible fate of the inhabitants of the rooming house becomes especially obvious if we compare it with what a person is called to. Under the dark and gloomy vaults of the doss house, among the pitiful and crippled, unfortunate and homeless vagrants, the words about man, about his vocation, about his strength and his beauty sound like a solemn hymn: “Man is the truth! Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds proud!” Proud words about what a person should be and what a person can be, even more sharply set off the picture of the real situation of a person that the writer paints. And this contrast takes on a special meaning... Sateen's fiery monologue about a man sounds somewhat unnatural in an atmosphere of impenetrable darkness, especially after Luka left, the Actor hanged himself, and Vaska Pepel was imprisoned. The writer himself felt this and explained this by the fact that the play should have a reasoner (expressor of the author's thoughts), but the characters portrayed by Gorky can hardly be called spokesmen for anyone's ideas in general. Therefore, Gorky puts his thoughts into the mouth of Satin, the most freedom-loving and fair character.

The author began writing the play in Nizhny Novgorod, where, according to the observation of Gorky's contemporary, Rozov, there was the best and most convenient place for all kinds of rabble of people to gather ... (I always believed that Gorky took the prototypes of the heroes in Nizhny Novgorod, because he lived in this city and knew all his the future of heroes personally). This explains the realism of the characters, their complete resemblance to the originals.

Alexei Maksimovich Gorky explores the soul and characters of tramps from different positions, in various life situations, trying to understand who they are, what led them to different people to the bottom of life. The author is trying to prove that overnight stays are ordinary people, they dream of happiness, they know how to love, compassion, and most importantly, they think.

By genre, the play At the Bottom can be classified as philosophical, because from the lips of the characters we hear interesting conclusions, sometimes whole social theories. For example, the Baron consoles himself with the fact that there is nothing to expect... I do not expect anything! Everything already ... was! It's over! .. Or Bubnov So I drank and I'm glad!

But the true talent for philosophizing is manifested in Satin, a former telegraph employee. He talks about good and evil, about conscience, about the destiny of man. Sometimes we feel that he is the mouthpiece of the author, there is no one else in the play who can say it so smoothly and smartly. His phrase Man it sounds proud! became winged.

But Satin justifies his position with these arguments. He is a kind of ideologist of the bottom, justifying its existence. Satin preaches contempt for moral values And where are they honor, conscience On your feet, instead of boots you can’t put on either honor or conscience ... Spectators are amazed by the gambler and cheater, who talks about the truth, about justice, the imperfection of the world, in which he himself is an outcast.

But all these philosophical searches of the hero are just a verbal duel with his antipode in terms of worldview, with Luke. The sober, sometimes cruel realism of Sateen collides with the soft and accommodating speeches of the wanderer. Luke fills the rooming houses with dreams, calls them to patience. In this regard, he is a truly Russian person, ready for compassion and humility. This type is deeply loved by Gorky himself. Luke does not receive any benefit from what gives people hope, there is no self-interest in this. This is the need of his soul. The researcher of Maxim Gorky's work, I. Novich, spoke about Luke this way ... he consoles not from love for this life and belief that it is good, but from capitulation to evil, reconciliation with it. For example, Luke assures Anna that a woman must endure her husband's beatings. Be patient some more! All, dear, endure.

Having suddenly appeared, just as suddenly, Luka disappears, revealing his possibilities in every inhabitant of the rooming house. The heroes thought about life, injustice, their hopeless fate.

Only Bubnov and Satin reconciled themselves to their position as overnight stays. Bubnov differs from Sateen in that he considers a person to be a worthless creature, and therefore worthy of a dirty life. People all live ... like chips floating in a river ... building a house ... chips away ...

Gorky shows that in an embittered and cruel world, only people who stand firmly on their feet, who are aware of their position, and who do not disdain anything, can survive. The defenseless rooming houses Baron, who lives in the past, Nastya, who replaces life with fantasies, perish in this world. Anna dies, the Actor lays hands on himself. He suddenly realizes the unfulfillment of his dream, the unreality of its implementation. Vaska Pepel, dreaming of a bright life, goes to prison.

Luke, regardless of his will, becomes the culprit in the death of these not at all bad people the inhabitants of the rooming house do not need promises, but. specific actions that Luke is not capable of. He disappears, rather flees, thus proving the inconsistency of his theory, the victory of reason over the dream. Taco, sinners disappear from the face of the righteous!

But Satin, like Luke, is no less responsible for the death of the Actor. After all, breaking the dream of a hospital for alcoholics, Satin tears the last threads of hope of the Actor, connecting him with life.

Gorky wants to show that, relying only on his own strength, a person can get out of the bottom. A person can do anything ... if only he wants to. But such strong characters There are no striving for freedom in the play.

In the work we see the tragedy of individuals, their physical and spiritual death. At the bottom people lose their human dignity along with first and last names. Many rooming houses have nicknames Krivoy Zob, Tatar, Actor.

How does Gorky the humanist approach the main problem of the work? Does he really recognize the insignificance of a person, the baseness of his interests? No, the author believes in people not only strong, but also honest, hardworking, diligent. Such a person in the play is the locksmith Kleshch. He is the only inhabitant of the bottom who has a real chance of rebirth. Proud of his work rank, Kleshch despises the rest of the roomers. But gradually, under the influence of Sateen's speeches about the worthlessness of labor, he loses self-confidence, lowering his hands before fate. In this case, it was no longer the crafty Luke, but Satin the tempter who suppressed hope in a person. It turns out that, having different views on life positions, Satin and Luka are equally pushing people to death.

Creating realistic characters, Gorky emphasizes everyday details, speaking brilliant artist. A gloomy, rude and primitive existence fills the play with something ominous, oppressive, reinforcing the sense of unreality of what is happening. The noss house, located below ground level, devoid of sunlight, somehow reminds the viewer of a hell in which people die.

Horror is caused by the scene when the dying Anna is talking to Luka. This last conversation of hers is, as it were, a confession. But the conversation is interrupted by the screams of drunken gamblers, a gloomy prison song. It becomes strange awareness of frailty human life, neglect of her, because even at the hour of death, Anna is not given rest.

The author's remarks help us to more fully imagine the heroes of the play. Brief and clear, they contain a description of the characters, help us to reveal some aspects of their characters. In addition, in the prison song introduced into the canvas of the narrative, a new, hidden meaning. The lines I want to be free, yes, eh! .. I can’t break the chain ... they show that the bottom tenaciously holds its inhabitants, and the shelters cannot escape from its embrace, no matter how hard they try.

The play is over, but Gorky does not give an unambiguous answer to the main questions: what is the truth of life and what should a person strive for, leaving it to us to decide. Satin's final phrase Eh... spoiled the song... the fool is ambiguous and makes you think. Who is the fool? The Hanged Actor or the Baron who brought the news about it? Time passes, people change, but, unfortunately, the theme of the bottom remains relevant today. Due to economic and political upheavals, more and more people are sinking into the bottom of life. more people. Every day their ranks are replenished. Don't think they are losers. No, a lot of smart, decent people go to the bottom, honest people. They strive to quickly leave this kingdom of darkness, to act in order to live a full life again. But poverty dictates its conditions to them. And gradually a person loses all his best moral qualities, preferring to surrender to chance.

Gorky, with the play At the Bottom, wanted to prove that the essence of life is only in struggle. When a person loses hope, stops dreaming, he loses faith in the future.