The explanatory dictionary gives two main meanings of the word "mind". Firstly, the mind is the highest stage of human cognitive activity, the ability to think, to generalize the results of knowledge. As Immanuel Kant, a representative of the school of German classical philosophy, wrote, "all our knowledge begins with the senses, then passes to the mind and ends in the mind."

The second meaning of the word "reason" is mind, intellect. According to dictionaries, antonyms for the word mind in its second meaning are: madness, stupidity, instinct, heart, feeling. To act reasonably means to exercise sufficient discretion, to be guided by the requirements of common sense, prudently, sensibly, intelligently.

In works fiction, as in everyday life, the human mind often conflicts with feelings. The heroes of the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" and the story "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin make their choice: to act as they should, or to succumb to feelings, the dictates of the heart, instinct. Three types of behavior can be distinguished: 1) under the influence of feelings, neglecting common sense; 2) guided by reason, but in conflict with feelings; 3) reasonably and consciously, in accordance with feelings and emotions.

Not always actions under the influence of prevailing emotions deserve condemnation. On the contrary, we admire the depth of feeling, purity and frankness of the hero of the work. As a rule, in these cases we are talking about love or falling in love. The best example is Tatyana Larina's letter to Eugene Onegin, written despite the fact that she was afraid and ashamed to be the first to confess her love. Without hope for a new meeting alone, Tatyana felt that Eugene was sent to her by fate, she was waiting for him, not having met him yet.

My mind is failing

And I must die silently.

I'm waiting for you: with a single look

Revive the hope of your heart

Or break a heavy dream,

Alas, a well-deserved reproach!

Where there is love, there is jealousy, and where there is jealousy, there are duels. No rational argument can justify killing a person out of jealousy. From the hands of Eugene Onegin, his friend, the young enamored poet Vladimir Lensky, perishes. Reasonably speaking, the tragedy could have been prevented.

… Eugene,

Loving the young man with all my heart,

Was supposed to render myself

Not a ball of prejudice,

Not an ardent boy, a fighter,

But a husband with honor and intelligence.

Lensky, before the duel, made sure that his bride Olga Larina was not in the least carried away by Onegin, she always remained faithful to Vladimir. What made the former friends carry out their cruel intentions? Fear of human rumor, the opinion of the world, ideas of honor.

But the whisper, the laughter of fools...

And here is the public opinion!

Spring of honor, our idol!

And this is where the world revolves!

On the night before the fight, Lensky was busy reading Schiller, composing and reading romantic poems aloud, imagining how Olga would grieve for him, that is, he plunged into dreams and emotions, instead of reconciling with Evgeny, convinced of Olga's innocence.

Even more dangerous than jealousy is the feeling of fear that leads to betrayal. The character of the story "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin violated his military oath during the siege of the fortress and began to serve Emelyan Pugachev to save his life, although the ideas of the rebellious Pugachevites were alien to him. Shvabrin's low deed is not dictated by the dictates of his heart, not by madness or stupidity, but by the survival instinct.

Heroes evoke respect and sympathy works of art who, in the name of duty, guided by the norms of morality, act according to their conscience, even if for this it is necessary to overcome their passions. And again we turn to Tatyana Larina, but already matured married woman. First, she reproaches Eugene Onegin for the fact that he once rejected the “humble girl’s love”, and now, out of a strange whim, he became infatuated with her.

How is it with your heart and mind

To be the feelings of a petty slave?

Then, not knowing how to be hypocritical, Tatyana admits that her new position in the world, “all this rags of a masquerade”, she does not appreciate and still loves Yevgeny, but intends to be faithful to her husband, cherish honor, even remaining forever unhappy.

I love you (why lie?),

But I am given to another;

I will be faithful to him forever.

Only those heroes of works who consciously act in accordance with their feelings are truly happy. They are not tormented by internal contradictions. They don't have to regret their actions. In fiction, they are always examples of courage, heroism, loyalty, selflessness, and a strong personality.

Masha's parents accept their fate with honor in The Captain's Daughter. For the commandant Ivan Kuzmich and his wife Vasilisa Egorovna there is no other sovereign, and they did not swear and obey the impostor.

Masha, a worthy daughter of her parents, went to Tsarskoye Selo to ask the empress for her fiancé Grinev, who was accused of treason. The story ends with the words that the descendants of Masha and Peter Grinev kept as family heirloom in a frame under glass, a handwritten letter from Catherine II containing Grinev's excuse and "praise to the mind and heart of Captain Mironov's daughter."

A.S. Pushkin created immortal images that are close and understandable to every person. Literature teaches us to be better, educates us morally. Thinking about the fate of the characters, the reader imagines how he would act in a given situation, what he would be guided by, reason or feelings. In the presence of a contradiction, it is very difficult to make a choice. Still, you must try to let the mind prevail. And if reasonable actions are supported by an appropriate internal attitude, the results can exceed expectations.

An essay on the topic “What controls a person more: mind or feelings?”

What controls a person more: mind or feelings? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to define its main components. Reason is the ability of a person to think logically: analyze, establish cause-and-effect relationships, find meanings, draw conclusions, formulate principles. And feelings are the emotional experiences of a person that arise in the process of his relationship with the outside world. Feelings are formed and developed in the course of development and upbringing of a person.

It seems to many that you need to live only by reason, and they are somewhat right. Reason is given to man so that he thinks everything over and makes the right decisions. But man is also given feelings. They always fight with reason, showing that it is worth paying more attention to them. Feelings are important for each of us: they help to make ours more rich and interesting. Sometimes the heart tells us one thing, but the brain tells us quite the opposite. How to be? I would like them to live in peace and not argue with each other, but this is unattainable. The soul desires freedom, celebration, fun ... And the mind tells us that we need to work, work, take care of everyday little things so that they do not accumulate into insoluble everyday problems. Two opposing forces are pulling the reins of government each for themselves, so in different situations we are controlled by different motives.

Many writers and poets raised the topic of the struggle between reason and feelings. So, for example, in W. Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" the main characters belong to the warring clans of Montague and Capulet. Everything is against the feelings of young people, and the voice of reason advises everyone not to succumb to the outbreak of love. But emotions are stronger, and even in death, Romeo and Juliet did not want to leave. We never know for sure what will happen if feelings take precedence over reason, but Shakespeare showed us the tragic development of events. And we willingly believe him, because a similar story has been repeated more than once both in world culture and in life. Heroes - just teenagers who probably fell in love for the first time. If they had even tried to calm the ardor and try to negotiate with their parents, I doubt that the Montechis or the Capulets would have preferred the death of their children. They would most likely compromise. However, teenagers in this situation did not have enough wisdom and worldly experience to achieve their goal in other, reasonable ways. Sometimes feelings act as our inner intuition, but it also happens that this is just a momentary impulse that is better to contain. I think Romeo and Juliet succumbed to the impulse inherent in their age, and not intuitively established an unbreakable bond. Love would push them to solve the problem, not to commit suicide. Such a sacrifice is only the command of capricious passion.

In the story "The Captain's Daughter" we also observe a clash between reason and feeling. Pyotr Grinev, having learned that his beloved Masha Mironova is forcibly held by Shvabrin, who wants to force the girl to marry him, contrary to the voice of reason, turns to Pugachev for help. The hero knows that this can threaten him with death, because the connection with the state criminal was severely punished, but he does not deviate from his plan and ultimately saves his own life and honor, and later gets Masha as his legal wife. This example is an illustration of the fact that the voice of feeling is necessary for a person in making a final decision. He helped save the girl from unjust oppression. If the young man only thought and thought, he would not be able to love to the point of self-sacrifice. But Grinev did not neglect his mind: he made a mental plan on how to help his beloved as efficiently as possible. He did not register as a traitor, but took advantage of the location of Pugachev, who appreciated the courageous and strong character of the officer.

Thus, I can conclude that both reason and feelings must be strong in a person. You can not give preference to extremes, you must always find a compromise solution. What choice to make in this or that situation: to submit to feelings or to listen to the voice of reason? How to avoid internal conflict between these two "elements"? Everyone must answer these questions for himself. And a person also makes a choice on his own, a choice on which not only the future, but life itself can sometimes depend.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Ryanitsa, going to torment with delight, one against all, like a rebel and a madman. The world is filled with “a dazzling purple of fire”, “the sunset of the golden world burns with fire” and the golden trumpets of the argonaut call him to a “solar feast”. "Gold in Azure" is a book of expectations and foreshadowings of future "golden dawns".

It is also important that in Shalamov's poems color is fundamentally inseparable from light. “Color is light limited in one way or another by darkness. Hence the phenomenal color, ”stated A. Bely.

In Shalamov's poem "Light", this phenomenon becomes a condition for the harmonious manifestation of color: the entire color connotation in the poem is plastically realized between the poles of light. Such a clear gradation is also found in A. Bely's poem "Thunderstorm", where the color play is based between the poles: the light emitted, on the one hand, by lightning, the lightning of a departing thunderstorm, and on the other, by the setting sun.

The fact that color is born on the border of light and darkness was once written by I.V. Goethe, who relied not so much on Byzantine aesthetics as on the natural science ideas of his era: “Colors are the deeds of light, deeds and suffering. In this sense, we can expect them to reveal the nature of light. Colors and light stand in the most exact relationship with each other, but we must imagine them as inherent in all nature, because through them all of it is ready to be completely revealed to the sense of sight.

Of course, the iconographic style does not exhaust the wealth of Shalamov's poetry, but is its most important component.

Literature

1. Shalamov, V. New book: Memoirs. Notebooks. Correspondence. Investigative cases / V.Shalamov. M.: Eksmo, 2004. 1072 p.

2. Alpatov, M. Andrei Rublev / M. Alpatov. M.: Fig. art, 1972. 205 p.

3. Besancon, A. Forbidden Image / A. Besancon. M.: MIK, 1999. 423 p.

4. Tynyanov Yu.N. Problems of poetic language: articles / Yu.N. Tynyanov. M.: Sov. writer, 1965. 301 p.

5. Kandinsky, V. On the spiritual in art / V. Kandinsky. Moscow: Archimedes, 1992. 109 p.

6. Trubetskoy, E.N. Selected works / E.N. Trubetskoy. Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 1998. 512 p. (Sir. "Outstanding thinkers").

7. Shalamov, V. Collected works: in 4 volumes. T. 3 / V. Shalamov. M.: Hood. Lit.: Vagrius, 1998. 526 p.

8. Barskaya, N.A. Plots and images of ancient Russian painting / N.A. Barskaya. Moscow: Education, 1993. 223 p.

9. Bely, A. Symbolism as a worldview / A. Bely. Moscow: Education, 1974. 325 p.

10. Goethe, I.V. Selected works on natural science / I.V. Goethe. M.: Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1957. 553 p.

E. F. MANAYENKOVA (Volgograd)

A TRIUMPH OF HEART IN THE NOVEL "THE CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER"

The concept of cordiality is considered, which for the author of The Captain's Daughter is the main measure of a person's significance. From this point of view, with the involvement of the works of modern psychologists, the characters are analyzed. historical novel Pushkin.

The novel "The Captain's Daughter" is the result of ideological and aesthetic searches

A.S. Pushkin in the 1830s. It shows the ideal of life truly suffered by the writer.

The recording of memories of what Pyotr Andreevich Grinev lived and saw with extraordinary expressiveness and artlessness conveyed the self-consciousness of the writer, his reflections on his personal life, its connections with history. Remembering the past, telling truthfully about the past, Pushkin supplies the painted pictures with maxims. Grinev is more of a witness than a participant in history: he intuitively feels the significance of what is happening and the inner strength of Pugachev, although he does not quite understand his attitude towards him and the events in general.

The writer in The Captain's Daughter did not hide behind the narrator. To determine

Manaenkova E. F., 2006

correlation of the views of the two "authors" Pushkin and Grinev, it is useful to recall the fruitful thought of M. Bakhtin: "The author realizes himself and his point of view not only on the narrator, on his speech and his language ... but also on the subject of the story, the point of view, different from the narrator's point of view. After the narrator's story, we read the second story, the author's story about what the narrator is talking about, and, in addition, about the narrator himself. We clearly feel every moment of the story on two planes: on the plane of the narrator, in his subject-semantic and expressive outlook, and on the plane of the author, who speaks refracted by this story and through this story. This author's outlook, along with everything that is being told, includes the narrator himself with his own word. We guess the author's accents, which lie both on the subject of the story, and on the story itself and on the image of the narrator that is revealed in its process. Not to feel this second intentionally-accentual plan of the author means not to understand the work”1. "The Captain's Daughter" presents history from the point of view of a private person who writes "family legends"2, and therefore the author's intentional-accentual plan is concentrated on a moral analysis of what is happening.

There is a rich literature on the psychological nature of Pushkin's historical novel3. Scientists have come to the conclusion that the originality of the author's psychologism allows you to leave "behind the scenes" more than what is said. Behind the actions of the characters, the true nature of their characters is read. The reader is "entrusted" with the solution of the "heart" secrets of Pushkin's heroes. G.P. Makogonenko aptly called this technique “the method of guessing”4.

Depicting the inner life of the characters in the novel, the writer not only

1 Bakhtin, M. M. Questions of literature and aesthetics / M.M. Bakhtin. M., 1975. S. 127 128.

2 Pushkin, A.S. Full composition of writings:

in 16 t. M. L., 1937 1949. T. VIII (1). S. 374.

3 See, e.g., the list of references on “Kapi-

Tang Daughter” in the book: Gilelson, M.I. The story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Comment / M.I. Gilelson, I.B. Mushin. L., 1977. S. 186 191; "The Captain's Daughter" in criticism and

literary studies // Captain's daughter / A.S. Pushkin. L., 1984. S. 233 280.

4 Makogonenko, G.P. Creativity A. S. Push-

kina in the 1830s (1833-1836) / G.P. Makogo-

nenko. L., 1982. S. 415.

ko pays tribute to their thoughts, but also refers to the feelings that give impetus to thought processes. According to Fromm, reason, being a blessing of a person, is at the same time his curse, therefore, “a person must cultivate in himself not only reason, but also cultivate feelings, through which personal richness and universality are revealed”5. The unique individuality in the character of Pushkin's characters is manifested, in our opinion, in a developed culture of feelings, in the ability to have a high intensity of emotional reactions and experiences.

The psychological research of the writer is largely based on the rational-emotional manifestations of the characters in certain situations, which are infinitely richer than the protocol notes of Grinev the narrator. Thus, reading the "pardon" scene, one cannot but detect emotional motivation in Pugachev's behavior. He, a peasant, cleverly and subtly gets out of the situation, showing sensitivity to the experiences of the nobleman Grinev.

For example, in the episode of discovering the deception of Grinev, who hid that Masha was the daughter of Captain Mironov, we are not told how Pugachev felt, deceived by a man to whom he did good with all his heart. The dialogue, the intonations of the speakers, the external signs of Pugachev's experience are so expressive that we can guess about the mental storm of the impostor. Pushkin denotes only certain moments of the psychological state of the hero: fiery eyes» (VIII (1): 356)6 he is angry and awaits an explanation. When Grinev confirms the fact of the lie, Pugachev's "face darkened" (Ibid.). But Grinev explains his deceit by fear for the poor girl, and Pugachev understands the justice of his act.

5 The problem of man in Western philosophy: Translations / comp. and after. P.S. Gurevich; total ed. Yu.N. Popov. M., 1988. S. 507 508.

kin, A.S. Complete works: in 16 volumes / A.S. Pushkin. M. L., 1937 1939. In round

parentheses indicate the volume and page numbers or only the pages of the volume named above. The spelling and punctuation of the author has been preserved.

how he laughed. Pugachev understands and feels more that the happiness of two people depends on him.

The fact that Pugachev is guided by direct feeling is suggested by numerous pauses in the text. significant means psychological characteristics of Pushkin's characters. True feelings are laconic and always more than what is said. As a rule, Pushkin's heroes are silent "from the fullness of their hearts" (USh(1): 375).

Let's reread the famous scene of the "duel" between Pugachev and Grinev. “Our mutual silence continued for several minutes. Pugachev looked at me intently, occasionally screwing up his left eye with an amazing expression of slyness and mockery. Finally he laughed, and with such unfeigned gaiety that I, looking at him, began to laugh, without knowing why. This is followed by a direct offer to Grinev to serve the “great sovereign”: “I hesitated. Pugachev gloomily waited for my answer. Finally, a sense of duty triumphed in me over human weakness” (332). In the soul of officer Grinev there is a painful struggle between a sense of fear for one's life and a rationally understood duty. Pugachev, having heard the refusal, realizing that the enemy was in front of him, “thought” for some time (332), and then decided to let the young nobleman go in peace.

According to M. I. Tsvetaeva, “this scene is a duel of generosity, a competition in greatness. Face-to-face confrontation, within Pugachev, autocracy with its own attraction of the heart. Face-to-face confrontation, inside Grinev, of human attraction with military duty” 1. Why do the characters feel mutual “attraction”? Apparently, because they intuitively caught the main thing in each other - cordiality, manifested in amazing openness, the absence of any craftiness. It was Grinev's utmost sincerity in a situation that was mortally dangerous for him that could "amaze" (333) Pugachev, since he himself is a sincere person, able to boldly refuse to play the sovereign, to admit his imposture. The forces of the mind and heart lead a silent dispute in the souls of the heroes, in which the heart wins an unconditional victory. In the scene-

1 Tsvetaeva, M. Works: in 2 vols. V.2 / M. Tsvetaeva. M., 1984. S. 345.

there are no losers not a “duel”: both passed the test of the nobility of the soul with honor.

Grinev and Pugachev appear in the novel as people strong character with uncommon will. “Will is so important in human life, writes a modern philosopher, because the meaning and purpose human life has a moral and not an intellectual significance. A synonym for the will is the heart, a synonym for the intellect is the head (cf. in Latin: intellect mens, will animus from anima soul, life)” 2.

At the same time, Pushkin's strong-willed, noble, humanly beautiful heroes are not always able to understand each other. This happens, for example, in the episode when Pugachev, wishing to captivate Grinev, with "wild inspiration" (VIII(1): 353) tells a Kalmyk fairy tale. The tale reveals the depth of Pugachev's spiritual vision. This man of eagle nature cannot live according to the laws of a raven. The main thing for him is the feeling of freedom. The fairy tale told by Pugachev is a folk-poetic analogue of the Walsingham anthem, where faith in a person is revealed, in his ability to find the “inexplicable pleasures” of the rapture of battle:

There is rapture in battle

Everything, everything that threatens death,

For the heart of a mortal conceals Inexplicable pleasures - Immortality, perhaps, a pledge,

And happy is he who, in the midst of excitement, could acquire and know them

In the article "A look at Russian literature of 1846" V.G. Belinsky unfolds the position on the unity of the individual, which is based on spirituality: “What is in a person his highest, noblest reality? - Of course, what we call it spirituality, that is, feeling, reason, will ... "4.

2 Avtonomova, N.S. Reason. Intelligence. Rationality / N.S. Avtonomov. M., 1988. S. 140.

3 Sensitive to artistic word A.S. Pushkin, M.I. Tsvetaeva noticed this closeness and rightly writes that the conversation of the characters takes place under the epigraph: "There is rapture in battle." “In The Feast During the Plague, Pushkin told us this, in The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin did this to us” // My Pushkin / M. Tsvetaeva. M., 1967. S. 118.

4 Belinsky, V.G. Complete Works: in 13 volumes. Vol. 10 / V.G. Belinsky. M., 1955. S. 317.

There is a classical tradition of considering will as a volitional act: the essence of a volitional act is that the decision to act meets internal resistance, which is overcome by "volitional effort" 1. In modern psychology, there are two fundamentally different approaches to the analysis of will at the level of action (volitional action) and at the level of personality (volitional personality), which leads to different initial ideas about the motivational aspects of will. It is in the second case we are talking O spiritual man, showing "motivational congruence", which means the harmonious coordination of decision, desire and execution 2.

Of course, both Grinev and Pugachev demonstrate an enviable will. But, so to speak, the criteria for their volitional efforts are fundamentally different. Grinev, showing volitional actions, is limited by the limits of his own destiny and his own feelings. Pugachev is a historical man, a strong-willed personality; he is endowed with an active will and wins, gives will to other people.

Pushkin collides two characters, two consciousnesses. Grinev reacts to the fairy tale by betraying the limitedness of his thinking. Inappropriately expressed by him moralizing "But to live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at dead things" (VIII (1): 353) betrays the prosaism of ideas about life, the inability to comprehend the true meaning of what was said. Pugachev froze, amazed by what he heard. Grinev recorded his reaction: "Pugachev looked at me with surprise and did not answer" (353). Behind the newly arisen pause is no longer a guessing human contact, but, on the contrary, an abyss of misunderstanding. The nobleman Grinev cannot understand the inspired and tragic fate of the peasant leader.

The characters of Pushkin's characters are built from an "external" portrait to a deeply psychological portrait, in the growing discovery of new facts of their activities and moral life. In the plot of the novel "The Fiend, the Villain" (358), Pugachev appears as a generous savior

1 See: Leontiev, A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality / A.N. Leontiev. M., 1977. S. 209.

2 See: Gippenreiter, Yu.B. On the nature of human will / Yu.B. Gippenreiter // Psi-

cold magazine 2005. V. 26. No. 3. S. 18.

tel Grinev and Masha. The “severe soul” (V111(1): 356) of the impostor is touched by the fearlessness of the young nobleman, his invariable gratitude for kindness, sympathy for the fate of the rebel. The sovereign's privilege to pardon does not contradict the breadth of Pugachev's nature and the sincere kindness of his motives. Participation in the fate of Grinev is prompted not only by human sympathy, but also by a sense of justice and, to a certain extent, opposes cruelty, to which Pugachev's soul does not lie.

When the governor of Orenburg refused to help Grinev in help, he decided to go for help, for justice to Pugachev in Berdskaya Sloboda. This was the original version of the 11th chapter ("Rebellious Sloboda"). It was only for censorship reasons that Pushkin abandoned this plan and, in the new version of the chapter, pointed out that Grinev got into Pugachev's headquarters by accident.

Contrary to external circumstances, presented as opponents of mercy, Pugachev saves Grinev from death three times. He powerfully pushes back all the forces that oppose the dictates of his heart.

Reading the text of the novel, we perceive Pushkin's world of values ​​along with the ingenious visual plasticity. Cordiality is the highest measure by which the author of The Captain's Daughter judges the significance of a person, especially when before him is a person of history. A historical figure is measured by Pushkin by the degree of his humanity. The charm of the personality of Pushkin's Pugachev is obvious.

Catherine II in the novel is also not without charm, but it is of a different kind. Even in the guise of a private lady in her own garden, she does not cease to be an empress: she persistently asks unknown girl about the purpose of the visit, perfectly remembers the people who gave their lives for her, "attentive and supportive" (VIII (1): 372). Her strictness, coldness when reading a letter about Grinev, who was presented to her as an "immoral and harmful scoundrel", her anger at Masha's disrespectful exclamation: "Ah, not true!" (Ibid.), all this

3 For more on this, see: Makogonenko, G.P. Decree. op. S. 389.

betrays the imperious empress, who does not tolerate anyone's free opinion, does not allow objections.

Of course, Masha's hot story about true reasons Grinev's actions were shaken by the harsh sentence of Catherine II and aroused sympathy for the orphan. The promise of a speedy response ends the conversation. However, the empress did not intercede immediately. It was necessary to check, to produce an effect? The empress here is fair, kind, condescending, but not cordial, although the author remarks: “Everything in an unfamiliar lady involuntarily attracted the heart” (UID!): 372). There are no impulses of feeling, as in Pugachev, in Catherine. Considered greatness, caring about the reasonableness and the impression it makes.

Reason intervenes in the sphere of feelings and, of course, helps a person to master spiritual movements. But such a “sewerage” of primordial feelings also has a significant drawback - it destroys the “organic”, that “ living life", which is so dear to the writer.

Back in 1937, Viktor Shklovsky made a subtle observation that Pushkin gives the image of Catherine II from the portrait of V.L. Borovikovsky 1. It turns out that the writer depicted not a living person, but a dead nature. From this secondary nature, the coldness that surrounds Catherine in Pushkin's novel (“the fresh breath of autumn” (371), “the stern expression on her face” (372), the coldness in her actions is playing at being a hanger).

Yu.M. Lotman is right when he objects to Pushkin's crudely straightforward definition of Catherine II's view of Catherine II. Of course, the author of The Captain's Daughter did not create a negative image of the Russian Empress. But he needs the opposition of Pugachev and Catherine to discover the truth about the nature of autocracy. Pugachev's spiritual impulses contain disinterested, free from calculation motives, which are realized in truly moral behavior. He does what he is told not by political considerations.

1 Shklovsky, V. Notes on the prose of Russian classics / V. Shklovsky. M., 1953. S. 64.

2 Lotman, Yu.M. The ideological structure of the "Captain's Daughter" // At the school of the poetic word: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol: book. for the teacher / Yu.M. Lotman. M., 1988. S. 121.

niya, but human feeling. The Empress is aware of the price of her generosity and demonstrates it. In addition, unlike Pugachev, nothing prevents her from making the poor orphan happy. Grinev has nothing to punish: he did not betray the officer's uniform. The Russian empress acts in accordance with the law.

The scene of Masha with the Empress is in many ways reminiscent of Grinev's conversation with the general in the garden. In the government camp, feelings have no power over actions; they are guided by a prudent mind. Dry rationality is already reflected in the portraits of the general and Catherine II, in the emphatically calm expression of their faces: “His face depicted calmness, health and good nature” (VIII (1): 338) about the general; “Her face, full and ruddy, expressed importance and calmness” (371) about Catherine. This deliberate calmness is a skillful mask covering the lack of cordiality.

Hearing about the terrible incidents that happened to Pyotr Andreevich, the general “meanwhile” (338) goes about his business: he continues to cut dry branches of apple trees in the garden. Later, when Grinev finds out that Masha is in the hands of Shvabrin, the general shows genuine sympathy for the hero, almost distraught with despair: “Probably, my appearance struck him; he carefully inquired about the reason for my hasty arrival” (342). However, this does not prevent the general from flatly refusing Grinev's request to provide a company of soldiers in order to clear the Belogorsk fortress and save the girl. For him, such a decision is tantamount to madness: “The general looked at me intently, believing, probably, that I was crazy (which I was almost not mistaken in)” (343). “This expedition would be imprudent” (Ibid.), he states categorically. As a person, the general may empathize with Grinev, but he acts like an official. He shows a certain pedantry of mind. The main drawback of the pedant is "emotional underdevelopment", his ideas are not warmed by the light and warmth of the heart. By giving Grinev troops, the general would violate the rules of military theory, without giving them, he violates the rules of humanity.

It is significant that Pushkin's Catherine II is invariably accompanied by a "slight smile" (371): Masha Mironova she

greets her with a smile, speaks affectionately with her and ends the meeting with a smile, leaving the heroine "full of joyful hope" (VIII (1): 373). The secret of the easy smiles in the absence of sincere feeling. This is probably why the lady was not just "touched" by the orphan's story, but "seemed to be touched" (372). The obvious artificiality of Catherine's appearance appeared a little later: “At first she read with an attentive and benevolent look; but suddenly her face changed, and Masha Mironova, who followed all her movements with her eyes, was frightened by the stern expression of this face, so pleasant and calm in a minute. Further, Ekaterina listens to Masha “with a cold look”, but “with attention” (Ibid.). The empress manages to carefully hide her inner appearance thanks to her prudent, observant mind.

G.P. Makogonenko that "Pushkin's psychologism is ascetic"1 is partly true. A.S. Pushkin shows rare ingenuity, demonstrating a variety of ways and techniques in depicting characters. Emotional mood and a quick change in the emotional reactions of the characters are carefully recorded by the writer, because he is convinced that the complexity of the course of emotional processes can be reproduced indirectly, in their external manifestation. Ordinary observations of mimic changes in the face are enough to determine the feelings that have taken possession of a person at that moment. The author draws the reader's attention to a certain detail of the portrait, highlighting the main thing in the character of the hero.

The spiritual freedom of Pugachev, who challenged the authorities, is emphasized in the expression of his eyes: “sparkling eyes” (Ibid.: 290, 324), “living big eyes” (290), “hawk eyes” (328), “fiery eyes” (335 , 356). Pugachev's hawkish eyes soften when he notices directness, sincerity, nobility in people, and become fiery when he sees deceit.

But in the guise of the scoundrel Shvabrin, something completely different is noted. "Extremely lively" (296) the hero's face often expresses

1 Makogonenko, G.P. Decree. op. S. 413.

"sincere malice" (^Shch): 334), "gloomy malice" (359), "feigned mockery" (334), "evil grin" (369), with which he forever parted with the readers of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev's notes.

A work about the Pugachev rebellion, as it was interpreted long years, called Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". We agree with the opinion of N.N. Skatova: "The most basic thing in the story, the most affirming and resilient is she, Masha Mironova, the captain's daughter" 2.

The image of the captain's daughter is full of lyricism and grace. Creating her poetic image, Pushkin resorts to "cordial" characteristics. Let us recall that Grinev's first impression of Marya Ivanovna is this: "I found in her a prudent and sensitive girl" (299).

Mind and heart features character of the heroine. Confessing her "heartfelt inclination" to Grinev, Masha "indulged herself in the feelings of her tender heart with all the gullibility of youth and love" (308). When parting with her lover, she says: “Until the grave, you alone will remain in my heart” (363). Even in the letter of Catherine II to Andrei Petrovich Grinev with the justification of his son, there are “praises to the mind and heart of Captain Mironov’s daughter” (374).

Maria Ivanovna is simple and sincere. The spiritual movements of the heroine are direct and clearly reflected in her entire appearance. The embarrassment of a girl when meeting a young man is betrayed by "burning" (297) ears; “sweet voice” (357) conveys the genuine anxiety that she experienced when she learned about the upcoming duel: “Marya Ivanovna with tenderness

reprimanded me for the anxiety caused to everyone by my quarrel with Shvabrin” (305). Everything is taken into account by the author in the description of the character: the intonation of the voice, facial expressions. Also, the ability of the hands to express a variety of emotions is reflected in artistic practice Pushkin: "with a trembling hand" Masha returns an angry letter from Andrei Petrovich Grine-

2 Skatov, N.N. Far and near / N.N. Skatov. M., 1981. S. 68.

Masha, according to her mother, is a "coward" (298). But in crucial moments of her life, she discovers the wonderful properties of her nature “mind and heart”, which are revealed in pure love to Grinev, in resolute resistance to Shvabrin, when she found herself in his full power, and finally, on her daring trip to Tsarskoe Selo, to the Empress herself, to save her fiancé. As in the "Russian soul" Tatyana, in Masha Mironova the image of a Russian woman is given, full of selflessness. Like Tatyana Larina, the heroine has not only a “tender”, but also a faithful heart and is capable of “self-giving” (S.N. Bulgakov’s term).

It is Masha Mironova who, in a difficult time for the Grinev family, comes to the forefront of the novel. Brought up in humility, having inherited from her father exemplary obedience to someone else's will, she renounced both humility and obedience, firmly deciding to save her loved one. At the same time, she entered the struggle not only for her happiness, but also for justice. The heart of the heroine "rebels" against the unfair verdict signed by Catherine II. Love for Grinev and confidence in his innocence determine the future behavior of the captain's daughter.

The meeting of Masha Mironova with Catherine II finally reveals the character of the heroine: from a timid supplicant, she turns into a brave defender of justice. The girl interrupts an important lady who accused Grinev of treason, and "with heat" (271) tells the whole story. She boldly defends her faith, the truth, while revealing a strength of character unknown to her herself. The honor of releasing Grinev belongs to Masha Mironova. Pushkin called his novel that way because for the first time he had a heroine fighting for happiness and winning this fight.

Judgment, in due time dropped

V. G. Belinsky that Grinev is “an insignificant, colorless character”1 contradicts the text of Pushkin’s novel. Under-

1 Belinsky, V.G. Decree. op. T.7. S. 577.

Grinev's growth in nobility is not inferior to Don Quixote. No wonder there is a comparison of Grinev with this hero. In The Missing Chapter, Shvabrin directly calls Grinev "Don Quixote of Belogorsk" (VIII (1): 379). Love for Masha Mironova makes him so. In a naive varmint, kind, but subject to any influence (Bop-re, Zurina, Shvabrina), an honest and courageous person emerges, capable of feeling strongly, acting boldly, protecting his feelings, following the dictates of duty.

It was previously noted that the main characters of The Captain's Daughter, Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova, are people of a direct, intuitive, and not intellectual, analytical warehouse. They do not comprehend everything in their feelings, therefore Grinev's notes are full of such expressions: “It is impossible to tell what effect this simple folk song had on me” (331); "My feelings were too vague" (325); “I cannot explain what I felt when I parted with this terrible man” (358). In this way, the author conveys the hidden dynamics of the hero's emotional life, making it clear that the complex nature of human feelings cannot be reduced to precise definitions. To name them is to simplify the emotional process.

In "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, that distrust of rationalism is noticeable, which later becomes the motive of L.N. Tolstoy 2.

Shvabrin is full of skeptical rationalism and in the novel appears as evil. Although he is characterized as an undeniably intelligent and even gifted person (Masha: "Aleksey Ivanovich, of course, a smart person" (305); Grinev: "Shvabrin was not very stupid. His conversation was sharp and entertaining" (296), this does not prevent him treat people "mercilessly" (301). Knowledge, reason, reason do not at all determine the moral behavior of a person. Moreover, Pushkin's clever hero shows extraordinary ingenuity in his unseemly deeds.

2 See: Bulanov, A.M. Artistic phenomenology of depiction of heart life in Russian classics / A.M. Bulanov. Volgograd, 2003. P. 157 184.

hides to control the course of events, to manipulate others. “Sharp-witted” (VIII (1): 334) Aleksey Ivanovich defames Masha in the eyes of a rival in love, inflicts a vile blow on him in a duel, which he then anonymously informs the parents of Pyotr Andreevich, forcibly holds his bride, forcing him to become his own, finally, having collapsed, informs the authorities about the alleged betrayal of Grinev.

If in Pushkin's favorite heroes their straightforwardness is emphasized, then Shvabrin is distinguished by outright meanness. In his behavior, Grinev, who came to free Masha, sees a poorly concealed pretense: “in vile expressions he expressed his joy and zeal. Seeing me, he was embarrassed, but soon recovered, extended his hand. He didn't seem to be himself. With his usual sharpness, he, of course, guessed that Pugachev was dissatisfied with him. He was a coward in front of him, and looked at me with incredulity” (354). When the whole truth is revealed, “Shvabrin fell on his knees” (355) in front of Pugachev, “in a frenzy” (356) screamed.

Maybe the hero is guided by a true feeling for the girl? Is he willing to sacrifice himself for her love? No, Pushkin does not write an idyll in the spirit of sentimentalism. Realizing the danger to himself, Shvabrin tells the rebel that Masha is the daughter of his enemy. And in vain, later, the naive Grinev believes that Shvabrin does not name Masha during interrogation "because in his heart there was a spark of the same feeling" (368) that owns him. The point here, of course, is something else. That’s why he is a “vile villain” (Ibid.), that it is not love that drives him, but another sense of self-preservation at any cost. The traitor Shvabrin is afraid of additional evidence against himself.

Shvabrin's cynicism and Grinev's sincerity of feelings are not simply compared in The Captain's Daughter, but are rated 1.

1 V.G. Marantsman rightly believes that the comparison of Grinev and Shvabrin resembles the neighborhood of Onegin and Lensky. However, "Shvabrin's individualism leads to permissiveness, which Onegin does not have." (See: Marantsman, V.G. Studying the work of A.S. Pushkin at school // On the way to A.S. Pushkin: a guide for teachers and students: in 2 hours, Part 1 / V.G. Marantsman. M., 1999. S. 239.)

The meanness of Pushkin's hero is born from the inability to love and the impoverishment of love. The spiritual vacuum is filled with malicious impotence, covered with a "evil smile." Evil, the author is convinced, is self-destructive; the final fate of Shvabrin is predetermined. He fails both in love and in "history". Intellect does not save the heartless hero of Pushkin, all the cunning machinations of the villain crumble to dust.

Narrating the unconditional value of human feelings, the receptacle of which is the heart, A. S. Pushkin widely uses “heart vocabulary” in the novel. As already noted, the heart in The Captain's Daughter turns out to be a criterion for the morality of the characters.

"Heart" in a certain way characterizes the characters: that Grinev has a "pure heart" on the pages of the work, Pushkin repeats many times (VIII (1): 296, 308, 366, 367). The main merit of the hero is that, having gone through all the trials that have fallen to his lot, he retains humanity, human dignity his heart is "torn to pieces" (366), but still pure.

The movement of the emotional sphere is objectified by Pushkin in the "beat of the heart", his feelings. Before the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by the Pugachevites, Pyotr Andreevich was primarily concerned about the fate of Masha: “The fate of Marya Ivanovna vividly presented itself to me, and my heart sank” (319); “With heartfelt trepidation” (321), he learns that the daughter of Captain Mironov did not have time to leave the fortress. “My heart was on fire. I imagined myself to be her knight” (322), Grinev describes his condition. Knowing nothing definite about the poor girl, he finds no rest for himself: “A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers. My heart sank" (327). When Pugachev saw the sick Masha in the house of the priest, Grinev despaired, because he understood what this threatened the daughter of the commandant of the fortress: “My heart skipped a beat, but there was nothing to do” (328). “My heart began to beat strongly” (351), “my heart ached” (354), this is how Grinev describes his feelings when they, together with Pugachev, go to rescue Masha from captivity.

"Heart" in Pushkin's poetics personifies a feeling or a certain emotional condition. Convinced of Masha's love, Pyotr Andreevich generously forgives the treacherous Shvabrin: "I was too happy to keep a hostile feeling in my heart" (VIII (1): 308). The grateful nobleman Grinev is trying to save his life and love to the impostor Pugachev "to express everything with which his heart was filled" (358). Having experienced monstrous upheavals, young people feel extreme fatigue: “Our hearts were too tired” (360). But, as you know, the tests of the heroes did not end there. Pyotr Andreevich was expecting a false denunciation and the arrest that followed. On the eve of the terrible events, Grinev is tormented by a bad premonition: “Something pricked my heart. I was frightened, without knowing what” (364). When the hero finds himself in mortal danger, he prays "for the salvation of all those close to his heart" (325). And he sees his salvation in "sincere explanations of the truth" (367). Faith in the justice and cordiality of people helps Grinev to endure in difficult moments of life. Together with the hero, the author believes that sincerity of feelings and chivalrous nobility are saving.

In essence, the chosen selection of “heartfelt vocabulary” reproduces the plot of The Captain’s Daughter, a unique work about the ineradicability of goodness in human soul. In the novel, good does not disappear without a trace, it, like a talisman, keeps the giver. A rabbit sheepskin coat, given to the counselor in gratitude, saves Grinev from the noose. The fifty kopeck gift given to the constable encourages him to give Grinev a letter from Masha during the attack. Even the empress is included in this circle of kindness: after listening to the orphan and sorting out the difficult situation, she rose to the level of simple human spiritual movements. loving people connect the peasant tsar Pugachev and the noble empress Catherine II. Pushkin dreams of a society of social harmony without "senseless and merciless" (364) riots, where humanity is the main principle.

In the dying novel of the great Pushkin, the author's indestructible faith in goodness is contained as in the law of the heart.

L.V. SPESIVTSEV (Astrakhan)

GENRE ORIGINALITY OF THE TRIPTYCH M. TSETAEVAYA "FROM THE SEA", "AN ATTEMPT TO ROOM", "NEW YEAR"

The works of M. Tsvetaeva are considered from the point of view of their genre originality. The author analyzes them as a lyrical monologue-confession, which is based on the poet's tragic worldview. The problematics of the Self turns out to be the leading one in the poems under consideration, the genre unity of which is built on the mobile and organic correlation of the lyrical Self, taken in the most intimate, intimate designations, with the categories of the macrocosm. These are "state" poems, the action of which is driven by the "stream of consciousness" of the lyrical hero.

Each stage of M. I. Tsvetaeva’s work is a new, still not fully read page of the tragic and, in truth, epic life of the great Russian poet. One of these stages is

1926, which became decisive for Marina Tsvetaeva in many respects: a correspondence acquaintance with Rilke, correspondence with the German poet and B. Pasternak inspired her to create the lyrical triptych “From the Sea”, “Attempt at the Room” and “New Year's”, where the romantic cult of the lyrical soul The heroine is fully revealed.

Three poems written in almost the same period of creativity ("From the Sea" May 1926, "Attempt at the Room" June 1926, "New Year's" February

1927) and published in 1928, are connected primarily with the image of the lyrical heroine, whose different faces help to understand the reality of the "soul" of M. Tsvetaeva. The theme of the dream, outlined in a letter to Rilke dated June 14 and culminating in a letter dated August 2, is the leitmotif of the poems "From the Sea" and "An Attempt at the Room" and organizes the plot of the works ("A dream of three minutes / Lasts", "From my dream / / Jumped into yours”, “After all, not a joint // Dream, but a mutual one” (“From the sea”); “Not a plasterer, not a roofer // Dream”, “Not a supplier, not a furniture maker // A dream, hotter than Reval // Shallows "("Attempt room")).

The works are built as a lyrical monologue-confession, based on

Spesivtseva L. V., 2006

There are questions that mankind cannot answer for many centuries. Philosophical disputes about what should be in priority: thought or feeling - do not subside even today.

At first glance, the answer is simple. If the presence of consciousness and the ability to think is the main difference between man and animals, then the rational principle should be a priority. But even plants are endowed with the ability to feel.

On the other hand, opponents of this opinion will rightly point out that human feelings are much more complex than the feelings of other living beings. It is impossible to imagine an animal experiencing pangs of conscience or burning envy. No one but a person can feel the thrill of contemplating the beauty of nature or a work of art.

So maybe there is no priority? Perhaps both thought and feeling are equally important? To try to answer this question, let us turn to Russian literature, especially since this topic repeatedly raised by the classics.

Getting acquainted with the first pages of A.S. Griboyedov, the reader immediately draws attention to the blindness of Sophia's mind, who completely surrendered to her feelings for the unprincipled careerist Molchalin. "Blinded" by falling in love with the scoundrel Anatole Kuragin and Natasha Rostov from the epic L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Both heroines could not see unworthy young people, because they temporarily lost the ability to think clearly.

And in Pushkin's novel in verse, the ardent Lensky, stung by the fact that Onegin has been dancing with Olga all evening, recklessly challenges his yesterday's friend to a duel and dies as a result.

But relying only on reason also leads to tragic consequences. We see an example of total denial of feelings in the protagonist of the novel I.S. Turgenev. Bazarov believes that love does not exist, so he is trapped in his own nihilistic ideas when passionately falls in love with Olga Odintsova. The writer shows that such a contradiction is insoluble, so Eugene dies. You can not give up feelings, because it is tantamount to death.

In Masha Mironova from "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, on the contrary, we see an example of a happy combination of reason and feeling. The girl loves Grinev, but refuses to become his wife without the blessing of Peter's parents. Masha understands that their marriage will not be happy against the will of the groom's father and mother. As we remember from the further development of events in the novel, the girl's decision turned out to be correct.

In my opinion, thought and feeling should be harmoniously combined in a person. The more accurate the balance between the rational and the sensual in a person, the happier and fuller his life. It is to the harmony of mind and heart that each of us should strive.

The material was prepared by Natalya Alexandrovna Zubova, creator online schools"SAMARUS".

* "Experience is the best teacher, only tuition fees are too high" T. Carlyle Download

The list of works of a small volume, most of them are software works that can be quickly re-read and remembered. Download

List of references for writing the final essay 2016-17

Mind and feeling

• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• N.M. Karamzin " Poor Lisa"
• I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
• A.M. Bitter " Old Isergil»,
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
• I. S. Turgenev "Asya"
• A. I. Kuprin "Olesya"
• I. A. Bunin " Dark alleys" , "Natalie", " Sunstroke", "Easy breath"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Shakespeare "Hamlet"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon"
• A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
• F.I. Tyutchev "Oh, how deadly we love ..."
• L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", "The Man in the Case"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• J. Austin "Sense and Sensibility" (Eleanor's mind and Marianne's feelings);
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin's mind and Tatyana's feelings),
• A. de Saint-Exupery " A little prince"(everything in the Prince - both mind and feelings);
• V. Zakrutkin "The Human Mother" (feelings that conquered the mind);
• A. and B. Strugatsky "Roadside Picnic" (work and relationships by Redrick Shewhart)
• F. Iskander "Dream of God and the Devil"
• L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara" (Bukhara, mind and feelings together, feelings that move the mind)
• J. Moyes "Me Before You" (Will's Mind and Louise's Feelings)

Honor and dishonor

• A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", " Stationmaster»
• Jack London "White Fang"
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Student"
• Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin "French Lessons", "Fire", "Women's Conversation", "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother"
• Viktor Petrovich Astafiev "The Sad Detective"
• Oleg Olegovich Pavlov "The End of the Century"
• N.V. Gogol " Taras Bulba»
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

victory and defeat

• E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
• B.L. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists",
• EM. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front",
• V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
• Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"
• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov white guard"
• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"
• M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"

Experience and mistakes

• Jack London "Martin Eden"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
• M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don»,
• Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
• Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco"
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", " dog's heart»
• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Friendship and enmity

• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• EM. Remarque "Three comrades"
• Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"
• V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
• Nadezhda Borisovna Vasilyeva "Gagara"
• Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov "Oblomov"
• Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev "Defeat"
• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Daniel Pennak "Eye of the Wolf"
• Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Arguments from short stories for writing

Direction "EXPERIENCE AND ERRORS"

V. Oseeva. Grandmother (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

N.D. Teleshov. White Heron (abridged, read in 7 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Why? (read in 6 minutes)

B.Ekimov. Speak, mother, speak. (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Holidays on Mars. October 2026 (abridged, read in 3 minutes).

Go to. Red apples (read in 5 minutes).

K. Simonov. The major brought the boy on a gun carriage ... (read in 3 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. Mole (abbreviated, read in 4 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Red cat (abridged, read in 10 minutes).

K.G. Paustovsky. Telegram (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Veld. (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Magic word. (read in 3 minutes).

Y. Drunina. Zinka (read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. In the meantime, somewhere (abbreviated, read 10 meters

A. Mass. Trap (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

B.Ekimov. Night of Healing (abridged, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

V.Rasputin. French lessons (abridged, read in 8 minutes).

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (abridged, read in 6 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of man (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

Direction "MIND AND FEELING"

A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. Meanwhile, somewhere (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

A. Mass. Trap (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

B.Ekimov. Night of Healing (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

N.V. Gogol. Taras Bulba (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Labyrinth (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

V.Rasputin. French lessons (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A.P. Chekhov. In a pharmacy (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

Direction "HONOR AND DISCORD"

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (fragment, read in 6 minutes).

A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter (fragments, read in 12 minutes).

V. Bykov. Sotnikov (fragment, read in 7 minutes).

M.Yu.Lermontov. A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of man (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Pure stones (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

Direction "Friendship and enmity"

V.G. Korolenko "Children of the Underground"

The story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin "I forgot to ask Lyoshka ..."

EXAMPLES OF ARGUMENTS BY DIRECTIONS 2016

"Mind and Feeling"

N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she kills her father-in-law and husband with his help, and then little Fedya, her husband's relative.

B. Ekimov "Night of Healing" Teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came for the holidays to his grandmother, who at night often screams, cries, begs for help: she dreams every night that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be silent!”, as his mother advised him to do, he acts with reason: with compassion and love, he cured her of terrible memories.

A. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet» For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheyna became the meaning of life, and the beloved woman became the one in which "all the beauty of the earth was embodied." This feeling helped him become morally higher. Bulat-Tuganovskiy, Vera's brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to forbid love.

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Either an act is performed by a person guided by a feeling, or an act is performed under the influence of the mind of a character. The actions committed by Raskolnikov are usually generous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left the money on the Marmeladovs' windowsill, but later regretted it. The opposition of feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

On the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of feelings and the mind of a person is raised very often. So, for example, in Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace" two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other hand, haughty and prudent Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatole. Many conflicts in the novel come precisely from the excess of feelings of the characters, whose ups and downs are very interesting to watch. A vivid example of how a burst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case with Natasha, because for her, laughable and young, it was incredibly long to wait for her wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flashed feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here we have a real drama of mind and feelings in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only chance prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn the girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

Heroes: Master, Margarita

Literary example: Love between the Master and Margarita flared up as soon as they saw each other: “Lightning strikes like that! This is how the Finnish knife strikes! The heroine loves the master with all her heart, breathes life into his apartment. She gives her inner strength and energy to the novel of her lover. The characters are very different. The master is calm, thoughtful. Margarita is strong and sharp. The master embodies reflection, thought, Margarita - action. They are so close spiritually that they simply cannot exist separately. Being insanely lonely before their meeting, the heroes gain understanding, support, sincerity and warmth.

For example, in drama Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" at main character inside there is a struggle between soul and mind. Katerina is madly in love with Boris Wild and is looking forward to meeting him. This tells us about the manifestation of feelings, but the mind screams at her that they cannot be together, because she has a husband. When Boris leaves, Katerina realizes that their relationship is hopeless and jumps off a cliff into the water. The heroine commits an act provoked by a high feeling - love. The thoughtlessness of her absurd desire (it is not clear which one?) led her to the creation of irreparable stupidity.

"Honor and dishonor"

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens in the choice of an act, when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them before a choice - to act honorably and take a blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice, and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor, is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, higher powers dispose of.

Moral decay, the fall of moral principles leads to the collapse of both the individual and the whole nation. Therefore, the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people. Vivid images, created by writers with love and vitality, as it were, acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin Alexei Ivanovich is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and having been refused, he takes revenge, speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author precedes the story with an epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age." Reading the great lines, I want to follow this rule.

"The Death of a Poet" M.Yu. Lermontov. Another brilliant poet, M.Yu. Lermontov, speaks of Pushkin, who fell victim to dishonorable and malicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who, with dubious behavior, could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumors” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

The shame of petty insults,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But the "wonderful genius" of Pushkin illuminates with his radiant light the lives of many and many generations of descendants, and the "empty heart" of Dantes did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the destitute and poor people of that time. He is guided by a great idea - to help all the humiliated, destitute and abused modern society. However, this desire is not realized quite noble. The solution to the problem of immorality and lawlessness was not found. Raskolnikov became a part of this world with its violations and dirt. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a mental breakdown. This is the most important thing for an author. You can get lost and confused. But get out the right way- a matter of honour.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace", also deserves attention.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian person, prone to philosophical reflection, far from worldly fuss and strife. He didn't know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, because, being an honest man, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helen's guilt.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor, drawing images of two commanders, Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader. An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else's, which does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, haughty and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination. The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of the just people's war connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people a source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who stand closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoye, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrey Bolkonsky, Nikolai Rostov

Infamy: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatole

Argument: The Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to free the Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and Captain Timokhin strove for this goal. For the sake of her, young Petya Rostov gives his life. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that owned both the old prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete lack of patriotism among such people as Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Ippolit, Anatole and Helen. By no means love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) is guided by Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov, entering the army. The first is studying "unwritten chain of command" to make a career. The second tries to distinguish himself in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. Military official Berg in Moscow, abandoned by the inhabitants, buys things at a cheap price...

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Woland, Master, Margarita

literary example. Lies, fear and dishonor permeate the novel through and through. Everyone lies, is afraid and cunning. Woland and his retinue bring the deceived townspeople "to clean water", but immediately deceive all those gathered in the variety show, skillfully playing on their passions. He deceives the Master and Margarita, not allowing them to live even the promised day. happy life in the cellar. A deal with the devil is a grandiose deceit, crowned with death. Both heroes, having rendered service to the unclean and having received from him a promise of fulfillment of desires, were poisoned on his instructions on the same day, they did not have time to enjoy freedom.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"(As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet "a slave of honor." The quarrel, which was caused by the offended honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich kept his honor and good name in people's memory. In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral character. Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when it was possible to pay for it with his head. He was a man of high morals worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander on Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"(In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrey Sokolov, a simple Russian man, had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break the real Russian spirit. Sokolov managed endure all the hardships of war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveal the strength and steadfast character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei Muller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in strength of mind. Refusal of the offer to drink for the victory of German weapons was unexpected for the Germans: "Yes, so that I, a Russian soldier, would drink for the victory of German weapons?" The Nazis appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: "You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and respect worthy opponents." Sokolov's firmness of character earned the respect of the Germans and they decided that this man deserves life. Andrey Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. For them, he is ready to give even his life.))

M. Lermontov. Novel "A Hero of Our Time"(Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky's intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon for a duel).

M. Lermontov "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ...". (Lermontov tells about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fist fight for the honor of his wife Alena. Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar, avoided his death, but for him the honor of the family turned out to be more precious.Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the real Russian character common man honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

N. Gogol "Taras Bulba". (Ostap accepted death with dignity).

6. V. Rasputin "French Lessons". (The boy Vova with honor passes all the tests in order to get an education, to become a man)

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".(Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself for the sake of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: "take care dress again, and honor from youth. "Once having tarnished honor, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

"Experience and Mistakes"

A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" Dr. Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth,

gradually getting richer, he becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.

B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak…” Old Katerina's daughter lives in the city.

It's hard for a mother alone on a farm, but her daughter bought her mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got off with only a request to speak specifically about her health. But the little things in the life of a mother, most loved one are also important. Fortunately, the daughter realized her mistake in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much her daughter loves, how much she needs to communicate with her.

V. Tendryakov "Nakhodka"

The gloomy, stern fish inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned, newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector failed to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events made him reconsider his attitude towards people, sympathize with them.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Raskolnikov's theory is anti-human in its essence. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, but on the relativity of moral laws; but does not take into account the fact that the "ordinary" is not capable of becoming a "superman". Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim of his own theory. The idea of ​​permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or to the generation of monsters. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky's novel.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Argument: While living in France, Pierre was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But he soon became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to "burn through life", spends his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart. Marriage with Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in women's field. Tired of a wild life, Pierre is eager to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. Long haul wanderings, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. We can say that the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he originally pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: Pilate does not dare to go against the will of the Sanhedrin, with a feeling of committing an irreparable mistake, he announces his decision to the crowd. After this fatal act, terrible thoughts flash through the hegemon's head: "Immortality... Immortality has come... Whose immortality has come?" The hero was doomed to eternal suffering. After the execution of the innocent Yeshua, Pilate is tormented by terrible remorse. He clearly feels his mistake, but is no longer able to correct anything: “It was clear to him that this afternoon he had irretrievably missed something, and now he wants to correct what he missed by some small and insignificant, and most importantly, belated actions” .

"Victory and Defeat"

V.G. Korolenko "Paradox" (victory over yourself)

Jan Załuski is a cripple, but he believes that "man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight." The innate misfortune of the hero made him learn to masterfully, paradoxically control his body, surprising others and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.

A.P. Chekhov "Jumper"(victory over the disease) Doctor Dymov, saving a boy who fell ill with diphtheria, sucks out diphtheria films from him through a tube, becomes infected himself, and then dies.

B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"(victory in the battle with the Germans, at the cost of the lives of anti-aircraft gunners who were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The Great Patriotic War is a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives it claimed! How many people became heroes defending their Motherland!

The war has no female face- this is the leitmotif of B. Vasiliev's story "And here they are quiet." A woman, whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the guardian of the family hearth, to personify tenderness, love, puts on soldier's boots, a uniform, takes up arms and goes to kill. What could be scarier?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Liza Brichkina - died in the war with the Nazis. Everyone had their own dreams, everyone wanted love, and just life. ("... all nineteen years she lived in a sense of tomorrow.")

But the war took all this away from them. (“After all, it was so stupid, so awkward and implausible to die at nineteen.”)

Heroines die differently. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from her comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened by the Germans, screams in horror and runs from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, tender girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying, it is no coincidence that his terrible, hatred-filled face terrifies the Nazis. He, alone, took several people prisoner! But it is still a victory, a victory for the moral spirit of the Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their steadfastness and heroism. And the son of Rita Osyanina, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life continues, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" Pilot Alexei Maresyev, the hero of the story,

only thanks to his will and courage he survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled to our rear of the enemy. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron again, proving to everyone that he was in control of his own destiny.

E. Hemingway "Undefeated" The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of professional feeling, does not want to recognize himself as an invalid. He enters the arena and even seriously wounded by the bull remains undefeated to the end.

E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea" Old fisherman Santiago from a breed of people inflexible. "Man is not made to fail," he says. His duel with a big fish is an example of unbending courage, steadfastness, invincibility.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova

Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering cleanses. Sonya professes moral ideals, which, from the point of view of the writer, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, and humility. "Crime and Punishment" contains a deep truth about the unbearability of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as the truth that causes not a feeling of hopelessness, but implacable hatred for the world of hypocrisy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Victory: Battle of Shengraben. The French army outnumbered the Russian one. One hundred thousand against thirty-five. The Russian army led by Kutuzov won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to save themselves. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, without waiting for the reinforcements of the Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, capitulated. Kutuzov, on the other hand, had to retreat, because the unevenness of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russian road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration's vanguard to cut across the enemy, that he, as best he could, detained the enemy. And here chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that this was the entire Russian army, and proposed a truce for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this "rest". Of course, Napoleon immediately understood the deception, but while his messenger was driving to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When Bagration's vanguard retreated, Tushin's small battery, which stood near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The main role in the conduct of this war was assumed by the Austrian military leaders, especially since the battles were fought on the territory of Austria. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" was also thought out and planned by the Austrian general Weyrother. Weyrother did not consider it necessary to take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else.

The military council before the battle of Austerlitz does not resemble advice, but an exhibition of vanities, all disputes were not conducted with the aim of reaching a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: “... it was obvious that the goal ... of objections consisted mainly in the desire to make one feel General Weyrother, so self-confidently, as to schoolchildren, who read his disposition, that he dealt not only with fools, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. Having made several futile attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov overslept the entire time the council lasted. Tolstoy makes it clear how much all this pomposity and complacency disgusts Kutuzov, the old general is well aware that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to the Russian troops, the battle of Shengraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied mainly with narcissism, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The Battle of Austerlitz in Tolstoy's War and Peace was the decisive battle in the War of the Three Emperors. Tolstoy shows the two emperors at first as pompous and self-satisfied, and after the defeat as confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. Emperors fled the battlefield, and after the end of the battle, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: In a dream, the procurator gives the impression of a completely different person. Pilate agrees with Yeshua's thought that they will always be together now. The procurator ceases to experience the disgust that arose in him in relation to everything that was connected with the teachings of Jesus.

As soon as a person acquires wealth, he immediately begins to fear losing it.

Sleep allows Pilate to do what he could not decide in life. Often literary critics evaluate Pilate's dream, his walk along the "moon road" as the highest victory of man over himself.

"Friendship and enmity"

Friends are always ready to help, save. (Example: friendship of A. S. Pushkin with lyceum students. The poet in the poem "October 19" wrote:

My friends, our union is beautiful!

He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal ...)

Friendship of Pushkin and Pushchin / Analysis of Pushkin's poem “I. I. Pushchin»

Among his lyceum friends, Alexander Pushkin especially singled out Ivan Pushchin, with whom the poet had a very warm and trusting relationship. The last time the friends met was just on the eve of these tragic events, in the winter of 1825. Ivan Pushchin came to him in Mikhailovskoye to brighten up loneliness and distract the author from gloomy thoughts about his own fate. In this moment best friend morally supported Pushkin, who was on the verge of despair, believing that his career was ruined, and his life was hopeless. Therefore, when Pushchin found himself in a similar situation, the author considered it his duty to send him an encouraging verse message, in which he confessed: “I pray to holy providence.” By this, the poet wanted to emphasize that he not only worries about the fate of his friend, but also believes that his sacrifice was not made to society in vain, and future generations will be able to appreciate this selfless act.

Pushkin was very upset by the separation from his friend, and subsequently addressed him a few more poems. H

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba,"The central character of the story, believed that partnership is higher than the family, higher than kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly.

D. London "In a distant land", "Love for life". Comradely support is, according to the writer, the decisive condition for victory over nature. The morality of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. Harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author, is more likely to die than a brave one. This is how gold diggers who have lost their self-control die in the novel “In a Far Land” and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story “Love of Life”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin

Literary example: FRIENDSHIP: Dostoevsky introduces the image of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's faithful comrade at the university, who supports him. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are opposed with the help of their speaking names(“reason” - “split”) according to the principle of attitude to life. These friends also have something in common that brought them together: they are smart, educated, deep, noble, capable of sincere feelings young people.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre needs time to understand this. Andrey is sure of his own, special destiny, and the empty, unchanging life is not for him. He is trying to convince Pierre, who is the only one whom he respects in that environment due to the contrast with the empty elite, to stay away from this life. But Pierre is nevertheless convinced of this on his own, from his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, is difficult to resist the temptation. The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of self-seeking in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a guideline for any of them either in their relationships or in the life of each separately. This is what should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these characters found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost even by a minority of people.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Master, MASSOLIT members

literary example. Due to the fault of the MASSOLIT members - representatives of the literary elite - the Master's novel was not published. Because of them, he burned the work that he had been creating for so long. And it is they who are guilty of the fact that the Master is in a clinic for the mentally ill. He had nothing left after futile attempts. Ivan Bezdomny is a typical representative of the elite literary world. And this world is hated not only by the hero of the novel, but also by the author himself. Apathy seizes the master, and, hating the manifested enemies, he does not seek to resist the essential enemies, he is completely possessed.

In the novel Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Dubrovsky"We see two old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrey Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. Once they were comrades in the service. Dubrovsky was distinguished by pride and decisiveness of character, for which he was valued and respected by Troekurov. Andrey Gavrilovich was an interesting conversationalist, and Kirila Petrovich was bored when there was no colleague nearby. The author explained their friendship by the fact that both of them were the same age, had the same upbringing, were widowed early and raised one child each. All this brought them closer. All the neighbors-landlords envied their harmony and friendship.

But one day, in their friendly relations, a time of discord and terrible cruel enmity came. This happened when Paramoshka, a servant of the landowner, while inspecting Troekurov's favorite kennel, insulted

Dubrovsky, humiliated his dignity. "An accident upset and changed everything." Leaving Pokrovskoye, Andrei Gavrilovich demanded that the servant appear in court. But the wayward rich man did not want to seriously look into this, but began to mercilessly take revenge on Dubrovsky, humiliating him even more. Why did this friendship turn out to be fragile? Why is there such a gap between former friends? The wealth and nobility of Troekurov, his arrogance and arrogance did not allow him to stop and reflect on

everything that happened. And the temper and ardor of the landowner added fuel to the fire. And a murderous revenge began ... Satisfied with a thirst for revenge, Troekurov understands what he has done. Coming to his senses, Troekurov wanted to correct this situation. But it was too late. He drove a friend to madness and death. Reading the novel by A. S. Pushkin, we are once again convinced that any enmity does not do good.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time""We also see an example of friendship-enmity in the relationship between Pechorin and Grushnitsky. They are peers, colleagues. Pechorin declares: "In friendship, one is the slave of another." Slave relations cannot maintain friendship, this is humiliating. In their hearts, heroes do not have warm relations with each other. Pechorin is ruthless towards Grushnitsky, cannot

forgiving weaknesses, confident, judicious, selfish, caustic. He sees through Grushnitsky and laughs at him. Is this a friendly relationship? “I understood him, and he dislikes me for it, although

Outwardly, we are on friendly terms. And we are once again convinced that friendship really needs the manifestation of good human feelings and qualities, in sincerity. And Grushnitsky? A completely different person:

enthusiastic, soft-bodied, does not have bright features, envious, conceited, spiteful, verbose. "He speaks quickly and pretentiously." Grushnitsky Junker, he is twenty-one years old. How can we call the relationship of these characters?

Their confrontation M.Yu. Lermontov shows in the chapter "Princess Mary". The abyss in the relations of young people becomes wider, hostility increases when Princess Mary became interested in Pechorin. The duel is

denouement in relationships. Pechorin kills his former friend. What's the matter? What is the reason for such a sad outcome? There can be no slave relationship in friendship. We understand that a person must first of all be a friend himself. But Pechorin does not have this understanding, so he did not have real friends. Only warm human relations strengthen friendship, and do not turn it into enmity.

A.I. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night”

War. This is the hardest test for people, especially for children. It is the children who are the main characters of the work by A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night”

The reason for any war is enmity. It is she who makes people cruel, soulless, and it is in war that many of the moral qualities of a person, the beauty of his soul, are often revealed.

The main characters of the story are Kuzmina Kolka and Sashka, brothers, pupils of the orphanage. Their Orphanage relocated to North Caucasus, which had just been liberated from the Germans. The mass resettlement of peoples was carried out during the war years, in 1943-1944.

The reader sees what is happening through the eyes of a child. Children value people according to whether food was taken from them or not; it is not clear to them why, from a passing car, children stretch out their hands and ask for something, and there are tears in their eyes. They cannot understand why people are so cruel. Let's remember terrible picture when Kolka saw his executed brother.

There is no division of people by nationality for children. Good means one's own, evil, cruel, the enemy. It is no coincidence that Kolka and the eleven-year-old Chechen boy Alkhuzor become friends. Both of them are lonely and unhappy, they found spiritual intimacy and support from each other. And what does it matter that one is Russian and the other Chechen. They became friends. Grief brought them closer. In the orphanage where the children ended up, there were the Crimean Tatar Musa, and the German Lida Gross “from the big river”, and the Nogai Balbek. All of them were united by a common terrible fate. They were drawn into the whirlpool of problems of adults, witnesses of the extermination of peoples, enmity between them, it was they who experienced all the horrors of this struggle of adults.

The world of hostility is terrible. He destroys the lives of people. It is necessary to stop hostility, to be tolerant towards people, not to allow the destruction of one's own people - this is what the author calls for. “There are no bad nations, there are only bad people”, - the teacher Regina Petrovna will say.

Children's souls are so pure and innocent, like "golden clouds", they are able to understand each other. It is terrible if these "clouds" break on the top of the cliff - about the indifference and cruelty of people.

Adults could learn from children the desire to live in friendship, to understand how terrible enmity is. “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, and they will swim far, far away, to where the mountains descend into the sea and people have never heard of the war, where brother kills brother.

A.M. Gorky "Childhood"

Alexey Peshkov - the main character of A.M. Gorky's story "Childhood" - was left without parents early. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. " strange life” here began to remind him of a “severe tale”, “well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius.” Constant hostility surrounded the boy in the house. “Grandfather's house is filled with a hot fog of mutual enmity of everyone with everyone.” Relations between adults - Alyosha's uncles - and between their children were far from being related and friendly. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they always quarreled, and the children did not lag behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt another, the pleasure experienced from the fact that someone feels bad - this is the situation in which the hero lived. There was no question of any friendship with cousins.

However, even here there were people to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is the blind-sighted master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely regrets, and the apprentice Tsyganok, to whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died when he carried an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy’s grandfather’s wife), and the Good Deed, who taught him to read.

A true friend for Alyosha was his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, despite her hard life, despite the fact that she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes burned with an “unquenchable, cheerful and warm light.” He seemed to be sleeping before her, “hidden in the dark”, and she woke up, brought to the light, immediately became a lifelong friend, the closest, most understandable and dear person.

There was a lot of hostility around the boy. But a lot of kindness and understanding. It was friendly relations with people that did not allow his soul to harden. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.

Everything starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because in many respects it depends on them how the child will grow up. This conclusion leads the reader to this conclusion.

DIRECTIONS OF THE FINAL ESSAY - 2016-2017

1. "Mind and Feeling"
2. "Honor and dishonor"
3. "Victory and Defeat"
4. "Experience and Mistakes"
5. "Friendship and enmity".

1. "Mind and Feeling". The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important components of a person’s inner world, which influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation, which constitutes the internal conflict of the personality.
The theme of mind and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: heroes literary works often face a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.

2. "Honor and dishonor." The direction is based on polar concepts related to the choice of a person: to be true to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers focused on depicting various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, up to a deep moral decline of the individual.

3. "Victory and defeat". The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.
Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations.

4. "Experience and mistakes." Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes us think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move forward. life path, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

5. "Friendship and enmity." The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them.
The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to appreciate friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sows enmity.

When compiling topics for the final essay, the following requirements are observed:

• compliance with open thematic areas;
• ensuring the supra-subject nature of the final essay (themes should not aim at the literary analysis of a particular work);
• ensuring the literary-centric nature of the final essay (the topics should provide an opportunity for a wide choice of literary material for argumentation);
• focus on reasoning (the presence of a problem in the wording);
• compliance with the age characteristics of graduates, the time allotted for writing an essay (3 hours 55 minutes);
• clarity, literacy and variety of formulations of essay topics.