Among sentences 20–39, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one with the help of cognates. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

Explanation (see also Rule below).

In sentence 23 there is the word "cranes", which is the same root as the word "cranes", contained in sentence 22.

Sentence 29 contains the word "departure", which is cognate with the word "leave" contained in sentence 28.

Answer: 2329|2923.

Answer: 2329|2923

Source: Demo version of the USE-2017 in the Russian language.

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called a text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.

The wording of the task may be as follows:

Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the desired sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. Answers can be 1 or more. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often, we use this text construction model: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain link. (We will talk about the parallel connection below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's take a closer look at each type.

23.1. Communication with the help of lexical means.

1. Words of one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.

Word examples: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words related by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Word examples: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Suggestion examples: Under the window still grew birch. How many memories I have associated with this tree...

field chamomile become a rarity. But it's unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was a forest. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed on the shore. The beach was strewn with small pebbles.- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. lexical repetition in USE assignments the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Consider examples. We do not yet take into account additional means of communication, we look only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.

(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Root words

Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.

Word examples: Motherland, be born, birth, kind; break, break, break

Suggestion examples: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. History of my birth nothing remarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship is needed break but he couldn't do it himself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning.

Word examples: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; fun, joy, rejoicing

Suggestion examples: At parting, she said that will miss. I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... jubilation seemed to have no boundaries: Lina answered, answered at last!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for a connection only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union Same , this relationship will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that come together in meaning only in a given context, since they refer to the same object (feature, action).

Word examples: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Suggestion examples: Kitty recently lived with us. Husband took off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape from the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all the efforts on my part to talk her.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning.

Word examples: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Suggestion examples: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were warm and burned. eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in this context.

Word examples: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe

Suggestion examples: On work this man was gray mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green it is better not to put, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: it is the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the help rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication by means of morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun link is a link in which ONE word or MULTIPLE words from the previous sentence is replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the ranks in meaning.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, point to objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them.

According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (oneself);

3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many);

5) defining(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);

6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (no one, nothing, no one);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, so "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT rank the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that play the role of CONNECTING elements. It must be clearly understood that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a link.

Let us turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, others, not mine ....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun I, what is it replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun her? Word " school from the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way correlate with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the pronoun with the third They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this mode of communication? The fact that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but do not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "his", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the ranks in meaning.

Adverbs are invariable words that denote a sign by action and refer to the verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Suggestion examples: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: it was not possible to work in a team, there were no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Near clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are related to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Suggestion examples: I vacationed last summer in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a phone call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn't have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Connection with the help of unions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.

Communication with the help of coordinating unions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.

Details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Suggestion examples: By the end of the weekend, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversative union "but".

That's how it's always been... Or that's how it seemed to me...Communication with the help of a separating union "or".

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating unions: for, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex one. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Suggestion examples: I was in total despair... For I did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for matters because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t enter the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of the consequence.

4. Particles

Communication with particles always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.

Suggestion examples: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and so difficult at the same time - to love ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better share for us.

After the departure of her husband, it became empty in the soul and deserted in the house. Even the cat, which used to run like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here Whose hands should I lean on...Pay attention, connecting particles are at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using the word form consists in the fact that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on grade
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.

Suggestion examples: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise became uncomfortable.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: in the task, “word forms” can be written, and then this is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

The difference between word forms and lexical repetition is of particular complexity.

Information for the teacher.

Consider, as an example, the most difficult task of the real USE in 2016. We give the full fragment published on the FIPI website in " Guidelines for teachers (2016)"

Examinees found it difficult to complete task 23 when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

We give the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the options for the USE in 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, an eccentric!

(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the forester's son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": a prepositional case form controlled by a verb, and a non-prepositional form controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of the object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to Proposition 16 by word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by means of personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

Correct answer in task 23 this option – 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").

It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there is no consensus, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house "National Education", "Exam", "Legion" (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very difficult cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered differently in manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, we will indicate the position of the RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks for the RESHUEGE: if the linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school cannot do it.

3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs can have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such personalities, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in nothing, if something was, as he said, below his level.

We give examples of the definition of means of communication in a small text.

(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me a little.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 by a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in offer 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "she" is the nominative form, "her" is the genitive form.

In addition, sentence 3 has other means of communication: it is a union Same, introductory word seemed, rows of synonymous constructions did not insist on meeting And didn't want to get close.

• True and false patriotism is one of central issues novel. Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they do things in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the characters imagine themselves to be patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of a common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's overcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland in their souls.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

The Russian person belongs, by definition, N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being a prisoner of the Tatars, he does not forget for a moment that he is Russian, and with all his heart strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan volunteers to be recruited. The soul of the hero is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he had a rest in the southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with " dog heart"- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such simple people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "A wonderful doctor."
A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Yevgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
In an effort to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of the elders, sometimes offends them himself (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the things that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is already gone ...

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from the story of V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only the lessons of the French language, but also the lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The famous poet V. Zhukovsky was the teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "Horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her generosity is boundless. She instilled in him moral stamina, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth"
IN autobiographical trilogy main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigure the soul of little Ilya. In adult life, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

Lack of purpose in life, habits of work formed " extra person"," unwittingly an egoist.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong education disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky expressed his attitude towards them in monologues, main character comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of the letter, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong education.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying"
Dr. Jansen died rescuing children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone moved away from him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone just pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
The story tells about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Misérables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole the silverware from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, struck by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. "If I order my general to turn into a sea gull," he used to say, "and if the general does not comply with the order, it will not be his fault, but mine" .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes. Only music and love affirm true values on the ground.

Fonvizin "Undergrowth"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. created. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". His writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy leads his beloved heroes away from "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in Tran for the abolition of serfdom.

Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and its high purpose in the poems "Prophet", "Poet", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands." Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civil behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Freak"
"Freak" - a distracted person, may seem ill-mannered. And what induces him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. The weirdo reflects on the problems that concern mankind at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a man who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
Showed the drama former people who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.
• Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at the familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by intrigues. evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon briskly replied: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's perishing soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Inner conviction that you are right moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "King - fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, caught on a hook huge fish unable to deal with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish, which symbolizes the moral principle in nature, makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with a moral and punishing force, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also not punishing. An illustration of the punishing force is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero does not set punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, requiring careful attitude to themselves, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character, Yevgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees a "new" person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In the novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" the actual theme of the relationship between nature and man is raised. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal spiritual wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was ill, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired peace or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain into the dog Sharik, turning the quite nice dog into the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can not mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person to the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, full-flowing rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is conveyed to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot at white swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows through rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans" also contains the author's thought about the responsibility of man for nature. The protagonist of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is worried about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to all to protect our land and each other.
• The protagonist Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story “Belogrudka”, the children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt herself a part of nature ("She loved to warn dawn on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the primordial beauty of the world around you, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken branch. You see a light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the beautiful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan's Memory” is so touching. In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important problem: the influence of man on environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes, you can hide from the heat, and drink some water, and just relax. good memory Ivan left about himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events of the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. So, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin's feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “brightly shining”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed “dull” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm”. Nature is not only the experience of heroes, but is also one of actors. The storm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With a similar allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects internal state heroes, but also denotes its own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to give as an example the dystopian novel by E. Zamyatin “We”. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only if you have a pink card. The protagonist, D-503, is doomed to a mathematically adjusted happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory, Zamyatin tried to express the inseparability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Rus', my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is nature native land. In the poem “Goy you, Rus', my dear,” the poet refuses paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets addressed her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng", the characters know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, the rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
A deep and tender love for nature was expressed by I. S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”. He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, joyfully learned and explored new places. This man felt his inseparable connection with mother nature and dreamed that "every person" would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens. Such consequences can be caused by thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "The resistance of human nature." In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who is undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in the most seemingly different works... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an official"

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die "like a human"?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter».

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor commands him. The nobility of the hero was able to appreciate even his ideological enemy - Pugachev. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Deaf"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society split, in which the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge, speaking badly about her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social treason: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricks Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov deceives officials, pretends to be an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so intoxicatingly that he himself begins to believe his stories, feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the good and the beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became for real good people They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They don't know what is real love and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the instructions of his father helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. From his school years, he valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of the story “Daughter of Bukhara” by L. Ulitskaya, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought through all later life daughters: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to go out of life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "The human mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute of the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life"
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and mutilate our great and mighty language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property, handed over to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and spattered his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (and he did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. in the service moved significantly higher. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as a warning, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the dumb serf Gerasim, Tatyana, is decided by the mistress. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
In the story “Biryuk”, the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives miserably, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem “Reflections at the front door”: the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. The government does not take into account the situation of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing holy, right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and crazy.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl." Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river." Such a position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
Everyone's personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in the "Notes of a Hunter" I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov ("Singers") becomes an inveterate drunkard in a tavern. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. The forester Biryuk serves responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people are unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the gruesome details camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person in oneself.

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an outstanding personality.

and A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On the Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - wheelbarrows, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one got angry. Good feelings are born in the soul of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you see, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities to the cause that they consider necessary. The “Roman of Education” by M.I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to bring good to people."
• All the favorite heroes of L. N. Tolstoy were busy with intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching person. He read a lot, knew everything about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he kept the true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save one's life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya during the Great Patriotic War left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

And P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend's devotion, love for his chosen profession perform a miracle: having got on his beloved steam locomotive, he regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been used to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous person.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, whatever happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, on the melon field, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple layman, for whom money-grubbing and his own well-being became the main thing in life. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you must preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story A.P. dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is able to create history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in the subordination of one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov's story "Obelisk". Teacher Frost, had the choice to stay alive or die along with the students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Gorky "At the bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer such a question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer raised another vital question: is it possible to consider a free person who has resigned himself. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil, tyranny attracted the special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to defy tyranny. The conflict between the environment dark kingdom”And a bright peace of mind, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This is a work about the repeated arrests of a husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers, relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "without thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

K.Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

Yu.Gribov
A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V. Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy being in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Harmonies between caring for the "distant" and love for oneself close person Nastya could not be reached. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to be executed. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience, he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed an old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a "higher" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act indicates that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen marries Pierre by deceit and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first it was dictated by thrift, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the most necessary, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov, in love, gave Olga Ilyinskaya a lilac branch. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita's hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was in books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up romance novels. Books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

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• Patriotism can be both true and false
• A true patriot will not dare to betray his homeland even under the threat of death.
• Patriotism is manifested in the desire to do home country better, cleaner, protect her from the enemy
• A huge number of vivid examples of the manifestation of patriotism can be found in wartime.
• The patriot is ready for even the most reckless act, which can bring people even a little closer to saving the country
• A true patriot is faithful to his oath and his own moral principles.

Arguments

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man." During the war, Andrei Sokolov proved more than once that he deserved to be called a patriot of his country. Patriotism manifested itself in the tremendous strength of will and hero. Even under the threat of death during interrogation by Muller, he decides to preserve his Russian dignity and show the German the qualities of a real Russian soldier. Andrei Sokolov's refusal to drink to the victory of German arms, despite the famine, is direct proof that he is a patriot. The behavior of Andrei Sokolov, as it were, summarizes the fortitude and steadfastness of the Soviet soldier, who truly loves his homeland.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". In the epic novel, the reader is faced with the concept of true and false patriotism. All representatives of the Bolkonsky and Rostov families, as well as Pierre Bezukhov, can be called true patriots. These people are ready to defend the Motherland at any moment. Prince Andrei, even after being wounded, goes to war, no longer dreaming of glory, but simply defending his homeland. Pierre Bezukhov, who does not really understand anything about military operations, how true patriot remains in Moscow captured by the enemy to kill Napoleon. Nikolai and Petya Rostov are fighting, and Natasha does not spare the carts and gives them to transport the wounded. Everything suggests that these people are worthy children of their country. This cannot be said about the Kuragins, who are patriots only in words, but do not back up words with deeds. They talk about patriotism only for their own benefit. Consequently, not everyone from whom we hear about patriotism cannot be called a true patriot.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev cannot even allow the thought of swearing allegiance to the impostor Pugachev, although this threatens him with death. He is a man of honor, true to his oath and his word, a real soldier. Although Pugachev is kind to Pyotr Grinev, the young soldier does not seek to please him or make a promise not to touch his people. In the most difficult situations, Petr Grinev confronts the invaders. And although the hero more than once turns to Pugachev for help, he cannot be accused of betrayal, because he does all this for the sake of saving Masha Mironova. Pyotr Grinev is a true patriot, ready to give his life for his Motherland, which is proved by his actions. The accusations of betrayal that are presented to him in court are false, therefore, in the end, justice wins.

V. Kondratiev "Sasha". Sasha is a man who fights selflessly, in full force. And although he beats the enemy with hatred, the sense of justice makes the hero not kill the captured German, his peer, who unexpectedly found himself in the war. This, of course, is not a betrayal. Sasha's thoughts at the sight of Moscow, not captured by the enemy, confirm that he is a true patriot. At the sight of a city in which almost the former life is in full swing, the hero realizes how important what he did on the front line. Sasha is ready to defend his native country, because he understands how important it is.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". For the Cossacks, the protection of their native land is the basis of existence. It is not for nothing that the work says that it is difficult to resist the power of the angry Cossacks. Old Taras Bulba is a true patriot who does not tolerate betrayal. He even kills his youngest son Andriy, who went over to the side of the enemy because of love in a beautiful Polish woman. Taras Bulba does not consider his own child, because his moral principles are unshakable: betrayal of the Motherland cannot be justified by anything. All this confirms that Taras Bulba is characterized by a sense of patriotism, like other real Cossacks, including Ostap, his eldest son.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The image of Vasily Terkin serves as an ideal embodiment of a simple Soviet soldier, ready at any moment to perform a feat for the sake of approaching victory over the enemy. It costs nothing for Terkin to cross the icy river, covered with ice, in order to transmit the necessary instructions to the other side. He himself does not see this as a feat. And the soldier performs similar actions more than once throughout the work. Without a doubt, he can be called a true patriot, fighting for the bright future of his country.

In this text, the famous Russian writer K.G. Paustovsky raises the problem of a person gaining a sense of the Motherland. Using the example of his hero, the artist Berg, he shows that the feeling of the Motherland in a person can mature for years, a push is needed to understand not only with the mind, but also with the heart, one’s inextricable connection with the native land. The artist Berg, who previously always laughed ironically at the word “motherland”, did not notice nature and did not understand it, according to the author, at the invitation of a friend, goes to the Murom forests and there discovers a new “strange feeling” for himself - “joyful feeling of the motherland”: “ this forested and solemn region, full of nameless lakes, impassable thickets, dry foliage, the measured rumble of pines and air smelling of resin and damp marsh mosses. That is why, upon returning home to the exhibition artwork he sends his "first landscape", capturing everything "that was trembling somewhere in the heart."

The author describes the new emotional condition his hero, his "awakening": through the evolution of the character, it is easy to trace the author's attitude to the problem raised. Only through an inextricable connection with the native land is the creative process as such possible: skepticism and neglect of one's roots deprive a person of spirituality. That is why the author's verdict at the beginning of the text, repeating to some extent the assessment of his colleagues ("Oh, Berg, rusk soul!") Is obvious: "Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes." To show the evolution of Berg's feelings, their strength and depth, the writer uses extensive rows of homogeneous members (“Berg wanted all the power of colors, all the skill of his hands, all that was trembling somewhere in his heart, to give this paper so that at least a hundredth of depict the splendor of these forests, dying majestically and simply"). In the bright, colorful, lively descriptions of the nature of the Murom forests, one can clearly see the admiration of the author for his native land. K.G. Paustovsky is a recognized master of landscape descriptions. “Metaphors (“shadows of the branches trembled”, “shone blue”) and epithets (“lemon field”, “fragile lichen”) help the author to convey the beauty of his native nature.

I share the position of the author, because I believe that the feeling of the Motherland, native land is given to us from birth. Motherland, like parents, is not chosen. She - small and large - is the foundation, those roots that feed us from childhood. The realization of this fact may not come to everyone and not immediately, but it is this feeling that makes our "life warm, cheerful and a hundred times more beautiful than before."

The theme of the Motherland, native land is one of the important themes in the work of any artist (both brush and word).

The theme of the Motherland is one of the main ones in the work of I.A. Bunin, who was forced to leave Russia at one time and who is especially acutely experiencing this loss in his work. The story "Antonov apples" is one of the most poetic works in his work. Taste and smell Antonov apples becomes for the hero (and the author himself too) a symbol of the Motherland, without a blood connection with which human life loses its meaning.

In V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera", the author tells about a small village on the banks of the Siberian river, which should be flooded in connection with the construction of a hydroelectric power station. The old men and women who remained in the village (the youth left for the city) are reverent and careful about the past that these places keep. In other words, those who truly love their native land protect their native corner from flooding, strangers (youth who left for the city, authorities, etc.) are ready to abuse the graves of the old cemetery, burn houses in order to quickly evict the old people from them ...

Thus, the feeling of the native land in a person is akin to the core, which includes his life in the context of a variety of spiritual and moral pillars - family, people, nation, state. Belonging to the native land, the feeling of the native land makes a person's life meaningful and beautiful.

Text by K. G. Paustovsky

(1) When the word "motherland" was pronounced under Berg, he grinned. (2) I didn’t notice the beauty of nature around, I didn’t understand when the fighters said:
"(3) Here we will recapture our native land and water the horses from our native river."
- (4) Chatter! Berg said gloomily. - (5) For people like us, there is no and no
maybe homeland.
- (6) Oh, Berg, cracker soul! - the fighters answered with heavy reproach. -
(7) You do not love the earth, eccentric. (8) And also an artist!
(9) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes.
(10) A few years later, in early autumn, Berg went to Murom
forests, to the lake, where his friend the artist Yartsev spent his summers, and lived there
about a month. (11) He was not going to work and did not take oil
paints, and brought only a small box of watercolors.
(12) All day long he lay on the still green glades and looked at the flowers
and herbs, picked bright red rose hips and fragrant juniper,
long needles, leaves of aspens, where the lemon field was scattered
black and blue spots, fragile lichen of a delicate ashy hue and
withering cloves. (13) He carefully examined the autumn leaves from the inside,
where the yellowness was slightly touched by lead frost.
(14) At sunset, flocks of cranes flew over the lake with a cooing
south, and Vanya Zotov, the forester's son, said to Berg every time:
- (15) It seems that birds are throwing us, flying to the warm seas.
(16) Berg for the first time felt a stupid insult: the cranes seemed to him
traitors. (17) They threw this forest and solemn
land full of nameless lakes, impenetrable thickets, dry foliage,
measured rumble of pines and air smelling of resin and damp marsh
mosses.
(18) Once Berg woke up with a strange feeling. (19) Light shadows
branches trembled on the clean floor, and behind the door shone a quiet blue. (20) Word
"radiance" Berg met only in the books of poets, considered him lofty and
devoid of clear meaning. (21) But now he realized how accurate this word is
conveys that special light that comes from the September sky and the sun.
(22) Berg took paints, paper and, without even drinking tea, went to the lake.
(23) Vanya took him to the far shore.
(24) Berg was in a hurry. (25) Berg wanted all the power of colors, all the skill of his
hands, all that was trembling somewhere in the heart, to give this paper, so that at least
to depict in a hundredth part the splendor of these forests, dying majestically and
Just. (26) Berg worked like a man possessed, sang and shouted.
... (27) Two months later, a notice of the exhibition was brought to Berg's house,
in which he was supposed to participate: they asked him to tell how many of his
The artist will exhibit the works this time. (28) Berg sat down at the table and quickly wrote:
“I am exhibiting only one study in watercolor, made this summer - mine
first landscape.
(29) After a while, Berg sat and thought. (30) He wanted to trace what
by elusive ways, a clear and joyful feeling of homeland appeared in him.
(31) It has been ripe for weeks, years, decades, but the last push gave
forest land, autumn, cries of cranes and Vanya Zotov.
- (32) Oh, Berg, cracker soul! he remembered the words of the soldiers.
(33) The fighters were right then. (34) Berg knew that he was now connected with
his country not only with his mind, but with all his heart, as an artist, and that
love for the motherland made his smart, but dry life warm, cheerful and
a hundred times more beautiful than before.

(according to K.G. Paustovsky)

Text essay:

In this text, the famous Russian writer K.G. Paustovsky raises the problem of a person gaining a sense of the Motherland. On the example of his hero - the artist Berg - he shows that the feeling of the Motherland in a person can mature for years, a push is needed to understand not only with the mind, but also with the heart, one's inextricable connection with the native land. The artist Berg, who previously always grinned ironically at the word “motherland”, did not notice nature and did not understand it, according to the author, at the invitation of a friend, goes to the Murom forests and discovers a new “strange feeling” for himself - “joyful feeling of the motherland”: “ this forested and solemn region, full of nameless lakes, impassable thickets, dry foliage, the measured rumble of pines and air smelling of resin and damp marsh mosses. That is why, upon returning home to an art exhibition, he sends his "first landscape", capturing everything "that was trembling somewhere in the heart."

The author describes in great detail the new emotional state of his hero, his "awakening": through the evolution of the character, it is easy to trace the author's attitude to the problem raised. Only through an inextricable connection with the native land is the creative process as such possible: skepticism and neglect of one's roots deprive a person of spirituality. That is why the author’s verdict at the beginning of the text, repeating to some extent the assessment of colleagues (“ Oh, Berg, cracker soul!) is obvious: " Maybe that's why Berg was not good at landscapes.". To show the evolution of Berg's feelings, their strength and depth, the writer uses lengthy rows of homogeneous members (" Berg wanted to give all the power of colors, all the skill of his hands, everything that was trembling somewhere in his heart, to this paper in order to depict at least a hundredth of the splendor of these forests, dying majestically and simply."). In the bright, colorful, lively descriptions of the nature of the Murom forests, one can clearly see the admiration of the author for his native land. K.G. Paustovsky is a recognized master of landscape descriptions. “To convey the beauty of native nature, the author is helped by metaphors (“shadows of the branches trembled”, “blue shone”) and epithets (“lemon field”, “fragile lichen”).

I share the position of the author, because I believe that the feeling of the Motherland, native land is given to us from birth. Motherland, like parents, is not chosen. She - small and large - is the basis, those roots that feed us from childhood. The realization of this fact may not come to everyone and not immediately, but it is this feeling that makes our "life warm, cheerful and a hundred times more beautiful than before."

The theme of the Motherland, native land is one of the important themes in the work of any artist (both brush and word).

The theme of the Motherland is one of the main ones in the work of I.A. Bunin, who was forced to leave Russia at one time and who is especially acutely experiencing this loss in his work. The story "Antonov apples" is one of the most poetic works in his work. The taste and smell of Antonov apples becomes for the hero (and the author himself too) a symbol of the Motherland, without a blood connection with which human life loses its meaning.

In V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera", the author tells about a small village on the banks of the Siberian river, which should be flooded in connection with the construction of a hydroelectric power station. The old men and women who remained in the village (the youth left for the city) are reverent and careful about the past that these places keep. In other words, those who truly love their native land protect their native corner from flooding, strangers (youth who left for the city, authorities, etc.) are ready to abuse the graves of the old cemetery, burn houses in order to quickly evict the old people from them ...

Thus, the feeling of the native land in a person is akin to the core, which includes his life in the context of a variety of spiritual and moral pillars - family, people, nation, state. Belonging to the native land, the feeling of the native land makes a person's life meaningful and beautiful.

Text by K. G. Paustovsky

(1) When the word "motherland" was pronounced under Berg, he grinned. (2) I didn’t notice the beauty of nature around, I didn’t understand when the fighters said:
"(3) Here we will recapture our native land and water the horses from our native river."
- (4) Chatter! Berg said gloomily. - (5) People like us do not and do not
maybe homeland.
- (6) Oh, Berg, cracker soul! - the fighters answered with heavy reproach. -
(7) You do not love the earth, eccentric. (8) And also an artist!
(9) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes.
(10) A few years later, in early autumn, Berg went to Murom
forests, to the lake, where his friend the artist Yartsev spent his summers, and lived there
about a month. (11) He was not going to work and did not take oil
paints, and brought only a small box of watercolors.
(12) All day long he lay on the still green glades and looked at the flowers
and herbs, picked bright red rose hips and fragrant juniper,
long needles, leaves of aspens, where the lemon field was scattered
black and blue spots, fragile lichen of a delicate ashy hue and
withering cloves. (13) He carefully examined the autumn leaves from the inside,
where the yellowness was slightly touched by lead frost.
(14) At sunset, flocks of cranes flew over the lake with a cooing
south, and Vanya Zotov, the forester's son, said to Berg every time:
- (15) It seems that birds are throwing us, flying to the warm seas.
(16) Berg for the first time felt a stupid insult: the cranes seemed to him
traitors. (17) They threw this forest and solemn
land full of nameless lakes, impenetrable thickets, dry foliage,
measured rumble of pines and air smelling of resin and damp marsh
mosses.
(18) Once Berg woke up with a strange feeling. (19) Light shadows
branches trembled on the clean floor, and behind the door shone a quiet blue. (20) Word
"radiance" Berg met only in the books of poets, considered him lofty and
devoid of clear meaning. (21) But now he realized how accurate this word is
conveys that special light that comes from the September sky and the sun.
(22) Berg took paints, paper and, without even drinking tea, went to the lake.
(23) Vanya took him to the far shore.
(24) Berg was in a hurry. (25) Berg wanted all the power of colors, all the skill of his
hands, all that was trembling somewhere in the heart, to give this paper, so that at least
to depict in a hundredth part the splendor of these forests, dying majestically and
Just. (26) Berg worked like a man possessed, sang and shouted.
... (27) Two months later, a notice of the exhibition was brought to Berg's house,
in which he was supposed to participate: they asked him to tell how many of his
The artist will exhibit the works this time. (28) Berg sat down at the table and quickly wrote:
“I am exhibiting only one study in watercolor, made this summer, - mine
first landscape.
(29) After a while, Berg sat and thought. (30) He wanted to trace what
by elusive ways, a clear and joyful feeling of homeland appeared in him.
(31) It has been ripe for weeks, years, decades, but the last push gave
forest land, autumn, cries of cranes and Vanya Zotov.
- (32) Oh, Berg, cracker soul! - he remembered the words of the fighters.
(33) The fighters were right then. (34) Berg knew that he was now connected with
his country not only with his mind, but with all his heart, as an artist, and that
love for the motherland made his smart, but dry life warm, cheerful and
a hundred times more beautiful than before.
(according to K.G. Paustovsky)