A. N. Radishchev considered the liberation of the peasants and the overthrow of the autocracy, which, in alliance with the church, mercilessly oppressed the people, to be the main political tasks. “Autocracy is the state most repugnant to human nature,” he writes. At the same time, Radishchev developed the idea that the enlightenment of the people, the mental, moral and political education of the younger generation play an important role in the reorganization of the country. These questions draw his attention. He covers them in his main work "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", in the philosophical treatise "On Man, on His Mortality and Immortality", in the sociological essay "Experience on Legislation", "Conversation about what is the son of the fatherland" and in a number of others.

In 1790, he wrote and printed his own famous work- the book "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow." It not only sharply condemns serfdom, but also contains a direct call for the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republican form of government. After reviewing the book, Catherine II described the author: "A rebel is worse than Pugachev!" Worse, because, in the words of Radishchev himself, Pugachev's speech showed "in its ignorance, the joy of revenge rather than the benefit of shaking bonds," and the author of Journey just ideologically shook the very "bonds", the foundations of autocratic monarchy, the estate system and serfdom.

Radishchev exposed the feudal system of public education: “division into estates” deprives the masses of the people of the opportunity to become familiar with knowledge, and meanwhile “a person, coming into the world, is equal in everything to another”; the ability to know, think, create is inherent in all people, regardless of race and class. The few schools drag out a miserable existence. torn from modern life, they "belong to past centuries". Neither at school nor in the family is the main task of education carried out - the formation of the personality of a true son of the fatherland who passionately loves his people and hates violence, ready for a selfless struggle against social injustice. Everything that exists is various forms of manifestation of matter. Material, "material" and man. Man is not only a part of nature, he is also its highest creation, "the most perfect of creatures, the crown of material compositions, the king of the earth." Being the highest stage in the development of nature, being a “relative” to everything living, man is different from other living beings, even from the most highly organized animals, from monkeys. The main difference between man and other animals, along with a straight gait and developed hands, is his ability to think and speak. Speech contributes to the expansion, development of a person's mental abilities, the establishment of links between thoughts - "the collection of thoughts together." But there is one feature of a person, perhaps the most important: a person is a creature that can live only in the company of other creatures of its own kind: "Man is born for a hostel."

Radishchev opposed the religious-idealistic view of man. Pointed to the relationship between physical and mental development.

The main task of education: the formation of a person with civic consciousness, high moral qualities, who loves his fatherland most of all. He outlined these thoughts in the essay "Conversation about what is the son of the Fatherland." The state is obliged to ensure that the rising generation receives a proper upbringing.

Much attention was given to the process of mastering knowledge, mental development. He insisted that the native language should become the language of science and education. He urged to reckon with the natural characteristics of children, although he said that the main thing in the formation of a person is not his natural data, but the circumstances of life.

He demanded a full-fledged education for children of all classes, which should be not just education, but the political education of a person who is comprehensively prepared for the work of rebuilding society.

Gymnasiums should be of two types:

• 1. classical (humanitarian disciplines, made it possible to enter the university)
• 2. real (oriented to natural and mathematical disciplines).

Radishchev defended the people's right to education. According to natural data, the peasant is sharp-witted, capable of mental development no less than other classes. The right to education can only be achieved through a peasant revolution and the establishment of a new, just system. Then a properly organized upbringing will become the main force that forms a real person. But, Alexander Nikolayevich wrote, "recognizing the power of education, we will not take away the power of nature." As we can see, he addressed the problem of the relationship between the environment, upbringing and the biological factor in human development. The new upbringing, according to Radishchev, should be accessible to every child, regardless of origin, and carried out in their native language. Its main goal is to prepare the "son of the fatherland" , a citizen, a true patriot, a defender of the interests of the people, ready for anything for him. The “son of the fatherland” has all the data for a reasonable and useful life in society: mind, health, strong will, noble character, readiness for useful work. Radishchev is a supporter of real education that gives knowledge real life, in contrast to the classical, in which there is a lot of scholasticism. Education should be based on the native language and history, supplemented with a wide range of natural and other humanitarian knowledge. It required the opening of a large number of higher educational institutions. In the process of learning and on the example of parents, educators, other people from the environment of the child, his moral education should be carried out. Linking morality with the revolutionary idea, he defined the moral features of the "son of the fatherland": patriotism, the desire for freedom, hatred of slavery, humanity, honesty, diligence, willpower, the ability to protect dignity.

Attacking the contemporary system of education and upbringing, Radishchev draws an ideal that has not yet been realized in many respects. He says that the government exists for the people, and not vice versa, that the happiness and wealth of the people are measured by the well-being of the mass of the population, and not the well-being of a few people, etc. (largely reproduced in the 1st volume of "Russian Poetry" by A.S. Vengerov). Pushkin imitated Radishchev's poem "The Heroic Tale of Bova".

Work, according to Radishchev, acts as the best seasoning in a pupil's lunch, and bliss and laziness are the worst scourges of the human body, they weaken both the body and the strength of the spirit. Mental, moral, physical development with labor education are one. The constant "use of strength" strengthens the body, and with it the "disintegration" of its mental faculties and morality is obtained. A.N. Radishchev is a person of exceptional courage with a developed civic consciousness. Catherine II called him a rebel worse than Pugachev, defining Radishchev a severe punishment for free-thinking and forbidding his writings, which until 1864 belonged to "hidden literature." Perhaps, in some of his statements, he is unnecessarily categorical. In the same noble education there was a lot of instructive. He overestimated the reality peasant revolution in the absence of a strong bourgeoisie. Maybe he idealized the “son of the fatherland” too much. But in the main thing he was right: the people should be able to protect themselves and their right to education. From A.N. Radishchev went to the origins of Russian revolutionary-democratic pedagogy , further developed by Belinsky, Herzen, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, which existed in Russia in the 19th century.

"... The root of all evil and good is education"

Socio-economic transformations in Russia XVIII centuries during the reforms of Peter I, the development of industry, the army and navy required not only qualified specialists, but also patriots of their country. A major role in their upbringing was played by the school reform, launched by decree of the tsar on February 28, 1714. It involved the opening of digital schools and colleges in all provinces at monasteries, the compulsory education of children of the nobility, the "parish rank", clerks and clerks. In 1722, the training of "carpenters, sailors, blacksmiths and other craftsmen" in literacy and numbers was introduced. The school reform took into account the experience of public upbringing and education, the intellectual achievements of Russian enlighteners, public figures and teachers.

Russian historian and statesman

V.N. Tatishchev (1686 - 1750), supporting the undertakings of Peter I, in his pedagogical writings raised questions "about the benefits of science and schools", the role of the teacher in education and upbringing. He emphasized that young people need to "know the civil and military laws of their Fatherland."

One of the first legislative documents of civil and patriotic education was approved by Catherine II (1729 - 1796, empress from 1762) in 1764 "General institution for the education of both sexes of youth." Its author was a public figure, personal secretary of the Empress I.I. Betskaya (1704 - 1795). While studying abroad, he got acquainted with the pedagogical views of Ya.A. Comenius (1592 - 1670, Czech humanist thinker, teacher, writer, founder of didactics), D. Locke (1632 - 1704, English philosopher, founder of liberalism), J.J. Rousseau (1712 - 1778, French writer, philosopher, supporter of the social contract theory).

The “General Institution ...” states: “Art has proved that the mind alone, decorated or enlightened by the sciences, does not yet make a good and upright citizen. But in many cases, it happens even more harmful if someone from the tenderest youth of his years was not brought up in virtues and these are not firmly rooted in his heart, but by negligence and daily bad examples, he gets used to extravagance, self-will, dishonest delicacy and disobedience. With such a shortcoming, it can be safely asserted that direct success in the sciences and arts and the third rank of people in the state are to be expected, in vain and caressed.

Therefore, it is clear that the root of all evil and good is education.

The pedagogical views presented in the "General Institution ..." and a number of other documents are subordinated to the idea of ​​education and the upbringing of a citizen. The principles of the new system of education served this purpose.

The decline of morality

to the fall of the state

According to researchers, in the reforms of the times of Catherine II, the education of a person and a citizen was considered primarily as moral education. To make the new schools primarily educational institutions, to harmoniously combine upbringing with education - such was the fundamental issue of the educational reform. The education of a person, according to the initiators of the reform, should end with the education of a citizen. The new system of upbringing and education proceeded from the state's need for dedicated and qualified citizens.

A Serbian and Russian teacher, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a participant in the development of a school reform plan for 1782-1786, worked on these problems. F.I. Jankovic (1741 - 1814). He was a follower of Ya.A. Comenius, sought to increase the role of the teacher in teaching and education. In his “Charter of Public Schools in the Russian Empire”, education is associated with the civil and patriotic education of youth: “The education of youth was so much respected by all enlightened peoples that they considered it the only means to affirm the good of civil society; Yes, this is indisputable, for the subjects of education, which contain a pure and reasonable concept of the creator and his holy law and the fundamental rules of unshakable loyalty to the sovereign and true love to the fatherland and their fellow citizens, are the main pillars of the general state welfare. Education, enlightening the mind of a person with various other knowledge, adorns his soul; inclining the will to do good, guides in a virtuous life and finally fills a person with such concepts that he needs in a hostel. He proposed without fail, along with books on grammar, history, arithmetic, geography, to teach young people from the book "On the Positions of a Man and a Citizen."

The reign of Catherine II is associated with the reform of the education system, the adoption of a number of legislative acts relating to the civil and patriotic education of young people. In her plays, articles, books, the empress constantly turned to the idea of ​​strengthening Russian state, emphasized that the decline of morality in the country, disrespect for the sovereign and rulers, the elderly, fathers and mothers testify to the imminent fall of the state. In her opinion, much in society depends on the correctness of the decisions of the state leader. “First of all,” wrote Catherine II, “a statesman should keep in mind the following five things: 1. It is necessary to educate the nation that he must rule. 2. It is necessary to introduce good order in the state, to support society and force it to comply with the laws. 3. It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police in the state. 4. It is necessary to create a state that is formidable in itself and inspires respect for its neighbors. Every citizen must be brought up in the consciousness of duty to the Supreme Being, to himself, to society ... "

Honor, virtue, nobility

In the development of the theoretical foundations of state-patriotic education, the role of A.N. Radishchev and A.F. Bestuzhev.

Writer, publicist, founder of Russian revolutionary pedagogy, sentenced to death for a book in defense of his people, only on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Sweden, replaced by prison, A.N. Radishchev (1749 - 1802) in his work "A Conversation about the Son of the Fatherland" emphasized: "Not all those born in the Fatherland are worthy of the majestic name of the son of the Fatherland (patriot)." He identified three distinguishing features of a patriot worthy of this name: the first is ambition (love of honor). “He kindles this beneficent flame in all hearts; he is not afraid of the difficulties that he encounters during this noble deed of his ... and if he is sure that his death will bring strength and glory to the Fatherland, then he is not afraid to sacrifice his life; if it is needed for the Fatherland, then it preserves it for the full observance of natural and domestic laws; as far as possible, he turns away everything that can stain the purity and weaken the good intentions of them, as if the destruction of the bliss and improvement of their compatriots. The second sign is good manners; the third is nobility. “Noble is the one,” he writes, “who made himself famous for his wise and philanthropic qualities and his deeds ... true nobility is virtuous deeds, revived by true honor ... in uninterrupted beneficence to the human race, and especially to their compatriots.”

Democrat educator, military man and writer A.F. Bestuzhev (1761 - 1810) defended state system education and proposed to build it on the principles of Ya.A. Comenius. Giving preference to public education in the civic development of young people, he pointed out its positive aspects: the opportunity to know civil society, to understand the need to live, limiting the limits of their freedom, to form in young people the ability to communicate with other members of society, the willingness to do everything that honor, position, Fatherland.

Bestuzhev points out that civic-patriotic qualities are acquired in the process of education, going from feelings to true concepts and further through experience to skills and habits. In his opinion, the subject of moral education is the formation of a person's ability to be a fearless defender of the Fatherland in wartime, and in peacetime - a diligent citizen who virtuously and lawfully fulfills his duties. official duties. He proposes to use in moral education the principle “from simple to complex”, a personal highly moral example of the behavior of an educator, as well as a number of rules: “Do not do to others what you do not want to be done to you”; “Do good for others, as much as it is possible for you to do for them”; "Keep the laws ... defend the fatherland from enemy attacks"; “Give the fatherland all the benefits that only your opportunity consists of; do not stop within the limits prescribed by the laws, but strive to do for him every good that your love can breathe; let the benefit of it be performed by your supreme, only law.

Turning to the civil and patriotic education of youth, literary critic V.G. Belinsky (1811 - 1848), argued: "Who does not belong to his fatherland, he does not belong to humanity." He also noted: "Patriotism, no matter who it is, is proved not by word, but by deed."

Russian writer, publicist, literary critic, one of the ideologists of the revolutionary movement in Russia N.G. Chernyshevsky (1828 - 1889), developing the ideas of citizenship and patriotism, wrote: “The nature of the means must be the same as the nature of the end, only then can the means lead to the end. Bad means are only good for a bad end." He emphasized that only a person with a low soul can change the Motherland, and a true "patriot is a person who serves the motherland, and the motherland is, first of all, the people."

First - a person, then - a specialist

The founder of scientific pedagogy in Russia, K.D. Ushinsky (1824-1870/71). The author of many pedagogical works, he contributed to the creation of a new system of women's education and the revival of pedagogical work in Russia, he was convinced that teachers who were well versed in the physical and spiritual nature of a person were needed to set up a new system for educating youth. In his opinion, education should be the main thing for the teacher. “This type of education,” he pointed out, “... has nothing to do with the release into life of ordinary officers, engineers, farmers, teachers, and so on and so forth. ...upbringing should form, form, first of all, a “man”, - and then from him, as from a developed, moral personality, an appropriate specialist will certainly be developed, loving his chosen work, devoted to him, carefully studying him and therefore able to bring the greatest benefit in his chosen field of activity ... "

A scientific contribution to the understanding of such categories as "Fatherland", "Motherland" was made by the writer, lexicographer, ethnographer, creator of " explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language” V.I. Dahl (1801 - 1872). He said that “Russia is a land, a fatherland of many peoples, different in language and faith, that every people whose root nests in the Russian land has the right to consider Russia as a fatherland, and that a non-Russian living in Russia and revering it as a fatherland is a full-fledged and worthy citizen. In his opinion, "Fatherland - motherland, fatherland, where someone was born, grew up; the root, the land of the people to whom, by birth, language, faith, one belongs. Dahl explained: “There are more than sixty provinces and regions in Russia, and another province is more than a whole German or French land. To the people... all the more Russian; but there are, besides, many other peoples. All these provinces, regions and multilingual peoples make up the Russian land”, all of them “should stand up for each other, for the land, for their homeland ... as brothers and sisters”.

The creator of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" gave an understanding of the words "patriot" and "patriotism". According to his definition, this is “a lover of the fatherland, a zealot for its good, a lover of the fatherland, a patriot or fatherlander. Patriotism ... is love for the motherland.

Thus, in pre-revolutionary Russia, the formation of a patriotic citizen was recognized as the main goal of the upbringing and education of the younger generation. The works of domestic educators and scientists, statesmen and military figures, writers, publicists and teachers suggest solutions contemporary problems education of youth.

Alexander GERASIMOV, Galina LISEYENKO

Composition

according to the article by A. N. Radishchev "A conversation about what is the son of the fatherland"

Does patriotism exist today?

"Two feelings are wonderfully close to us,

In them the heart finds food:
Love for native land
Love for father's coffins.

Based on them from the ages,
By the will of God himself,
human self,
The pledge of his greatness."

A.S. Pushkin

Having read the article by A. Radishchev “A Conversation about the Son of the Fatherland”, I noticed that reflections on patriotism are relevant to this day. The thinkers and writers of that time skillfully wrote critical articles and took on topics that attracted and will attract readers for a considerable number of centuries.

Before turning to my thoughts and starting to reflect on this essay topic, I would like to talk about Radishchev's article.

He asks the question that torments him: “What is the son of the fatherland?” and considers in his work four types of young people of his time. Among them, unfortunately, he does not notice the slightest resemblance to the patriot of his country, because. these people are only preoccupied with themselves, their well-being and are known as real, whatever they are, egoists. They do not care at all about the fate of the people, the fatherland; they are also not interested in themes of love for the Motherland, kindness and honesty. On these examples, the author ridicules the representatives of his society, and, at the same time, sadness and sadness about young people who are not interested in anything but themselves can be traced in his words; who not only behave like real sons of the fatherland, they even have no idea how, they look like that. They just don't care and it makes them sad. Not only do they not care about the defense of their homeland, they also violate the elementary laws of society, life and morality.

Further, Radishchev still tries to find a representative of patriotism and formulates how he should look and what qualities he should have. His speech initially refers to honor. The writer says that every person is invested from birth love of honor that "everyone wants to be respected rather than reproached, everyone strives for his further improvement, celebrity and glory ...".

After that, he makes a small conclusion that a true man and a son of the fatherland are one and the same, and will be his distinguishing feature, unless of course he ambitious. The most important, Radishchev calls love for neighbors, as well as the fulfillment of all laws: social and divine.

The author believes that for a true son of the fatherland “there is no low state in serving the fatherland. The “son”, in his opinion, should be ready to sacrifice himself, rather than set an example of indiscretion for his compatriots. Hence follows his other quality, this person must be well-behaved. A patriot overcomes any obstacles in his path, he is not afraid of difficulties in such a good cause as the defense of the fatherland.

Finally, he names the last distinguishing mark true man:nobility. By this, Radishchev understands the desire for wisdom and for the possession of philanthropic qualities, as well as, of course, good deeds in relation to others.

Gives a small definition of human nobility: “That is, directly noble, whose heart cannot but tremble with tender joy at the single name of the fatherland and who does not feel differently at that memory (which is incessant in him), as if it were said about the most precious thing in the world parts of it."

Talks about true nobility. " True nobility - there are virtuous deeds, revived by true honor, which is not found elsewhere, as in uninterrupted goodness to the human race, but mainly to one's compatriots, repaying everyone according to their dignity and according to the prescribed laws of nature and government.

This is exactly how A.N. sees the son of the fatherland. Radishchev.

Now I would like to express my opinion and tell how in my mind a true son of the fatherland looks like.

I would be lying if I said that I did not agree with the point of view of A.N. Radishchev.

Of course, anyone else would want to stand out and stand out, show their alleged "courage" and argue with such a wise person. However, I do not consider myself smarter than such people, therefore, expressing my point of view, I fully support this author. Since his thoughts are really close to me, is there any point in trying to dispute what is true? Exactly what makes no sense. So let's start thinking this issue: "What is the son of the fatherland?"

After thinking about this question, I realized that it is worth considering the “son of the fatherland” not as a young man who longs to become one, but as a person in general, and no matter what gender, race and age he belongs to.

So what does he look like to me?

This is a Man (yes, with a capital letter), and not just a creature that looks like a man. As I wrote this, I was reminded catchphrase» the great Russian writer A.P. Chekhov: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: the face, and clothes, and the soul, and thoughts ...”

How can you disagree with this? This expression is closely connected with my ideas of the son of the fatherland.

However, I do not believe that a person is only by nature capable of becoming a patriot. It seems to me that this can be developed in oneself, improving throughout one's life.

The fundamental principle should be, in my opinion, love for the motherland. How can a person call himself a patriot if he hates his homeland? Well, well, he doesn’t hate it, but simply, he is indifferent to her. Yes, he was born here, grew up, and grew old, but this does not mean at all that he has a love for this place. To be honest, it is even very difficult to explain what love for the Fatherland is, as well as the term love in general. Since I don’t have enough life experience yet, I will stop thinking about it and “move” on.

Face. It can also be viewed from several angles. The face as part of the body, and the face as honor, respect and place in society. What does it mean, the face of a patriot should be beautiful? Those. he should be well-groomed and handsome, or maybe his face should be completely symmetrical? Firstly, there are no absolutely symmetrical features, and secondly, in this context, it doesn’t matter if the son of the fatherland is handsome or not, and it doesn’t matter if he is good-looking. It's not about beauty, but about expression, about the message coming from him. And even more importantly, this is not an external characteristic, but the concept of "person" as a person's position in society. This means that the son of the fatherland must represent the best stratum of society (this in no way depends on financial situation, nobility in society), but to have self-respect on the part of people. But this respect should not be bribed, or hypocritically constructed, but true; and this must be earned, but in part it is very difficult to do. Good deeds will help you, because the main thing is not what a person says, but what he does.

Perhaps we will omit the consideration of the concept of “clothes”, because it is not very interesting to me, and, perhaps, it is completely indifferent. Although, of course, one should not forget the proverb: "They meet by their clothes - they see them off by their mind."

Let's go back to the soul. I believe that for the son of the fatherland, she plays one of the important roles. In general, the soul occupies an important place in the life of every person. It is not surprising that psychology studies it. After all, any soul has a huge number of aspects, and it is eternal. Most often, a person tries not to show it, but everything that does not happen to us, no matter what actions we perform, no matter what we think about, is all directly related to the state of mind.

What should the soul of a “true man” look like? An unambiguous answer is unlikely to be given, because. I do not have a psychological education, but it seems to me that it should be pure. It should not accumulate negative emotions in relation to other people, life; there is no place for fear either. His soul should be beautiful, it inspires a person, and also, I’m not afraid to repeat myself, it needs the presence of love for the homeland, neighbors, for all creatures on earth, and there should be no self-interest. But, perhaps, there may be pain, pain from the imperfections of people and the homeland itself; desire to help her and be a savior.

And so we come to the "thought". With this, everything is much more complicated. After all, they do not depend on us at all and emerge on their own. We cannot stop the "running of thoughts" even for a second, let alone minutes. This is exactly what we have absolutely no control over.

But still, what thoughts should prevail in the head of a patriot? To be honest, I doubt that even a true patriot will think every day, every minute about the motherland, about love for her, for her compatriots. I think that to think so - means to be mistaken. Because we are all people, and we have a lot of events, experiences, grief and joy, problems and a huge number of “flowers of this bouquet” going on in our lives.

Probably, good intentions should arise in his head, and evil thoughts should be completely absent.

Now, continuing to reflect on my ideas of the son of the fatherland, it seems to me that I should touch on the qualities that he should possess and, perhaps, some character traits.

Again, I will make a reservation that I do not have great scientific knowledge and I can be mistaken in many ways, I ask you to excuse me for this, but nevertheless I express my point of view, which is why I have every reason to write about what I think.

It should represent a man of virtue. Good deeds, reasonable thoughts, striving for improvement, helping people, solidarity, understanding, trying to make this world a better place. And this is not a complete list of what should be present in it.

Do good. Also, “good” is a loose concept. As the saying goes, "do no harm". The son of the fatherland is obliged to treat people kindly, and try to help them in any way he can. Or rather, treat them the way he would like to be treated.

Tolerance. He must be patient with others. After all, each person is individual, and sometimes, one has to endure not very pleasant qualities of even relatives and close people.

Most likely, he should be more of an optimist than a pessimist. Otherwise, what kind of prosperity of the state and motherland can we talk about if all people start thinking pessimistically, and they don’t want to talk about patriotism at all, and even more so they become patriots.

The ability to forgive. This is one of the most remarkable qualities, which, in my opinion, should also belong to the son of the fatherland. After all, almost every person has the right to be forgiven and given another chance; another matter if after that even the person does not change. But that's another conversation. He needs to be able to forgive and mentally let go of this person.

You can talk about good qualities forever, but of course, it’s not a fact that a true patriot will look exactly like that and have such qualities.

But once again I hasten to note that I am creating my own image of the “ideal - the son of the fatherland”, naturally such people have not yet been born in this world.

I would call it a kind of wish, what qualities I would like him to have.

Since we have already considered the good qualities, we will list, perhaps, what we would not like to discover in any case in the son of the fatherland.

Cowardice. He must be brave and ready for exploits for the sake of his homeland. Of course, this should not be taken to the point of absurdity, as in Michel de Cervantes' novel Don Quixote.

Deception, hypocrisy. They should not be inherent not only to the son of the fatherland, but also to a person in general.

Pessimism - I have already spoken about it. It is necessary to believe in your own strength, in a better future and peace in the world.

Hatred. It is impossible to be a patriot by hating people and the world in general.

Racism. The son of the fatherland must treat equally well all the peoples living on the territory of his fatherland. There is no better or worse people.

Treason. Most terrible vice. A traitor to his homeland can by no means be called a patriot.

Violation of laws. The laws of the state must be respected. Most importantly, keep the laws of God.

This is a small list of what should not be included in the concept of such a person as "son of the fatherland."

Having examined the son of the fatherland from my point of view, I would now like to turn directly to the main topic of this essay, namely: “Does patriotism exist today?”

And again, depending on what we mean by this word.

For me patriotism- this is love for the motherland, serving one's homeland; lies in the ability to preserve values ​​and, most likely, in the ability to make sacrifices for the well-being of one's fatherland.

To be honest, this question put me a little in a stupor. If I were asked if there was patriotism in our country during the years of the Great Patriotic War I would answer without hesitation - yes!

Until now, the devotion of these people who are ready to go to death for the sake of their homeland delights ...

Pride for them, as well as tears, pity and regret that it was not sweet for them, they won for us, for the sake of a peaceful sky above our heads! And we will never be able to thank them for the fact that we now live in freedom and peace. What a pity that my current peers sometimes do not think about it, and victory in the Second World War is just a formality for them, and what remains in the history of the last century ...

What can I say about current life, about youth and patriotism?

I believe that it is simply impossible to give a definite answer here.

Suppose I say that patriotism is now there. But is it? And if there is, is it to such an exalted degree as it was before?

Still, I would like to believe that patriotism has been preserved in our country (we will not consider other countries), but it is definitely not so pronounced.

Of course, our government has repeatedly said at various speeches, conferences and so on that it is necessary to develop patriotic qualities in today's youth.

But really look at it. Is it visible in the cheerful guys standing with cans of beer and smoking, at least a drop of patriotism? I doubt that in the “mighty Russian language” they speak about grandfathers and great-grandfathers and about the son of the fatherland ... Or how they “excuse themselves” from the army (unfortunately, you can’t say otherwise), buy military tickets, and do not want to serve, defend their homeland …

Is it possible to call it such a loud word as patriotism?

Either I don’t understand at all what this concept means, or in fact, patriotism is practically absent (however, it is so painted in theory).

Naturally, I cannot say that all my peers are just like that, and that we all (including myself) do not understand anything about patriotism and do not think about it. Simply, the above-described young people, unfortunately, become more and more every year (it’s even scary to think what will happen next).

In addition, patriotism still remained in those people who defended us, more precisely, in those who survived after the Second World War.

Probably, he is present in the hearts of those who go to serve in the army, go to the navy and perform military tasks. In those who have love in their homeland, and they are ready to defend it.

It is possible that patriotic feelings may arise quite imperceptibly.

At this moment, you understand that you are proud of your homeland, you understand that you yearn for it, and you can’t find a better homeland.

But, nevertheless, if you face the truth, and from pleasant dreams to return to the real world, it becomes a little sad, and maybe a lot.

After all, reality is harsher than we try to see it.

To be honest, sometimes, thinking about the fact that if suddenly a war breaks out (God forbid), who will go to defend us? Will patriotic feelings arise in people and will they be ready to sacrifice themselves and their lives for the sake of their homeland, for the sake of the fatherland?

I'm sorry, but I can't give a positive answer. Maybe most people will scatter in all directions, get scared, hide somewhere, and will tremble together and wait for death?

Or, on the contrary, will all this unite their spirit, and a strong, friendly, powerful state will rise?

Nobody knows, and only time will tell. But still I want to believe in the best.

Summing up, I understand that it is impossible to say unambiguously about patriotism now. Especially for me, a second-year student who has so far little life experience. Such a topic needs to be developed by several people, and preferably with certain knowledge in this matter.

I thought about one more question. Do I consider myself a patriot?

And again, ambiguous thoughts swirled in my head.

If we consider from the point of view of all those good qualities that I described at the beginning of the essay, then according to some criteria I do not fit.

In addition, after analyzing the current youth, to which I also belong to some extent, I am also not very suitable for being called a “son of the fatherland”.

However, if you look at the love for the motherland - yes, I love my motherland, but at the same time I am not always satisfied with what is happening in the state, in my fatherland.

And sometimes I am completely oppressed by the situation in our country, social inequality, an incredible number of crimes, oppression, misunderstanding of views and much, much more ...

Although if I lived during the Second World War, I would still stand up for the defense of the fatherland, my relatives and friends, and just people in general.

So who am I, a patriot or not? This question is likely to remain rhetorical.

In conclusion, I would like to add that it was not easy for me to include Pushkin's epigraph at the beginning of the essay. He, like no one else, knew how to write about his homeland, and was a true patriot.

I came to the conclusion that the topic that A.N. Radishchev, is relevant in our time. But, as I said, it is impossible to consider this topic from one side and superficially. It takes years to study this issue.

And, perhaps, with each century, this problem will be studied in a new way, already with other aspects, other people.

Radishchev "Conversation about what is the son of the fatherland."

This is a revolutionary journalistic article (1789), published in the magazine ʼʼThe Conversing Citizenʼʼ. Arguing about who should be awarded the title of the true son of the Fatherland, Radishchev puts forward the main condition: they should only be a "free being". Hence, he refuses a peasant who is in serfdom in this rank, refuses with great pity. But how angry his denunciation of the oppressors sounds, those feudal landlords, ʼʼtortureritʼʼʼʼʼʼʼ and ʼʼoppressorʼʼʼ, who are accustomed to consider themselves sons of the Fatherland. In the article we have a whole series of satirical portraits of evil, insignificant, frivolous landowners. But who is worthy of being a true son of the Fatherland? And Radishchev replies that a true patriot should be a person full of honor, nobility, capable of sacrificing everything for the good of the people, and if necessary, if he knows that "his death will bring strength and glory to the Fatherland, then he is not afraid sacrifice life. This is one of the strongest political speeches of Radishchev the revolutionary, demanding freedom for the people.

Ode ʼʼLibertyʼʼ

For the first time, the theory of the people's revolution receives a journalistic and artistic embodiment in the work written by Radishchev in 1781-1783. ode ʼʼLibertyʼʼ, excerpts from which were included in ʼʼJourneyʼʼ.

The fate of the motherland and the people is the focus of the author, an advanced person who is able to compare historical facts and events with the present and come to general philosophical conclusions about the laws of the emergence of a revolution in Russia, whose people are able to respond with violence to violence. Ode ʼʼLibertyʼʼ is a work of great poetic and oratory passion, testifying to the maturity of Radishchev's revolutionary worldview. ʼʼThe soothsayer of libertyʼʼ proves that ʼʼthat a person is free in everything from birthʼʼ. Starting with the apotheosis of liberty, which is perceived as ʼʼa priceless gift of manʼʼ, ʼʼthe source of all great deedsʼʼ, the poet further discusses what hinders this. Unlike the enlighteners of the 18th century. Radishchev, speaking of freedom, has in mind not only natural, but also social equality, which must be achieved through the struggle for the rights of the people. He passionately denounces slavery and despotism, the laws established by the autocratic power, which are ʼʼan obstacle to freedomʼʼ. He exposes the union of tsarist power and the Church, which is dangerous for the people, speaking out against the monarchy as such.

The monarchy should be replaced by a democratic system based on social equality and freedom. In the ʼʼrealm of freedomʼʼ the land will belong to those who cultivate it.

Faith in the future victory of the people's revolution inspires the poet; it is based both on the study of the experience of his country (the peasant uprising led by Pugachev), and on examples taken from the English and American revolutions. Historical events, the historical names of the leaders of the revolution of Cromwell, Washington are instructive for other peoples. Recreating the controversial image of Cromwell, Radishchev gives him credit for the fact that ʼʼ... You taught in generations and generations how nations can take revenge on themselves: you executed Charles at the court ʼʼ.

The ode ends with a description of the ʼʼthe most chosen dayʼʼ, when the revolution will win and renew the precious homeland. The pathos of the ode is the belief in the victory of the people's revolution, although the historically minded Radishchev understands that "there is not yet a year" to go. The philosophical, journalistic content of the ode finds appropriate stylistic forms of expression. Traditional genre The ode is filled with revolutionary pathos, and the use of Slavicisms, which give a solemn sound to the expressed ideas, only emphasizes the unity of artistic form and content. The success of the ode was huge.

The theme of the revolution in ʼʼJourney from St. Petersburg to Moscowʼʼ Radishchev. (printed in 1790ᴦ.)

Radishchev began to write ʼʼJourneyʼʼ from the mid-80s. There is no calm narrator, immersed in the world of his own feelings and experiences, but there is a person, a citizen, a revolutionary, filled with sympathy for the powerless and indignation for the oppressors. The theme of revolution is heard in many chapters of ʼʼTravelʼʼ. Pictures of the inhuman treatment of the people, the consciousness of social injustice evoke in Radishchev passionate calls for the overthrow of the power of the feudal lords. Since most of the people in the autocratic state are ʼʼ likened to draft animalsʼʼ, humiliated, the constantly insulted person, ʼʼdrawn by a sense of his own safety, is forced to repel the insultʼʼ (ʼʼMiracleʼʼ).

The rigidity and greed of the landowner-ʼʼbloodsuckerʼʼ, whose deeds are described in the chapter ʼʼVyshny Volochokʼʼ, angers the traveler, who calls on the people to respond to violence with violence.

Everything that the traveler sees on his way: road trips, observations of the life of different classes, makes him deeply sympathize with the oppressed people and fills him with a feeling of irreconcilable hostility to the oppressors, with a consciousness of the extreme importance of the revolutionary struggle for the liberation of the people, the struggle of the people themselves. Revolution arises as the inevitable result of oppression.

An open call for an uprising also sounds in the chapter ʼʼGorodnyaʼʼ, where there is a dramatic story about recruiting, about the illegal sale of people into recruits just because their landowner ʼʼneeded money for a new carriageʼʼ.

Radishchev believes that the time will come when new people will come out of the people and freedom will come not from above - ʼʼfrom the great otmennikovʼʼ, but from below - ʼʼfrom the very severity of enslavementʼʼ, but he understands that ʼʼthe time is not yet ripeʼʼ. Historicism of thinking suggested to him that the revolution in Russia would take place, but this would take time. Russian reality, features of the Russian national character- the key to the inevitability of the revolution.

The experience of the Pugachev uprising convinces Radishchev of the ability of the people to revolt. At the same time, the revolutionary writer understands that the spontaneous nature of the uprising cannot lead to fundamental changes in Russian reality, to the victory of the people. In this respect, the chapter ʼʼKhotilovʼʼ is complex and controversial, in which Radishchev assesses the Pugachev uprising and proposes a possible project for future transformations through reforms.

The basis of ʼʼTravelʼʼ is a call to revolution, but Radishchev knew that victory was possible only after decades, and in this regard, it is quite possible for him to search for a solution to the most painful issue - the liberation of the peasants in other ways, one of which is a project as an attempt to alleviate the plight of the people at least for soon.

Radishchev "Conversation about what is the son of the fatherland." - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Radishchev "Conversation about what is the son of the fatherland." 2017, 2018.

A.N. Radishchev

Letter to a friend who lives in Tobolsk, on duty of his rank

St. Petersburg, August 8, 1782. Yesterday, the dedication of the Monument to Peter the Great in honor of the one erected took place here, with splendor; that is, the discovery of his Statue, the work of G. Falconet. Dear friend, let's talk about this in the absence. Staying in the distant fatherland of our land, excommunicated from your neighbors, among people not known to you, neither from the side of the qualities of the mind and heart, not yet found in short time your stay, not only a friend, but below a friend, with whom you could complain in the days of sorrow and sorrow, and rejoice in the hours of joy and joy: for sorrow and sorrow are numbered in days and years, joy in hours, joy in a moment. You will willingly, I think, use even one hour of your rest, for a conversation with someone who once shared sorrow with you and rejoiced in your joy; with whom you spent your youthful days.

On the day appointed for the celebration, at two o'clock in the afternoon, crowds of people flocked to the place where they wanted to see the face of their renovator and enlightener. The regiments of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Guards, who were once companions of the dangers of Petrov and his victories, as well as other Regiments of the Guards who were here, under the leadership of their chiefs, surrounded the places of disgrace, Artillery, the Novotroitsk Cuirassier Regiment and the Kiev Infantry took their places on the nearby streets. Everything was ready, thousands of spectators on the elevations made for that purpose and a crowd of people scattered in all nearby places and roofs were looking forward to seeing the image of the one whom their ancestors hated while alive, and mourned after death. It is true, for it is and is immutable: the dignity of merit and virtue often attract hatred from those themselves, who have no reason to hate them; when the guilt and the pretext of hatred disappear, then she does not deny their due, and the glory of the Great Man is affirmed after death.

Having erected the Monument of Glory to Peter, Empress Catherine, having boarded the ships near her summer house, arrived at the pier, went ashore, marched to the place prepared for her at the Senate, between the formation of her wars. As soon as she entered, she managed to do it, as the barrier around the statue, gradually and inconspicuously, sank. And now there appeared to our eyes, sitting on a horse, a greyhound in the ancient clothes of his Fathers, the Man who laid the foundation of this city and the first to erect the Russian Flag on the Neva and Finnish waters, which did not exist before. He appeared to the eyes of his amiable children a hundred years later, when for the first time his trembling hand, as a child he is, accepted the Scepter of vast Russia, the limits of which he expanded so gloriously.

Blessed be thy appearance, says the successor of his Throne and deeds, and bows her head. Everyone follows her lead. And behold, tears of joy irrigate the cheeks. Oh Peter! When your high-profile deeds aroused astonishment and respect for you, out of a thousand who were surprised at the greatness of your spirit and mind, was there at least one who exalted you from purity of heart. Half were petters, who hated you in their insides and condemned your deeds, others, filled with horror of infinitely autocratic power, servilely before the brilliance of your glory, lowered the pupils of their eyes. Then you were alive, King, Omnipotent. But today, when you can neither execute nor pardon, when you are lifeless, when you are less strong than the last of your warriors, sixty years after death, your praises are true, gratitude is unflattering. But how much more our recognition was more alive and more worthy of you, if it did not follow the example of your successor, worthy of an example, but the example of one who has the death and life of millions of his own kind in his hand. Our recognition would be freer, and the rite of opening your sculpted image would turn into a rite of thanksgiving, which, in their joy, the people send to the eternal father.

The statue represents a powerful rider, on a greyhound horse, striving for a steep mountain, which peak he has already reached, crushing a snake lying on the way and with his sting, the horse and rider's quick rushing to stop the encroacher. The bridle is simple, animal skin instead of a saddle, held by a girth, the essence of the entire horse harness. A rider without stirrups in a half-caftan, girded with a sash, clothed in purple, having a head crowned with laurels, and an outstretched right hand. From this you can quite see the thoughts of the sculptor. If you were here, dear friend, if you yourself saw this image, you, knowing the rules of art, you, practicing yourself in this fellow art, you would better be able to judge him. But let me guess the thoughts of the creator of the image of Petrov. The steepness of the mountain is the essence of the obstacles that Peter had in putting his intentions into action; a snake lying on the way - deceit and malice, looking for his death for the introduction of new customs; ancient clothes, animal skin and all the simple attire of a horse and rider are the simple and coarse morals and lack of enlightenment that Peter found in the people whom he set out to transform; the head, crowned with laurels, is the conqueror, for he was before the legislator; the appearance of a courageous and powerful one is the fortress of the transformer; an outstretched hand that protects, as Diderot calls it, and a cheerful look - the essence of inner assurance that has reached its goal, and the outstretched hand reveals that a strong man, having overcome all the vices that opposed his aspiration, gives his cover to all who are called his children. Here, dear friend, is a faint picture of what, looking at the image of Petrov, I feel. Forgive me if I am mistaken in my judgments about art, whose rules are little known to me. The inscription made on the stone is the simplest: Peter the Great, Catherine the Second, Leta 1782.

Peter, by all accounts, is called the Great, and the Senate - the father of the Fatherland. But why can he be called the Great? Alexander, the destroyer of half the world, is called the Great; Constantine, washed in the blood of his sons, is called the Great; Charles, the first restorer of the Roman Empire, is called great; Pope Leo, patron of sciences and arts, is called great; Cosma Medicis The Duke of Tuscany is called great; Henry, the good Henry IV, King of France, is called great; Ludwig XIV, vain and puffy Ludwig, King of France, is called great; Frederick II, King of Prussia, was called great during his lifetime. All these Possessors, without mentioning the multitude of others, whom flattery calls great, received this name because they came from among people who were ordinary services to the Fatherland, although the great ones had vices. private person much more likely to receive the title of great, distinguished by some virtue or quality, but it is not enough for the ruler of nations to acquire this flattering title to have the virtues or qualities of private people. The objects over which his mind and spirit turn are numerous. The mediocre Tsar, in the performance of one of the posts of his dignity, would perhaps be a great man in a private position; but he will be a bad Sovereign if for one he neglects many virtues. And so, contrary to the citizen of Geneva, we recognize in Peter an extraordinary husband, who rightly deserved the title of great.

And even if Peter did not distinguish himself by various institutions related to the benefit of the people, even if he was not the conqueror of Charles XII, he could have been called great for that, that he gave the first striving to such a vast bulk, which, like the primary substance, was without action. May I not humble myself in your thoughts, dear friend, praising such an imperious autocrat, with whom I destroyed the last signs of the wild liberty of his fatherland. He is dead, and the dead cannot be flattered! And I will say that Peter could have been more glorious, ascending himself and exalting his fatherland, asserting private liberty; but if we have examples that kings left their dignity in order to live in peace, which did not come from generosity, but from the satiety of their dignity, then there is no example until the end of the world, perhaps there will not be that the king voluntarily missed something from his power, sitting on the throne. (If this had been written in 1790, then the example of Ludwig XVI would have given the writer other thoughts.)

Conversation about what is the son of the fatherland

Not all those born in the Fatherland are worthy of the majestic title of the son of the Fatherland (patriot). Those under the yoke of slavery are not worthy to adorn themselves with this name. Who does not know that the name of the son of the Fatherland belongs to a person, and not to an animal or cattle, or another dumb animal? It is known that man is a free being, inasmuch as he is endowed with mind, reason and free will; that his freedom consists in choosing the best, that he knows and chooses this best through reason, comprehends with the help of the mind, and always strives for the beautiful, the majestic, the high.

He acquires all this in a single following of natural and revealed laws, otherwise called divine, and derived from divine and natural civil or cenobitic. But in whom these abilities, these human feelings are stifled, can he adorn himself with the majestic name of the son of the fatherland? He's not human, but what? he is lower than cattle; for the cattle also follow their own laws, and there has not yet been noticed in them a departure from them. But here the discussion about those most unfortunate ones whom treachery or violence deprived of this majestic advantage of a person does not apply, who are made such that without coercion and fear they no longer produce any of such feelings, who are likened to draft cattle, do not do above a certain work, from which they cannot be freed; who are likened to a horse condemned to carry a cart for life, and who have no hope of being freed from their yoke, receiving equal rewards with a horse and suffering equal blows: not about those who do not see the end of their yoke, except for death, where their labors and their torment, although it sometimes happens that cruel sadness, having declared their spirit to be reflection, kindles a faint light of their mind and makes them curse their miserable state and seek an end to it: we are not talking about those who do not feel anything other than their humiliation, who crawl and move in the sleep of death (lethargy), which resemble a man only in appearance, in other things they are burdened with the weight of their shackles, deprived of all blessings, excluded from all human heritage, oppressed, humiliated, contemptible; which are nothing but dead bodies buried one next to the other; work necessary for a person out of fear; nothing but death is desirable for them, and for whom the least desire is ordered, and the most unimportant enterprises are executed; they are only allowed to grow, then die; about whom it is not asked what they have done worthy of mankind? what laudable deeds, traces of their past life, left? what good, what benefit has this great number of hands brought to the state?

Not about these here a word; they are not members of the state, they are not human beings, when they are nothing but machines driven by a tormentor, dead corpses, heavy cattle! A man, a man is needed to bear the name of the son of the Fatherland! But where is he? Where is this one worthy of this majestic name? Is it not in the arms of bliss and lust? Is it not embraced by the flame of pride, arrogance, violence? Is it not buried in bad profit, envy, malevolence, enmity and discord with everyone, even those who feel the same way with him and aspire to the same thing? or is it not mired in the mire of laziness, gluttony and drunkenness? Helicopter, flying from noon (because then he begins his day) the whole city, all the streets, all the houses, for the most senseless empty verbiage, for the seduction of chastity, for the infection of good manners, for capturing simplicity and sincerity, having made his head a flour shop, his eyebrows a receptacle of soot , cheeks - with boxes of whitewash and minium, or rather a picturesque palette, the skin of his body - with elongated drum skin, looks more like a monster in his attire than a man, and his dissolute life, marked by the stench from his mouth and his whole body, is suffocated a whole pharmacy of incense sprays - in a word, he is a fashionable person who completely fulfills all the rules of the smart high society of science; he eats, sleeps, wallows in drunkenness and voluptuousness, despite his exhausted strength, changes clothes, grinds all sorts of nonsense, shouts, runs from place to place - in short, he is a dandy. Is not this the son of the Fatherland?

Or the one who majestically raises his gaze to the firmament of heaven, trampling under his feet all who are before him, tormenting his neighbors with violence, persecution, oppression, imprisonment, deprivation of title, property, torment, seduction, deceit and murder itself, in a word, by all , known only to him, by means of tearing apart those who dare to utter the words: humanity, freedom, peace, honesty, holiness, property, and others like that? streams of tears, rivers of blood not only do not touch, but delight his soul. He should not exist who dares to oppose his speeches, opinions, deeds and intentions? Is this the son of the Fatherland?

Or that one who stretches his arms to seize the wealth and possessions of his whole Fatherland, and if possible, the whole world, and who with composure is ready to take away from his most unfortunate compatriots the last crumbs that support their dull and languid life, to rob, plunder their dust particles. property; who delights in joy if an opportunity for a new acquisition opens up to him; let it be paid with rivers of blood of his brethren, let it deprive the last refuge and food of fellow human beings like him, let them die of hunger, cold, heat; let them weep, let them kill their children in despair, let them risk their lives for a thousand deaths; all this will not shake his heart; all this means nothing to him; he multiplies his possessions, and that is enough. And so does not the name of the son of the Fatherland belong to this?

Or is it not the one sitting at a table filled with the products of all four elements, to which several people who have been taken away from serving the Fatherland sacrifice to the delight of taste and belly, so that until satiety he can be rolled into bed, and there he can calmly engage in the consumption of other products, whatever he decides? until sleep robs him of the strength to move his jaws? So, of course, this one, or any of the above four? (for the fifth addition is only rarely found separately).

A mixture of these four is visible everywhere, but the son of the Fatherland is not yet visible, if he is not among these! The voice of reason, the voice of the laws inscribed in nature and the heart of people, does not agree to call calculated people sons of the Fatherland! The very ones who truly are such will pronounce judgment (not on themselves, for they do not find themselves like that), but on those like themselves, and sentence them to be excluded from among the sons of the Fatherland; because there is no person, no matter how vicious and blinded by himself, so that he does not somehow feel the rightness and beauty of things and deeds.

There is no person who does not feel sorrow, seeing himself humiliated, reviled, enslaved by violence, deprived of all means and ways to enjoy peace and pleasure and not finding his consolation anywhere. Doesn't this prove that he loves honor, without which he is like without a soul. It is not necessary to explain here that this is true honor; for the false, instead of deliverance, subdues all the above, and will never calm the human heart. Everyone has an innate feeling true honor; but it illuminates the deeds and thoughts of a person as he approaches him, following the lamp of reason, leading him through the darkness of passions, vices and prejudices to her quiet, honor, that is, light. There is not one of the mortals, so much rejected from Nature, who would not have that spring embedded in the heart of every person, directing him to the love of honor. Everyone wants to be respected rather than reproached, everyone strives for his further improvement, celebrity and glory; no matter how hard the caresser of Alexander the Great, Aristotle, tries to prove the opposite, arguing that Nature herself has already arranged the mortal race in such a way that one and, moreover, a much larger part of them must certainly be in a slave state, and therefore not feel what honor is? and the other in the dominant, because not many have noble and majestic feelings.

It is not disputed that a much more noble part of the mortal race is immersed in the gloom of barbarism, atrocities and slavery; but this does not in the least prove that a person is not born with a feeling that directs him to the great and to the improvement of himself, and consequently to the love of true glory and honor. The reason for this is either the type of life spent, circumstances, or in which to be forced, or inexperience, or the violence of enemies of the righteous and lawful exaltation of human nature, subjecting it to blindness and slavery by force and deceit, which weakens the human mind and heart, imposing the most severe shackles of contempt and oppression. overwhelming power of the eternal spirit. Do not justify yourself here, oppressors, villains of mankind, that these terrible bonds are an order that requires submission. Oh, if you would penetrate the chain of all Nature, as much as you can, and you can do a lot! then you would feel other thoughts in yourself; would find that love, and not violence, contains only beautiful order and subordination in the world.

All nature is subject to it, and where it is, there are no terrible shames that draw tears of compassion from sensitive hearts, and at which the true friend of mankind shudders. What would Nature then represent, except for a mixture of discordant (chaos), if it were deprived of this spring? Truly, she would be deprived of the greatest means of both preserving and perfecting herself. Everywhere and with every person, this fiery love is born to gain honor and praise from others. This comes from the innate human sense of limitation and dependence. This feeling is so strong that it always impels people to acquire for themselves those abilities and advantages, through which love is earned both from people and from the highest Being, evidenced by the pleasure of conscience; and having earned the favor and respect of others, a person becomes trustworthy in the means of preserving and improving himself. And if this is so, then who doubts that this strong love of honor and the desire to acquire the pleasure of one's conscience with favor and praise from others is the greatest and most reliable means without which human well-being and improvement cannot exist? For what means would then be left for man to overcome the difficulties that are inevitable on the path leading to the attainment of blissful peace, and to refute that faint-hearted feeling that inspires trembling when looking at one's shortcomings?

What is the remedy for getting rid of the fear of falling forever under the most terrible burden of these? if we take away, firstly, a refuge full of sweet hope to the highest Being, not like an avenger, but like a source and beginning of all blessings; and then to those like themselves, with whom Nature has united us for the sake of mutual help, and who inwardly bow to the readiness to provide it and, with all the muffled of this inner voice, feel that they should not be those blasphemers who impede the righteous human striving for perfection. myself. Who sowed in man this feeling to seek refuge? An innate feeling of dependence, clearly showing us this dual means to our salvation and pleasure. And what, finally, induces him to join these paths? what prompts him to unite with these two human blissful means, and to care to please them? Truly, nothing else than an innate fiery impulse to acquire for oneself those abilities and beauty, through which one deserves the favor of God and the love of his fellows, the desire to be worthy of their favor and patronage.

He who considers human deeds will see that this is one of the main springs of all the greatest works in the world! And this is the beginning of that impulse to love honor, which was sown in man at the beginning of his creation! this is the reason for feeling that delight that is usually associated with the heart of a person, how soon God's favor pours over it, which consists in sweet silence and the delight of conscience, and how soon he acquires the love of his kind, which is usually depicted as joy when looking at him, praises, exclamations. This is the object to which one aspires true people and where they find their true pleasure! It has already been proven that a true man and a son of the Fatherland are one and the same; therefore it will be true hallmark him, if he is thus ambitious.

Let him begin to adorn the majestic name of the son of the Fatherland, the Monarchy. For this he must honor his conscience, love his neighbors; for love alone is acquired; should fulfill his calling as prudence and honesty commands, not caring in the least about retribution, honor, exaltation and glory, which is a companion, or more so, a shadow that always follows Virtue, illuminated by the not evening sun of Truth; for those who pursue glory and praise not only do not acquire them for themselves from others, but rather lose them.

The true man is the true executor of all his laws granted for bliss; he sacredly obeys them. Noble and devoid of empty holiness and hypocrisy, modesty accompanies all his feelings, words and deeds. With reverence, he submits to everything that order, improvement and general salvation require; for him there is no low state in the service of the Fatherland; serving him, he knows that he contributes to the healthy circulation, so to speak, of the blood of the state body. He would rather agree to perish and disappear than set an example of indiscretion to others and thereby take away children from the Fatherland, who could be an adornment and support of it; he fears to contaminate the juices of the prosperity of his fellow citizens; he burns with the most tender love for the integrity and tranquility of his compatriots; nothing so eager to see as mutual love between them; he kindles this beneficent flame in all hearts; is not afraid of the difficulties that he encounters with this noble feat of his; overcomes all obstacles, tirelessly vigilant over the preservation of honesty, gives good advice and instructions, helps the unfortunate, saves from the dangers of delusion and vices, and if he is sure that his death will bring strength and glory to the Fatherland, then he is not afraid to sacrifice his life; if it is needed for the fatherland, then it preserves it for the full observance of natural and domestic laws; as far as possible, he turns away everything that can stain purity and weaken their good intentions, as if destroying the bliss and perfection of their compatriots. In a word, he is good-natured! Here is another true sign of the son of the Fatherland!

The third, and, as it seems, the last distinguishing sign of the son of the Fatherland, when he is noble. Noble is he who made himself famous for his wise and philanthropic qualities and his deeds; who shines in the Society with reason and Virtue, and being inflamed with truly wise piety, all his strength and efforts are directed solely towards this, so that, obeying the laws and guardians thereof, holding the authorities, both all of himself and everything that he does not have, revere otherwise than as belonging to the Fatherland, use it as a pledge of good will of his compatriots and his sovereign, who is the Father of the People, entrusted to him, sparing nothing for the good of the Fatherland. That is, he is downright noble, whose heart cannot but tremble with tender joy at the single name of the Fatherland, and who, moreover, feels in no other way the memory (which is incessant in him), as if it was said with the most precious thing in the world of his honor. He does not sacrifice the good of the Fatherland to prejudices that rush about, as if brilliant, in his eyes; sacrifices everyone for its good; its supreme reward consists in Virtue, that is, in that inner harmony of all inclinations and desires, which the all-wise Creator pours into the immaculate heart, and to which nothing in the world can be likened in its silence and pleasure. For true nobility is virtuous deeds, enlivened by true honor, which is nowhere to be found, as in uninterrupted goodness to the human race, but mainly to one's own countrymen, repaying each according to dignity and according to the prescribed laws of Nature and Government. Adorned with these only qualities, both in enlightened Antiquity, and now, they are honored with true praises. And here is the third distinctive sign of the son of the Fatherland.

But no matter how brilliant, no matter how glorious, or delightful for any well-meaning heart, these qualities of the son of the Fatherland, and although everyone is akin to having them, they cannot, however, be without proper education and enlightenment with Sciences and Knowledge, without which this best ability of a person is convenient, as always it was and is, turns into the most harmful motives and strivings, and floods entire States with wickedness, unrest, strife and disorder. For then human concepts are obscure, confused and completely chimerical. Why, before anyone wishes to have the aforementioned qualities of a true man, it is necessary that he first accustom his spirit to industriousness, diligence, obedience, modesty, intelligent compassion, who desires to do good to everyone, to the love of the Fatherland, to the desire to imitate great examples in that, also to the love of sciences and arts, as far as the rank sent to the hostel allows; it would be applied to an exercise in History and Philosophy or Wisdom, not school, for word dispute only addressed, but in the true, teaching a person his true duties; and to purify the taste, I would love to look at the Paintings of great Artists, Music, Statues, Architecture or Architecture.

Those who consider this reasoning to be that Platonic system of social education, which we will never see events, will be very mistaken, when in our eyes the type of such exact education, and based on these rules, was introduced by God-wise Monarchs, and enlightened Europe sees with amazement the successes of it, ascending to intended goal with gigantic steps!

/ / / Who are called "sons of the Fatherland"?

Each person has a corner of the earth, which he considers his homeland. My homeland is associated with a caring mother-heroine with many children. However, not all people can be considered real children. native land. A natural question arises: “Who are called “sons of the Fatherland”?

I think that only those who truly love their Motherland and are ready to sacrifice themselves for it are worthy of this high title. The sons of the Fatherland are true patriots who confirm their love for their native land not with loud slogans, empty phrases, but with concrete actions. Such people would rather give their lives than betray their homeland.

The real sons of the Motherland have always been respected. This attitude has been reflected in the literature. Examples of heroes from the works of Russian classics will help answer the question. In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy reproduced the events of the first half of XIX century. This era is known throughout the world for the campaigns of Napoleon. The French commander quickly captured part of Western Europe. Military operations soon came close to Russian lands.

In the first battle with the French, the Russians were defeated. It would seem that the war is lost, the only thing left is to surrender and give their lands into the hands of the invaders. The enemy was sure of his victory. But a real miracle happened. M. Kutuzov raised the morale of the soldiers, filled them with strength for the fight.

The great commander can be considered a real son of the Fatherland. He did everything to save his native lands. I would also call other heroes of this work the sons of the Fatherland: Andrei Bolkonsky, who fought selflessly on the battlefield, Pierre Bezukhov, who remained in Moscow to kill Napoleon, Natasha, who donated a rootstock to help the wounded.

Heroes from the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy is proof that the sons of the Fatherland are people who are ready to sacrifice their lives, some material values, and sometimes personal happiness for the sake of the Motherland and countrymen.

Vasily Terkin from the poem of the same name by A.T. Tvardovsky is also a vivid example of a person who can confidently be called the son of the Fatherland. This is a Soviet soldier fighting for the liberation of his native land. Terkin at any moment is ready to perform any feat, if only to bring victory closer. He, without a moment's hesitation, undertakes to swim across the river covered with ice in order to convey instructions to the soldiers on the other side. Vasily Terkin made many such deeds for the good of the Motherland. Did he think at such moments about glory, orders, and finally, about his life? I think no. The soldier was simply afraid to imagine that his native lands were trampled under the boot of the enemy.

Vasily Terkin is another example of a true patriot, son of the Fatherland. Like the heroes of War and Peace, the Soviet soldier is ready to die for the sake of the Motherland.

It can be concluded that the “sons of the Fatherland” are those who perceive the Motherland as their mother, and therefore are ready for selfless deeds for her sake.

This is a revolutionary journalistic article (1789), published in the magazine "Conversing Citizen". Arguing about who can be awarded the title of a true son of the Fatherland, Radishchev puts forward the main condition: they can only be "a free being." Hence, he refuses the peasant who is in serfdom in this rank, refuses with great pity. But how angry is his denunciation of the oppressors, those feudal landowners, "tormentors" and "oppressors" who are accustomed to consider themselves sons of the Fatherland. In the article we have a whole series of satirical portraits of evil, insignificant, frivolous landowners. But who is worthy of being a true son of the Fatherland? And Radishchev replies that a true patriot can be a person full of honor, nobility, capable of sacrificing everything for the good of the people, and if necessary, if he knows that "his death will bring strength and glory to the Fatherland, then he is not afraid to sacrifice his life." This is one of the strongest political speeches of Radishchev the revolutionary, demanding freedom for the people.

Ode "Liberty"

For the first time, the theory of the people's revolution receives a journalistic and artistic embodiment in the work written by Radishchev in 1781-1783. ode "Liberty", excerpts from which were included in the "Journey".

The fate of the motherland and the people is the focus of the author, an advanced person who is able to compare historical facts and events with the present and come to general philosophical conclusions about the laws of the emergence of a revolution in Russia, whose people are able to respond with violence to violence. Ode "Liberty" is a work of great poetic and oratorical passion, testifying to the maturity of Radishchev's revolutionary worldview. "Soothsayer of Liberty" proves "that a person is free in everything from birth." Starting with the apotheosis of liberty, which is recognized as “a priceless gift of man”, “the source of all great deeds”, the poet further discusses what hinders this. Unlike the enlighteners of the 18th century. Radishchev, speaking of freedom, has in mind not only natural, but also social equality, which must be achieved through the struggle for the rights of the people. He passionately denounces slavery and despotism, the laws established by the autocratic power, which are "an obstacle to freedom." He exposes the union of tsarist power and the Church, which is dangerous for the people, speaking out against the monarchy as such.

The monarchy should be replaced by a democratic system based on social equality and freedom. In the "realm of freedom" the land will belong to those who cultivate it.

Faith in the future victory of the people's revolution inspires the poet, it is based on the study of the experience of his country (the peasant uprising led by Pugachev), and on examples taken from the English and American revolutions. Historical events, the historical names of the leaders of the revolution of Cromwell, Washington can be instructive for other peoples. Recreating the controversial image of Cromwell, Radishchev gives him credit for the fact that "... You taught in generations and generations how peoples can take revenge on themselves: you executed Charles at the trial.

The ode ends with a description of the “most chosen day”, when the revolution will win and renew the “dear fatherland”. The pathos of the ode is faith in the victory of the people's revolution, although the historically minded Radishchev understands that "there is not yet a year to go." The philosophical, journalistic content of the ode finds appropriate stylistic forms of expression. The traditional genre of the ode is filled with revolutionary pathos, and the use of Slavicisms, which give a solemn sound to the expressed ideas, only emphasizes the unity of artistic form and content. The success of the ode was huge.

The theme of the revolution in "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by Radishchev. (printed in 1790)

Radishchev began writing Journey in the mid-1980s. There is no calm narrator, immersed in the world of his own feelings and experiences, but there is a person, a citizen, a revolutionary, filled with sympathy for the powerless and indignation for the oppressors. The theme of revolution is heard in many chapters of the Journey. Pictures of the inhuman treatment of the people, the consciousness of social injustice evoke in Radishchev passionate calls for the overthrow of the power of the feudal lords. Since the majority of people in an autocratic state are “likened to draft cattle”, humiliated, the constantly offended person, “drawn by a sense of his own safety, is forced to repel the insult” (“Chudovo”).

The rigidity and greed of the "bloodsucker" landowner, whose deeds are described in the chapter "Vyshny Volochok", provokes the wrath of the traveler, who calls on the people to respond to violence with violence.

Everything that the traveler sees on his way: road encounters, observations of the life of different classes, makes him deeply sympathize with the oppressed people and fills him with a sense of irreconcilable hostility to the oppressors, with the awareness of the need for a revolutionary struggle for the liberation of the people, the struggle of the people themselves. Revolution arises as the inevitable result of oppression.

An open call for an uprising is also heard in the chapter "Gorodnya", where there is a dramatic story about recruiting, about the illegal sale of people into recruits just because their landowner "needed money for a new carriage."

Radishchev believes that the time will come when new people will come out of the people and freedom will come not from above - "from the great fathers", but from below - "from the very burden of enslavement", but he understands that "the time is not yet ripe." Historicism of thinking suggested to him that the revolution in Russia would take place, but this would take time. Russian reality, the peculiarities of the Russian national character are the key to the inevitability of the revolution.

The experience of the Pugachev uprising convinces Radishchev of the ability of the people to revolt. However, the revolutionary writer understands that the spontaneous nature of the uprising cannot lead to fundamental changes in Russian reality, to the victory of the people. In this regard, the chapter "Khotilov" is complex and controversial, in which Radishchev gives an assessment of the Pugachev uprising and proposes a possible project for future transformations through reforms.

The basis of the Journey is a call for revolution, but Radishchev knew that victory was possible only after decades, and therefore it is quite possible for him to search for a solution to the most painful issue - the liberation of the peasants in other ways, one of which is a project as an attempt to alleviate the lot of the people, at least for the next time.

Composition

according to the article by A. N. Radishchev "A conversation about what is the son of the fatherland"

Does patriotism exist today?

"Two feelings are wonderfully close to us,

In them the heart finds food:
Love for native land
Love for father's coffins.

Based on them from the ages,
By the will of God himself,
human self,
The pledge of his greatness."

A.S. Pushkin

Having read the article by A. Radishchev “A Conversation about the Son of the Fatherland”, I noticed that reflections on patriotism are relevant to this day. The thinkers and writers of that time skillfully wrote critical articles and took on topics that attracted and will attract readers for a considerable number of centuries.

Before turning to my thoughts and starting to reflect on this essay topic, I would like to talk about Radishchev's article.

He asks the question that torments him: “What is the son of the fatherland?” and considers in his work four types of young people of his time. Among them, unfortunately, he does not notice the slightest resemblance to the patriot of his country, because. these people are only preoccupied with themselves, their well-being and are known as real, whatever they are, egoists. They do not care at all about the fate of the people, the fatherland; they are also not interested in themes of love for the Motherland, kindness and honesty. On these examples, the author ridicules the representatives of his society, and, at the same time, sadness and sadness about young people who are not interested in anything but themselves can be traced in his words; who not only behave like real sons of the fatherland, they even have no idea how, they look like that. They just don't care and it makes them sad. Not only do they not care about the defense of their homeland, they also violate the elementary laws of society, life and morality.

Further, Radishchev still tries to find a representative of patriotism and formulates how he should look and what qualities he should have. His speech initially refers to honor. The writer says that every person is invested from birth love of honor that "everyone wants to be respected rather than reproached, everyone strives for his further improvement, celebrity and glory ...".

After that, he makes a small conclusion that a true man and a son of the fatherland are one and the same, and will be his distinguishing feature, unless of course he ambitious. The most important, Radishchev calls love for neighbors, as well as the fulfillment of all laws: social and divine.

The author believes that for a true son of the fatherland “there is no low state in serving the fatherland. The “son”, in his opinion, should be ready to sacrifice himself, rather than set an example of indiscretion for his compatriots. Hence follows his other quality, this person must be well-behaved. A patriot overcomes any obstacles in his path, he is not afraid of difficulties in such a good cause as the defense of the fatherland.

Finally, he names the last distinguishing mark of a true man: nobility. By this, Radishchev understands the desire for wisdom and for the possession of philanthropic qualities, as well as, of course, good deeds in relation to others.

Gives a small definition of human nobility: “That is, directly noble, whose heart cannot but tremble with tender joy at the single name of the fatherland and who does not feel differently at that memory (which is incessant in him), as if it were said about the most precious thing in the world parts of it."

Talks about true nobility. " True nobility - there are virtuous deeds, revived by true honor, which is not found elsewhere, as in uninterrupted goodness to the human race, but mainly to one's compatriots, repaying everyone according to their dignity and according to the prescribed laws of nature and government.

This is exactly how A.N. sees the son of the fatherland. Radishchev.

Now I would like to express my opinion and tell how in my mind a true son of the fatherland looks like.

I would be lying if I said that I did not agree with the point of view of A.N. Radishchev.

Of course, anyone else would want to stand out and stand out, show their alleged "courage" and argue with such a wise person. However, I do not consider myself smarter than such people, therefore, expressing my point of view, I fully support this author. Since his thoughts are really close to me, is there any point in trying to dispute what is true? Exactly what makes no sense. Therefore, let us begin to comprehend this question: “What is the son of the fatherland?”

After thinking about this question, I realized that it is worth considering the “son of the fatherland” not as a young man who longs to become one, but as a person in general, and no matter what gender, race and age he belongs to.

So what does he look like to me?

This is a Man (yes, with a capital letter), and not just a creature that looks like a man. Having written this, I remembered the “catch phrase” of the great Russian writer A.P. Chekhov: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: the face, and clothes, and the soul, and thoughts ...”

How can you disagree with this? This expression is closely connected with my ideas of the son of the fatherland.

However, I do not believe that a person is only by nature capable of becoming a patriot. It seems to me that this can be developed in oneself, improving throughout one's life.

The fundamental principle should be, in my opinion, love for the motherland. How can a person call himself a patriot if he hates his homeland? Well, well, he doesn’t hate it, but simply, he is indifferent to her. Yes, he was born here, grew up, and grew old, but this does not mean at all that he has a love for this place. To be honest, it is even very difficult to explain what love for the Fatherland is, as well as the term love in general. Since I don’t have enough life experience yet, I will stop thinking about it and “move” on.

Face. It can also be viewed from several angles. The face as part of the body, and the face as honor, respect and place in society. What does it mean, the face of a patriot should be beautiful? Those. he should be well-groomed and handsome, or maybe his face should be completely symmetrical? Firstly, there are no absolutely symmetrical features, and secondly, in this context, it doesn’t matter if the son of the fatherland is handsome or not, and it doesn’t matter if he is good-looking. It's not about beauty, but about expression, about the message coming from him. And even more importantly, this is not an external characteristic, but the concept of "person" as a person's position in society. This means that the son of the fatherland must represent the best stratum of society (this in no way depends on the financial situation, nobility in society), but have self-respect on the part of people. But this respect should not be bribed, or hypocritically constructed, but true; and this must be earned, but in part it is very difficult to do. Good deeds will help you, because the main thing is not what a person says, but what he does.

Perhaps we will omit the consideration of the concept of “clothes”, because it is not very interesting to me, and, perhaps, it is completely indifferent. Although, of course, one should not forget the proverb: "They meet by their clothes - they see them off by their mind."

Let's go back to the soul. I believe that for the son of the fatherland, she plays one of the important roles. In general, the soul occupies an important place in the life of every person. It is not surprising that psychology studies it. After all, any soul has a huge number of aspects, and it is eternal. Most often, a person tries not to show it, but everything that does not happen to us, no matter what actions we perform, no matter what we think about, is all directly related to the state of mind.

What should the soul of a “true man” look like? An unambiguous answer is unlikely to be given, because. I do not have a psychological education, but it seems to me that it should be pure. It should not accumulate negative emotions in relation to other people, life; there is no place for fear either. His soul should be beautiful, it inspires a person, and also, I’m not afraid to repeat myself, it needs the presence of love for the homeland, neighbors, for all creatures on earth, and there should be no self-interest. But, perhaps, there may be pain, pain from the imperfections of people and the homeland itself; desire to help her and be a savior.

And so we come to the "thought". With this, everything is much more complicated. After all, they do not depend on us at all and emerge on their own. We cannot stop the "running of thoughts" even for a second, let alone minutes. This is exactly what we have absolutely no control over.

But still, what thoughts should prevail in the head of a patriot? To be honest, I doubt that even a true patriot will think every day, every minute about the motherland, about love for her, for her compatriots. I think that to think so - means to be mistaken. Because we are all people, and we have a lot of events, experiences, grief and joy, problems and a huge number of “flowers of this bouquet” going on in our lives.

Probably, good intentions should arise in his head, and evil thoughts should be completely absent.

Now, continuing to reflect on my ideas of the son of the fatherland, it seems to me that I should touch on the qualities that he should possess and, perhaps, some character traits.

Again, I will make a reservation that I do not have great scientific knowledge and I can be mistaken in many ways, I ask you to excuse me for this, but nevertheless I express my point of view, which is why I have every reason to write about what I think.

It should represent a man of virtue. Good deeds, reasonable thoughts, striving for improvement, helping people, solidarity, understanding, trying to make this world a better place. And this is not a complete list of what should be present in it.

Do good. Also, “good” is a loose concept. As the saying goes, "do no harm". The son of the fatherland is obliged to treat people kindly, and try to help them in any way he can. Or rather, treat them the way he would like to be treated.

Tolerance. He must be patient with others. After all, each person is individual, and sometimes, one has to endure not very pleasant qualities of even relatives and close people.

Most likely, he should be more of an optimist than a pessimist. Otherwise, what kind of prosperity of the state and motherland can we talk about if all people start thinking pessimistically, and they don’t want to talk about patriotism at all, and even more so they become patriots.

The ability to forgive. This is one of the most remarkable qualities, which, in my opinion, should also belong to the son of the fatherland. After all, almost every person has the right to be forgiven and given another chance; another matter if after that even the person does not change. But that's another conversation. He needs to be able to forgive and mentally let go of this person.

You can talk about good qualities forever, but of course, it’s not a fact that a true patriot will look exactly like that and have such qualities.

But once again I hasten to note that I am creating my own image of the “ideal - the son of the fatherland”, naturally such people have not yet been born in this world.

I would call it a kind of wish, what qualities I would like him to have.

Since we have already considered the good qualities, we will list, perhaps, what we would not like to discover in any case in the son of the fatherland.

Cowardice. He must be brave and ready for exploits for the sake of his homeland. Of course, this should not be taken to the point of absurdity, as in Michel de Cervantes' novel Don Quixote.

Deception, hypocrisy. They should not be inherent not only to the son of the fatherland, but also to a person in general.

Pessimism - I have already spoken about it. It is necessary to believe in your own strength, in a better future and peace in the world.

Hatred. It is impossible to be a patriot by hating people and the world in general.

Racism. The son of the fatherland must treat equally well all the peoples living on the territory of his fatherland. There is no better or worse people.

Treason. The most terrible vice. A traitor to his homeland can by no means be called a patriot.

Violation of laws. The laws of the state must be respected. Most importantly, keep the laws of God.

This is a small list of what should not be included in the concept of such a person as "son of the fatherland."

Having examined the son of the fatherland from my point of view, I would now like to turn directly to the main topic of this essay, namely: “Does patriotism exist today?”

And again, depending on what we mean by this word.

For me patriotism- this is love for the motherland, serving one's homeland; lies in the ability to preserve values ​​and, most likely, in the ability to make sacrifices for the well-being of one's fatherland.

To be honest, this question put me a little in a stupor. If you asked me if there was patriotism in our country during the Great Patriotic War, I would answer without hesitation - yes!

Until now, the devotion of these people who are ready to go to death for the sake of their homeland delights ...

Pride for them, as well as tears, pity and regret that it was not sweet for them, they won for us, for the sake of a peaceful sky above our heads! And we will never be able to thank them for the fact that we now live in freedom and peace. What a pity that my current peers sometimes do not think about it, and victory in the Second World War is just a formality for them, and what remains in the history of the last century ...

What can I say about today's life, about youth and patriotism?

I believe that it is simply impossible to give a definite answer here.

Suppose I say that patriotism is now there. But is it? And if there is, is it to such an exalted degree as it was before?

Still, I would like to believe that patriotism has been preserved in our country (we will not consider other countries), but it is definitely not so pronounced.

Of course, our government has repeatedly said at various speeches, conferences and so on that it is necessary to develop patriotic qualities in today's youth.

But really look at it. Is it visible in the cheerful guys standing with cans of beer and smoking, at least a drop of patriotism? I doubt that in the “mighty Russian language” they speak about grandfathers and great-grandfathers and about the son of the fatherland ... Or how they “excuse themselves” from the army (unfortunately, you can’t say otherwise), buy military tickets, and do not want to serve, defend their homeland …

Is it possible to call it such a loud word as patriotism?

Either I don’t understand at all what this concept means, or in fact, patriotism is practically absent (however, it is so painted in theory).

Naturally, I cannot say that all my peers are just like that, and that we all (including myself) do not understand anything about patriotism and do not think about it. Simply, the above-described young people, unfortunately, become more and more every year (it’s even scary to think what will happen next).

In addition, patriotism still remained in those people who defended us, more precisely, in those who survived after the Second World War.

Probably, he is present in the hearts of those who go to serve in the army, go to the navy and perform military tasks. In those who have love in their homeland, and they are ready to defend it.

It is possible that patriotic feelings may arise quite imperceptibly.

At this moment, you understand that you are proud of your homeland, you understand that you yearn for it, and you can’t find a better homeland.

But, nevertheless, if you face the truth, and from pleasant dreams to return to the real world, it becomes a little sad, and maybe a lot.

After all, reality is harsher than we try to see it.

To be honest, sometimes, thinking about the fact that if suddenly a war breaks out (God forbid), who will go to defend us? Will patriotic feelings arise in people and will they be ready to sacrifice themselves and their lives for the sake of their homeland, for the sake of the fatherland?

I'm sorry, but I can't give a positive answer. Maybe most people will scatter in all directions, get scared, hide somewhere, and will tremble together and wait for death?

Or, on the contrary, will all this unite their spirit, and a strong, friendly, powerful state will rise?

Nobody knows, and only time will tell. But still I want to believe in the best.

Summing up, I understand that it is impossible to say unambiguously about patriotism now. Especially for me, a second-year student who has so far little life experience. Such a topic needs to be developed by several people, and preferably with certain knowledge in this matter.

I thought about one more question. Do I consider myself a patriot?

And again, ambiguous thoughts swirled in my head.

If we consider from the point of view of all those good qualities that I described at the beginning of the essay, then according to some criteria I do not fit.

In addition, after analyzing the current youth, to which I also belong to some extent, I am also not very suitable for being called a “son of the fatherland”.

However, if you look at the love for the motherland - yes, I love my motherland, but at the same time I am not always satisfied with what is happening in the state, in my fatherland.

And sometimes I am completely oppressed by the situation in our country, social inequality, an incredible number of crimes, oppression, misunderstanding of views and much, much more ...

Although if I lived during the Second World War, I would still stand up for the defense of the fatherland, my relatives and friends, and just people in general.

So who am I, a patriot or not? This question is likely to remain rhetorical.

In conclusion, I would like to add that it was not easy for me to include Pushkin's epigraph at the beginning of the essay. He, like no one else, knew how to write about his homeland, and was a true patriot.

I came to the conclusion that the topic that A.N. Radishchev, is relevant in our time. But, as I said, it is impossible to consider this topic from one side and superficially. It takes years to study this issue.

And, perhaps, with each century, this problem will be studied in a new way, already with other aspects, other people.

A. N. Radishchev

Conversation that there is a son of the Fatherland (*)

(* Placed in "The Conversing Citizen" on pages 308-324 of Part III.)

Shchegolev P. E. The first-born of Russian freedom / Enter. article and comment. Yu. N. Emelyanova.-- M .: Sovremennik, 1987.-- (B-ka "For lovers of Russian literature. From the literary heritage"). Not all those born in the Fatherland are worthy of the majestic title of the son of the Fatherland (patriot). - Under the yoke of slavery, those who are not worthy to adorn themselves with this name. - Hold on, sensitive heart, do not pronounce your judgment on such sayings, as long as you stand at Prague. - Enter and see! Who does not know that the name of the son of the Fatherland belongs to a person, and not to an animal or cattle, or another dumb animal? It is known that man is a free being, inasmuch as he is endowed with mind, reason and free will; that his freedom consists in choosing the best, that he knows and chooses this best through reason, comprehends with the aid of the mind, and always strives for the beautiful, majestic, lofty.-- All this he acquires in a single following of natural and revealed laws, otherwise called divine, and extracted from the divine and natural civil or cenobitic. - But in whom these abilities, these human feelings are stifled, can he be adorned with the majestic name of the son of the fatherland? - He is not a man, but what? he is lower than cattle; for the cattle also follow their own laws, and there has not yet been noticed in them a departure from them. But here the discussion about those most unfortunate ones whom treachery or violence deprived of this majestic advantage of a person does not apply, who are made such that without coercion and fear they no longer produce any of such feelings, who are likened to draft cattle, do not do above a certain work, from which they cannot be freed; who are likened to a horse condemned to carry a cart for life, and who have no hope of being freed from their yoke, receiving equal rewards with a horse and suffering equal blows: not about those who do not see the end of their yoke, except for death, where their labors and their torment, although it sometimes happens that cruel sadness, having declared their spirit to be reflection, kindles a faint light of their mind and makes them curse their miserable state and seek an end to it: we are not talking about those who do not feel anything other than their humiliation, who crawl and move in the sleep of death (lethargy), which resemble a man only in appearance, in other things they are burdened with the weight of their shackles, deprived of all blessings, excluded from all human heritage, oppressed, humiliated, contemptible; which are nothing but dead bodies buried one next to the other; work necessary for a person out of fear; nothing but death is desirable for them, and for whom the least desire is ordered, and the most unimportant enterprises are executed; they are only allowed to grow, then die; about whom it is not asked what they have done worthy of mankind? what laudable deeds, traces of their past life, left? what good, what benefit has this great number of hands brought to the state? - Not about these here a word; they are not members of the state, they are not human beings, when they are nothing but machines driven by a tormentor, dead corpses, draft cattle! - A man, a man is needed to bear the name of the son of the Fatherland! "But where is he?" Where is this one worthy of this majestic name? - Is it not in the arms of bliss and voluptuousness? “Is it not embraced by the flame of pride, arrogance, violence? “Isn’t it buried in bad profit, envy, malevolence, enmity and strife with everyone, even those who feel the same way with it and aspire to the same thing?” Or is it not mired in the mud of laziness, gluttony and drunkenness? -- Helicopter, flying around from noon (because then he begins his day) the whole city, all the streets, all the houses, for the most senseless empty verbiage, for the seduction of chastity, for the infection of good manners, for catching simplicity and sincerity, having made his head a flour shop, eyebrows receptacle soot, cheeks with boxes of white and minium, or better to say picturesque polish, the skin of his body with elongated drum skin, looks more like a monster in his attire than a man, and his dissolute life, marked by the stench from his mouth and his whole body that is happening, is suffocated by the whole a pharmacy of incense sprays, in a word, he is a fashionable person who completely fulfills all the rules of the foppish high society of science; - he eats, sleeps, wallows in drunkenness and lust, despite his exhausted strength, he changes clothes, grinds all sorts of nonsense, shouts, runs from place to place, in short, he is a dandy. - Isn't this the son of the Fatherland? - or the one who majestically raises his gaze to the firmament of heaven, tramples under his feet all who are before him, tormenting his neighbors with violence, persecution, oppression, imprisonment, deprivation of title, property, torment, seduction, deceit and murder itself, in a word , by all means known to him alone, tearing apart those who dare to utter the words: humanity, freedom, peace, honesty, holiness, property, and others like that? - streams of tears, rivers of blood not only do not touch, but delight his soul. - He should not exist who dares to oppose his speeches, opinions, deeds and intentions? Is this the son of the Fatherland? - Or that one who stretches out his arms to seize the wealth and possessions of his whole Fatherland, and if it were possible, the whole world, and who With with composure, he is ready to take away from his most unfortunate compatriots the last crumbs that support their dull and languid life, to rob, plunder their specks of property; who delights in joy if an opportunity opens up for him to a new acquisition; let it be paid with rivers of blood of his brethren, let it deprive the last refuge and food of fellow human beings like him, let them die of hunger, cold, heat; let them weep, let them kill their children in despair, let them risk their lives for a thousand deaths; all this will not shake his heart; all this means nothing to him; - he multiplies his estate, and this is enough. - And so, does not the name of the son of the Fatherland belong to this? - Or is it not that one sitting at a table filled with the products of all four elements, to which several people, taken away from serving the Fatherland, sacrifice to the delight of taste and belly, so that until satiety he could be rolled into bed, and there he could calmly engage in the consumption of other products, which he takes it into his head until sleep takes away from him the strength to move his jaws? And so of course this one, or any of the above four? (for the fifth addition is only rarely found separately). A mixture of these four is visible everywhere, but the son of the Fatherland is not yet visible, if he is not among them! - The voice of reason, the voice of the laws inscribed in nature and the heart of people, does not agree to call calculated people the sons of the Fatherland! The very ones who truly are such will pronounce judgment (not on themselves, for they do not find themselves like that), but on those like themselves, and sentence them to be excluded from among the sons of the Fatherland; because there is no person, no matter how vicious and blinded by himself, so that he does not somehow feel the rightness and beauty of things and deeds. There is no person who would not feel sorrow, seeing himself humiliated, vilified, enslaved by violence, deprived of all means and ways to enjoy peace and pleasure, and not finding his consolation anywhere. - Does this not prove that he loves honor, without which he is like without a soul. It is not necessary to explain here that this is true honor; for a false one, instead of deliverance, conquers all the above, and will never calm the human heart.-- Everyone is innate with a sense of true honor; but it illuminates the deeds and thoughts of a person as he approaches him, following the lamp of the mind, leading him through the darkness of passions, vices and prejudices to her quiet, honor, that is, light. would not have that spring embedded in the heart of every person, directing him to love honor. Everyone wants to be respected rather than reproached, everyone strives for his further improvement, celebrity and glory; no matter how hard the caresser of Alexander the Great, Aristotle, tries to prove the contrary, arguing that Nature herself has already arranged the mortal race in such a way that one and, moreover, a much larger part of them must certainly be in a slave state, and therefore not feel that there is honor? and the other in the dominant, because not many have noble and majestic feelings. - It is not disputed that a much more noble part of the mortal race is immersed in the gloom of barbarism, atrocities and slavery; but this does not prove in the least that a person is not born with a feeling that directs him to the great and to the improvement of himself, and consequently to the love of true glory and honor. The reason for this is either the type of life spent, circumstances, or in which to be forced, or inexperience, or the violence of enemies of the righteous and lawful exaltation of human nature, subjecting it to blindness and slavery by force and deceit, which weakens the human mind and heart, imposing the most severe shackles of contempt and oppression. oppressive power of the eternal spirit. - Do not justify yourself here, oppressors, villains of mankind, that these terrible bonds are an order that requires subordination. Oh, if you would penetrate the chain of all Nature, as much as you can, and you can do a lot! then you would feel other thoughts in yourself; would find that love, and not violence, contains only beautiful order and subordination in the world. All nature is subject to it, and where it is, there are no terrible shames that draw tears of compassion from sensitive hearts, and at which the true friend of mankind trembles. - What would Nature then represent, except for a mixture of not harmonious (chaos), if she were deprived that spring? - In truth, she would be deprived of the greatest way, both to preserve and to improve herself. Everywhere and with every person, this ardent love for gain is born. honor and praise from others.--This comes from the innate feeling of one's limitations and dependence. This feeling is so strong that it always impels people to acquire for themselves those abilities and advantages, through which love is earned both from people and from the highest Being, evidenced by the pleasure of conscience; and having earned the favor and respect of others, a person becomes trustworthy in the means of preserving and improving himself. honor and the desire to acquire the pleasure of one's conscience with favor and praise from others, is the greatest and most reliable means without which human well-being and improvement cannot exist? - For what means then remains for a person to overcome those difficulties that are inevitable on the path leading to the achievement of blissful peace, and to refute that faint-hearted feeling that inspires trembling when looking at one's shortcomings? - What is the means to get rid of fear, fall forever under the most terrible burden of these? if we take away, firstly, the refuge filled with sweet hope to the highest Being, not as an avenger, but as the source and beginning of all blessings; and then to those like themselves, with whom Nature has united us for the sake of mutual help, and who inwardly bow to the readiness to provide it and, with all the muffled of this inner voice, feel that they should not be those blasphemers who impede the righteous human striving for perfection. myself. Who sowed in a person this feeling to seek refuge? - An innate feeling of dependence, clearly showing us this dual means to salvation and our pleasure. - And what, finally, prompts him to enter on these paths? what prompts him to unite with these two human blissful means, and to care to please them? - In truth, nothing but an innate ardent impulse to acquire for oneself those abilities and beauty, through which one deserves the favor of God and the love of one's brethren, the desire to be worthy of their favor and patronage. - Considering human deeds, he will see that this is one of the main springs of all the greatest works in the world!-- And this is the beginning of that impulse to love honor, which was sown in man at the beginning of his creation! this is the reason for feeling that delight that is usually associated with the heart of a person, how soon God's favor pours over it, which consists in sweet silence and the delight of conscience, and how soon he acquires the love of his kind, which is usually depicted as joy when looking at him, praises, exclamations. - This is the subject to which true people strive, and where they find their true pleasure! It has already been proven that a true man and a son of the Fatherland are one and the same; therefore there will be a sure distinguishing mark of him, if he thus ambitious. Let him begin to adorn the majestic name of the son of the Fatherland, the Monarchy. For this he must honor his conscience, love his neighbors; for love alone is acquired; should fulfill his calling as prudence and honesty commands, not caring in the least about retribution, honor, exaltation and glory, which is a companion, or rather, a shadow, always following Virtue, illuminated by the not evening sun of Truth; for those who pursue glory and praise not only do not acquire them for themselves from others, but rather lose them. The true man is the true executor of all his laws granted for bliss; he sacredly obeys them. - Noble and alien to empty holiness and hypocrisy, modesty accompanies all his feelings, words and deeds. With reverence, he submits to everything that order, improvement and general salvation require; for him there is no low state in the service of the Fatherland; serving him, he knows that he contributes to the healthy circulation, so to speak, of the blood of the State body. - He would rather agree to perish and disappear than set an example of indiscretion to others and thereby take away children from the Fatherland, who could be an adornment and support thereof; he fears to contaminate the juices of the prosperity of his fellow citizens; he burns with the most tender love for the integrity and tranquility of his compatriots; nothing so eager to see as mutual love between them; he kindles this beneficent flame in all hearts; - is not afraid of the difficulties that he encounters with this noble feat of his; overcomes all obstacles, tirelessly vigilant over the preservation of honesty, gives good advice and instructions, helps the unfortunate, saves from the dangers of delusion and vices, and if he is sure that his death will bring strength and glory to the Fatherland, then he is not afraid to sacrifice his life; if it is necessary for the fatherland, then it preserves it for the full observance of natural and domestic laws; as far as possible, he turns away everything that can stain purity and weaken their good intentions, as if destroying the bliss and perfection of their compatriots. In a word, he well-behaved! Here is another true sign of the son of the Fatherland! The third, and, as it seems, the last distinctive sign of the son of the Fatherland, when he noble. Noble is he who made himself famous for his wise and philanthropic qualities and his deeds; who shines in the Society with reason and Virtue, and being inflamed with truly wise piety, all his strength and efforts are directed solely towards this, so that, obeying the laws and guardians thereof, holding the authorities, both all of himself and everything that he does not have, revere otherwise than as belonging to the Fatherland, use it as a pledge of good will of the Sootchichi and his Sovereign, who is the Father of the People, entrusted to him, sparing nothing for the good of the Fatherland. That is, he is downright noble, whose heart cannot but tremble with tender joy at the single name of the Fatherland, and who, moreover, feels in no other way the memory (which is incessant in him), as if it was said with the most precious thing in the world of his honor. He does not sacrifice the good of the Fatherland to prejudices that rush about, as if brilliant, in his eyes; sacrifices everyone for its good; its supreme reward consists in Virtue, that is, in that inner harmony of all inclinations and desires, which the all-wise Creator pours into an immaculate heart, and to which nothing in the world can be likened in its silence and pleasure. For true nobility there are virtuous deeds, revived by true honor, which is not found elsewhere, as in uninterrupted goodness to the human race, but mainly to one’s Compatriots, repaying each one according to his dignity and according to the prescribed laws of Nature and Government. Adorned with these only qualities, both in enlightened Antiquity, and now, they are honored with true praises. And here is the third distinctive sign of the son of the Fatherland. But no matter how brilliant, no matter how glorious, or delightful for any well-thought heart, these qualities of the son of the Fatherland, and although everyone is innate to have them: but they cannot but be pure, mixed, dark, confused, without proper education and enlightenment by sciences and With knowledge, without which this best human ability conveniently, as it always has been, turns into the most harmful impulses and aspirations, and floods entire States with wickedness, unrest, strife and disorder. For then human concepts are obscure, confused and completely chimerical. - Why, before someone wishes to have the mentioned qualities of a true person, it is necessary that he first accustom his spirit to diligence, diligence, obedience, modesty, intelligent compassion, who wants to do good to everyone , to the love of the Fatherland, to the desire to imitate great examples in that, and to love for the Sciences and Arts, as far as the title sent to the hostel allows; it would be applied to an exercise in History and Philosophy or Wisdom, not school, for word dispute only addressed, but in the true, teaching a person his true duties; and to purify the taste, I would love to look at the Paintings of great Artists, Music, Sculptures, Architecture or Architecture. Those who consider this reasoning to be that Platonic system of social education, which we will never see events, will be very mistaken, when in our eyes the type of such exact education, and based on these rules, was introduced by God-wise Monarchs, and enlightened Europe sees with amazement the successes of it, ascending to intended goal with gigantic steps!" 1790