Personal development begins in early childhood. It is at this time that the basic moral principles are laid down, the norms of communication and cultural characteristics are assimilated, which will guide an adult all his subsequent life. The way a person's character is formed in childhood is greatly influenced by his environment. Children form ideas about the ways of communicating with other people and their attitude to their own “I”, focusing on their loved ones and copying parental behaviors.

Where happy adults grow up

Happy adults grow up in happy families. Therefore, it is so important that the child feels the joy of childhood, receives enough love and attention from his relatives. The feeling of security, self-neediness, the constant care of father and mother affect the cognitive abilities of the baby, helping his personality to develop harmoniously. The problem of the role of childhood in a person's life and arguments in favor of the special influence of this period on success in adult life can be found in the works of famous psychologists: Carl Gustav Jung, Sigmund Freud,

Emotional development in early childhood is reflected in the ability to withstand stress, negative influences in the future, helps to learn how to adequately assess different people and be able to communicate with them. Based on his own and parental experience, the baby receives the concept of good and bad, forms an idea of ​​family values. Growing up, happy children turn into successful and contented people who are able to take responsibility for their actions.

Problems of adults with difficult childhood

What happens to children who have had difficult childhoods? If the mother and father are not engaged in the upbringing and development of their child, do not pay due attention to each other and constantly quarrel, an adult who has grown up in such an environment develops distorted ideas about family values. They consider their behavior the only and natural norm. Due to the psychological phenomenon of “contagiousness of emotions”, if parents are torn between family and work, and at home they are in a constant depressed and gloomy mood, children “take over” their condition and begin to feel the same way.

Often, children who have experienced abuse from relatives, growing up, begin to “educate” their own children in the same way, not knowing a different attitude. Some psychologists believe it is caused by an unconscious desire to put oneself in the place of the aggressor, so as not to be a defenseless victim anymore.

How childhood difficulties affect character

People whose childhood was not happy often have many psychological problems that prevent them from living. full life. These problems make them perform inappropriate actions that are harmful to themselves and to others. If the parents did not take care of the child and did not instill moral guidelines, the adult will not have a clear system of values. He will not feel remorse when doing a "bad deed" and will not receive satisfaction from a good deed.

Of course, a “hard childhood” is not a sentence. Not necessarily a child, deprived of the love and attention of parents, grows up a criminal. But it is much more difficult for such people to understand their desires and motives, they often underestimate themselves and constantly feel unhappy, unworthy of a good relationship.

A book to help a child during a difficult period

Disbelief in one's own attractiveness forms such unpleasant character traits as deceit, greed, hypocrisy. Children who grew up without any care at all or with only one parent may envy the "happy children" from complete families. They do not know how to communicate and hardly make friends.

On the other hand, the ability to overcome difficulties can have a positive impact on the future life of the child. Those who are used to coping with difficulties, defending their point of view and learning to build relationships on their own often become successful in adulthood. Help children overcome difficult periods to understand complex moral issues and the actions of other people are capable of literary works.

Discussion of the role of childhood in literature lessons

The behavior of book characters, the experiences associated with them, make it possible to feel in the place of another, to understand the motives for the actions of different people. Trying on all sorts of roles, the baby gets acquainted with a variety of moral systems, forms his own values ​​and personality. By pronouncing the experiences and feelings associated with a particular character, the parent contributes to the emotional development of his child, teaching him to be kind, caring, attentive to the needs of other people.

To discuss the problem of the role of childhood in a person's life, arguments in favor of the influence of early years on the formation of personality, children can at school in literature lessons. This question is raised in many classical works. The topic for the essay "The role of childhood in a person's life" is found at the exam. To receive a high mark, students need to formulate their own point of view on the problem and justify it using their knowledge, personal experience and arguments from several literary works.

The role of childhood in the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

To reveal the theme of education as a way of forming a personality, one should pay attention to the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The protagonist is a nobleman, he has been surrounded by the culture and life of the capital since childhood. Onegin's personality is extraordinary, therefore he does not feel satisfaction from secular life, although he was brought up among the noble intelligentsia. This contradictory state is manifested in the episode of the duel with Lensky, which leads the main character to the loss of the meaning of life.

Tatyana Larina, the heroine of the novel by A. S. Pushkin, received a completely different upbringing. Her personality was influenced by Russian culture and Western novels. folk traditions she absorbed through the environment, thanks to fairy tales and legends that the nanny told little Tanya. The childhood of the heroine passed among the beauties of Russian nature and folk rituals. The influence of the West reflects Pushkin's ideal of education: combining European education with the national traditions of Russia. That is why Tatyana stands out for her strong moral principles and strong character, which distinguishes her from the rest of the characters in the novel "Eugene Onegin".

The question of the influence of education on character in the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Schoolchildren can be recommended to take one of the works of L. N. Tolstoy as an example for writing. In the novel War and Peace, Pyotr Rostov, who inherited kindness and openness from his parents, shows best qualities in his first and only battle, right before his death. Other heroes of the epic, Helen and Anatole Kuragin, who did not know the love of their parents and were brought up in a family where money was valued above all else, grow up as selfish and immoral people.

Goncharov: the problem of the role of childhood in human life, arguments. "Oblomov"

Writer I. A. Goncharov in the novel "Oblomov" focuses on the problem of the role of childhood in human life. The protagonist of the work, Ilya Oblomov, is completely unable to take care of himself, as he grew up in "greenhouse conditions". He does not complete any of his decisions and does not even try to start doing something, but only mentally imagines how good it will be in the end. His friend, the energetic and active Stolz, was taught by his parents to be independent from childhood. This hero is disciplined, hardworking and knows what he wants.

Impressions of childhood in the work of V. Soloukhin "The Third Hunt"

At a literature lesson, the teacher may offer to analyze an excerpt from the collection of the Soviet writer V. Soloukhin "The Third Hunt" to help students understand the problem of the role of childhood in human life. Arguments based on Soloukhin's text concern not only the formation of personality, but also the influence of childhood impressions on the fate of an adult, his connection with the Motherland. He colorfully illustrates his idea with detailed metaphors related to nature, and sketches from the life of Russian poets. The author argues that the foundation of personality is laid in childhood, and the memories and impressions of youth are always reflected in the future.

Education of the nobility in the "Undergrowth" by D. I. Fonvizin

The famous comedy by D. I. Fonvizin “Undergrowth” is also devoted to the problem of the role of childhood in human life. The author's arguments and reflections show what a strong influence his family has on the child's personality. The main character - Mitrofanushka, whose name has become a household name, adopts greed, cruelty and other vices of his mother. He received slavish inclinations from a serf nanny and the qualities of a tyrant from his own parents, which is reflected in his behavior and treatment of people. The image of Mitrofan indicates the decline of the noble society, caused by improper upbringing.

The Problem of the Role of Childhood in Human Life: Arguments from the Literature of Foreign Writers

The works of Charles Dickens, where the main characters are often people with a difficult childhood, are perfect for illustrating the problem of the influence of young years on the formation of personality. In the novel "David Copperfield", largely autobiographical, the writer portrays a man who remained good, despite the constant humiliation, difficulties and injustice of life. Little David constantly comes to the aid of ordinary people, which allows him to maintain faith in their sincerity. The boy himself learns to distinguish good from evil, to adequately evaluate himself. He has the ability to see the positive traits in every person.

Margaret Drabble's novel One Summer Season shows that childhood is not just a period limited to a certain age, it is also associated with psychological maturity. An adult is responsible for his decisions and actions, he understands the importance of mutual assistance and has worldly wisdom.

The role of childhood: arguments from journalism

In journalism, the problem of the role of childhood in a person's life is also often considered. Arguments for an essay on this topic can be taken from the article by A. Zamostyanov "Childhood and youth in the fate of Suvorov." In his work, the author says that the commander's personality was strongly influenced by his mother's stories about the famous military leaders of the past: Alexander the Great and Alexander Nevsky. The parent accompanied her story with the comment that the strength of a person is in the head, and not in the hands. It was after such stories that this sickly boy began to develop and temper himself, because he wanted to become a military man.

The period of childhood is very important for the full and harmonious development of the individual. It is the basis for an adequate perception of oneself and one's strengths, the world around and further happy life person.

Arguments from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child"

1. The problem of education.

The parents of little Stella Nudolskaya from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" worked hard and were very busy people, but they always found time to organize intellectual games for the child, teach the girl languages, drawing and singing. For the rest of her life, she remembered the important rules of a “good person”, who is not afraid of difficulties, “unties all the knots himself” and knows how to endure. All this helped Stella to become truly strong, courageous and free.

2. The problem of the role of literature in human life.

The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Baby" Stella remembers that books were an important part of their family's life. They had an excellent library and a tradition of evening reading aloud. This is how the child developed ideas that the book is a friend, adviser and support in any situation. Later in exile, in a Kyrgyz village, these readings will be resumed for people united by a common misfortune. They will listen to both poems and poems by A.S. Pushkin, and the Kyrgyz epic Manas. So literature will unite people of different nationalities and ages with different life experiences and education.

3. The problem of overcoming life's difficulties, perseverance and patience.

The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" Stella Nudolskaya, together with her mother, were subjected to repression: they were sent into exile as members of the family of an enemy of the people. It was difficult for a woman who had suffered from bone tuberculosis to cope with hard physical work, she was afraid for the fate of her daughter, but she never complained of pain or fatigue. It was the stamina, courage and perseverance of the mother that helped her and Stella survive in inhuman conditions and at the same time remain proud, internally free people.

4. Mercy problem.

The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Baby" Stella remembers how the Yuzhakovs, risking their freedom, unselfishly helped the exiles survive, simply because they saw how hard it was for a woman and her daughter to cope with poverty and illness. The Yuzhakovs took care of Stella and her mother: they treated, fed, helped with the move, brought food. This is an example of compassion.

5. The role of parental love.

Recall the biography of Stella Nudolskaya from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child". A woman who has endured many troubles, injustice and cruelty in her life, remembers with gratitude her parents, who treated her with love and always supported her. In childhood, they always devoted a lot of time to their daughter: they played with her, read books to her, taught her languages. From childhood, Stella learned many truths that helped to educate her character, the main one being “Slavery is a state of mind. A free man cannot be made a slave."

6. The problem of industriousness.

An example of a hardworking person is Savely Yuzhakov from Olga Gromova's book Sugar Child. This man devoted his whole life to hard peasant labor and from childhood he attached children to work: the boys, along with their father, plowed, sowed, mowed, the girls helped their mothers around the house in everything. In addition, Savely beautifully carved wood, made shoes, and his wife and daughters spun and sewed. The efforts of the whole family were bearing fruit: the economy of the "Southerners" was strong, despite the difficulties, collectivization, and the difficult climate.

7. The problem of finding the meaning of life.

Let us recall Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", which tells about the fate of a repressed family. Stella, main character works, more than once thinks about what is the meaning of life, what are the guidelines that should be followed on life path. Brought up, despite all the difficulties, by a free person, Stella considers the main goal of life to be the multiplication of good. Having endured many hardships, even in old age she does not refuse an active life position and participates in raising funds for humanitarian aid to people affected by the earthquake.

8. The problem of the struggle for truth, justice

Let us turn to Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", which focuses on the fate of the repressed girl Stella Nudolskaya. The girl, even under the threat of being expelled from the pioneers, which was considered a shame in those years, refuses to paint over with ink the portraits of Blucher and Tukhachevsky in the textbook, as she considers them worthy people who have contributed to the history of our country. This is a worthy deed, showing the strength of the character of the heroine of the work.

9. The problem of patriotism

Recall the book by Olga Gromova "Sugar Child". Stella Nudolskaya, the main character of this work, despite the difficulties of the fate of a person who was repressed in childhood and declared a family member as a traitor to the homeland of a person, remains true to her Fatherland. She does not even think about emigration, because she understands that the country is not only the leaders, the government, but also the people, so leave native land in a difficult time for the Fatherland, it is impossible, you need to serve people and do good.

10. The problem of responsibility for moral choice.

Olga Gromova in the book "Sugar Child" reflects on how to make the right moral choice so as not to lose self-respect and not to lose human dignity. Stella Nudolskaya, the main character of the work, talks with her mother about why honest and hardworking people who served the people are declared enemies of the people and kulaks. At the end of the conversation, the girl understands that when evaluating people, you need to “listen to your heart” and think for yourself, and not blindly believe in big words, slogans, accusations and glorifications. Stella comes to the conclusion that everyone must choose which side he takes and be responsible for his own decision.

11. friendship problem

Let's turn to Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", in the center of which is the fate of Stella Nudolskaya. Being repressed and finding herself with her mother in distant Kyrgyzstan, the main character of the work understands the value of friendship. When a girl is expelled from the pioneers because she refuses to cross out the portraits of Blucher and Tukhachevsky in a textbook, her comrades do not leave her in trouble. Sapkos and Frida support Stella and stay true friends, despite the fact that they could also be condemned by communicating with her.

Arguments from the story of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..."

The problem of love for a small homeland.

The problem of love for a small homeland was raised in their works by many writers. Let's remember autobiographical story B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author admits that he was “fabulously lucky” to be born in Smolensk. With a sense of pride, the prose writer tells about the history of the city, about the people who live in it, about the oak that has preserved the “eternally living warmth” of the past. The narrator understands that there are more beautiful cities on earth, but it was Smolensk that became dear, because it is the "cradle of childhood."

The problem of patriotism

The problem of patriotism was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author admits that his love for the Fatherland began with respect for history hometown, with the ability to appreciate the traditions of his family and his people. It is for Smolensk, where he spent his childhood, that the young lieutenant Vasiliev goes to fight, realizing that the “cradle of childhood” cannot be given to the enemy.

The problem of being kind to others

Many writers raised the problem of a good attitude towards other people in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author, talking about his childhood, recalls that it was "saturated with Good." Helping neighbors who were having a hard time was the norm, and there was no expectation of praise or reward for this. This "simplest form of goodness" helped the narrator to form moral values, preserve humanity until the elderly.

The problem of education

The problem of education was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author, talking about his childhood, demonstrates how his parents raised him, instilling in him "a great sense of everyday domestic internationalism", diligence, a reverent attitude to the book, the ability to sacrifice what is necessary for the sake of people. Parents by their example showed the boy how to live in order to be a “quite good” person. For example, my father never once allowed himself to use a company car for personal purposes, because he considered such an act dishonorable.

The influence of nature on man

The problem of education was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author talks about a huge old oak, "the most ancient inhabitant" of Smolensk. The beauty and grandeur of this tree, which keeps the history of centuries, the boy remembered for the rest of his life. It was this oak that made him think about the role of history in the life of every person.

The problem of the role of childhood, childhood memories in human life

The problem of the role of childhood, childhood memories in a person's life was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author, a person who has experienced a lot, recalls with a tremulous feeling those who “gave him childhood and warmed him with their own hearts”, because it was in childhood that those traits were laid that helped to survive in the difficult years of the war, which made him a creator and a person who values ​​spirituality above all else.

The problem of self-sacrifice, love for people

The problem of self-sacrifice, love for people was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author tells about the fate of Dr. Jansen, "the holy city of Smolensk." This man devoted his life to selfless service to people. A doctor in the area where the poor lived, he worked seven days a week and holidays, was always polite and patient. Dr. Jansen sacrificed himself to save two boys who, while playing, fell into a sewer shaft and could suffocate. The whole of Smolensk came to the funeral of this worthy man.

The problem of the role of art in human life

The problem of the role of art in human life was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author sees the function of art in saturating human life with meaning, teaching people to doubt, feel and suffer. All this, according to the writer, prolongs physical and spiritual life.

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The problem of the meaning of life was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about how, trying to comprehend the purpose of his own existence, he turns to his father with the question: “Why has a person been released so much?” And he gets a short but capacious answer: "For work." It was this conversation that helped the young man to believe in "the need for hard, daily, frantic work." In this he saw a lofty goal, multiplying goodness in the world.

The problem of the role of labor in human life

Many writers raised the problem of the role of labor in human life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his family, in which everyone worked. WITH early childhood the narrator remembers his hands burned with weeded grass, his father, who repaired and restored something in his spare time, his mother and aunt, who always darned and altered something. For them, a person who did not want to work was "obviously perceived with a negative sign if he was healthy."

11/ The problem of spirituality, moral values

The role of literature and reading in the formation of personality

The problem of literature and reading in the formation of personality was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his family, the main value in which were books. For the rest of his life, the boy remembered how in the evenings they read aloud the classics, literature, which "they read, figuratively speaking, taking off their hats." So he discovered Turgenev, Goncharov, Gogol, Lermontov... The works of great writers formed the best character traits of the future writer, while he "remained on his knees before Literature."

Problem with animals

The problem of attitudes towards animals was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author encourages readers to see in the animal not fun, not a whim, but helpers needed by people and therefore respected. It is then that animals ennoble a person, make him kinder, more demanding of himself. The main thing is not to forget about the responsibility to our smaller brothers and to be merciful to them. This is exactly what you can call the father of the narrator, who fed the dogs abandoned by people, and they responded to him with devotional service.

The problem of perseverance in overcoming difficulties

The problem of perseverance in overcoming difficulties was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his father, who never quit what he started, because he believed: "it's all about desire and work." This man always had the strength to overcome obstacles. For example, he took on the responsibility of repairing decommissioned cars in order to teach newbies how to drive. Sparing no time, the officer worked, and he managed to "breathe life into these car corpses."

The problem of courage and heroism

The problem of courage and heroism was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his father, a modest and laconic man who, in an extreme situation, showed fortitude and courage. When, due to the boy's negligence, a fire broke out in the garage, threatening to spread to residential buildings, his father, risking his life, pulled out an already ignited barrel of gasoline, which saved people from the fire.

The problem of conscience

The problem of conscience was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his father, a modest and laconic man who, despite the fact that he had the right to a personal car and had three cars at his disposal, never used them for personal purposes, because he was ashamed in front of people, because the technique and gasoline were state property.

The problem of mercy, the ability to live not for oneself

The problem of mercy, the ability to live not for oneself, was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his grandmother, who knew how to sympathize with someone else's misfortune. For example, when she finds out that one of her friends has been living without electricity and a stove for a month, she gives her kerosene along with a can and does not regret it at all.

Problem maternal love

The problem of maternal love was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his mother, who gave him life, risking her own, because she was "burned by consumption." The narrator carried this feat of maternal love, self-denial and sacrifice through his entire life. The writer recalls with gratitude that his mother taught him not to complain about life, to be friends with people, not paying attention to their nationality, to read classical literature.

Problem historical memory

Many writers raised the problem of historical memory in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author shares his views on the role of the memory of ancestors in the life of each of us. The prose writer believes that the words of A.S. Pushkin that one should be proud of the glory of one's ancestors, and not respect it - shameful cowardice. It is history that links generations, preserves traditions and “does not allow a person to remain a barbarian.”

The problem of the teacher's role in human life

The problem of the role of the teacher in human life was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author gratefully talks about his first teacher, who saw her duty not in “stuffing” children with knowledge, making future “robot-specialists” out of them, but in “educating the Citizens of the Fatherland”. It was she who allowed the children to touch the past of the Motherland, instilled in them a love for history.

21. The problem of the influence of war on the fate of man

The problem of the influence of war on the fate of a person was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". Being participants in the Second World War, Boris Vasilyev says that it is still impossible to take off the weight of it. He calls this time a charred piece of biography and considers it his duty to write about that wartime. That is why the story “I was not on the lists” appears. This is a wreath of memory for the grave of his closest friend Nikolai Pluzhnikov. The military generation was devoid of youth: early responsibility made them young adults.

Arguments from the book of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev "Letters about kindness"

Finding purpose and meaning in life

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that "increasing goodness in the world around us" is the highest and most worthy goal human life. The one who considers career or material wealth to be the main value is mistaken, because all this can be lost in one moment. And a person who rejoiced in each of his good deeds does not lose, but gains the respect and gratitude of those around him.

The problem of honor and dignity

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that every person should follow the wise folk proverb and keep honor from a young age. After all, our actions live in the memory of people. The worthy ones will warm their hearts in old age, while the bad ones will not let them sleep peacefully at night.

The problem of love

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that love is necessary, since it is love that makes a person better, helps him gain wisdom. However, this feeling should not be unconscious, blind. You need to see the shortcomings of a loved one and help him deal with them.

The problem of truth, honesty

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that lies, cunning are always directed against the deceiver. The academician considers fidelity to truth and justice to be the highest feeling. A wise person will not dodge, the truth gives him the most valuable thing in life - a calm conscience.

The problem of patriotism and nationalism

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that you need to be patriots, not nationalists. There is no need to hate other nations if you love yours. true patriot must know and appreciate the history of his country, strive to do everything possible for the prosperity of the Fatherland.

The problem of being kind to people

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that it is necessary to be open, tolerant of other people's shortcomings. You have to look for the good in people. This ability to see in a person the "obscured" beauty enriches spiritually.

The problem of resentment and revenge

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that one should not stoop to resentment, because excessive touchiness is a sign of complexes, so it is necessary to learn to forgive and never take revenge, as this allows a person to pay more attention to good feelings.

The problem of greed

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that greed is "forgetfulness of one's own dignity", a disgusting feeling, humiliating for a person, hostile to him and others. Greed, in contrast to reasonable thrift, is a disease that takes possession of the mind.

The problem of preserving the purity of the Russian language

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that language is an indicator of human culture, the degree of psychological balance, and spiritual strength. “Spitting words” people injure others, a self-confident person will not swear, use jargon: he knows that his word is already weighty.

The problem of manifestation of conscience

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, it "is cleansed to some extent." It is this feeling that “gnaws” a person for his bad deeds. Besides, conscience is never false. A truly honest person considers it his life guide.

The problem of intelligence

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that a person must be intelligent under any circumstances. What is intelligence? It is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand others, to be tolerant of other people's opinions, and to honor all the best traditions of the past.

The problem of envy

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that envy is a terrible, destructive feeling that is characteristic of people who have not found their way in life, insecure and notorious. To get rid of envy, it is necessary to develop unique traits in yourself, to strive to be yourself.

The problem of education

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that a well-mannered person is one "who wants and knows how to reckon with others." It is not enough to read and study books about the rules of etiquette, you need to learn to take care of the world and people, respect the past of your country.

The Problem of Happiness

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that happy man makes "spiritual culture", because it is she who fills people's lives with meaning. The happiest can be considered those who follow the "roads of good."

The problem of education, enlightenment

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that one should always study, but a particularly favorable time for getting a good education is youth. Knowledge grows and multiplies, therefore, self-education is necessary, which contributes to intellectual growth and broadening of horizons.

The problem of historical memory

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that young people should strive to better know the past of their family, city, country and the whole world. However, this is not enough: it is also necessary to carefully preserve cultural monuments, objects left from the ancestors in order to convey history to the descendants. After all, a people that forgets about the past has no right to the future.

The problem of the influence of works of art on a person

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that art ennobles a person, opens his soul for the perception of beauty, and teaches humanity. It is only necessary when dealing with great works to be "armed with knowledge", information. After all, knowledge is power, and art is "inaccessible to the powerless."

The problem of nature conservation

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that the laws of ecology must be observed, because their violation will lead to the physical death of people. In addition, the landscape of each country is an important element national culture because nature is “the expression of the soul of the people”. Do not protect it - destroy the culture of your country.

Vandalism, destruction of cultural monuments

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that the "stock of monuments" of culture is extremely limited and is depleted at a progressive rate. Therefore, in order not to be “not remembering kinship”, we must carefully treat the cultural environment, otherwise we will have nothing to leave to our descendants.

The problem of mercy and compassion

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that a person should be caring, merciful. Compassion is a manifestation of morality, it unites people, makes them fight for humanity, justice, the preservation of nature and the past of their country. This feeling helps people not to harden their souls, since it has been forgotten, it needs to be revived.

The problem of the scientist's responsibility for the discovery

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The academician convinces young readers that a man of science bears moral responsibility for his discoveries. In the age of machines and robots, atomic energy and biological weapons, scientists must be especially careful and try not to harm environment and people.

Memory problem

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that memory is the overcoming of time and death, therefore “the memoryless one is ungrateful, irresponsible and incapable of noble deeds Human". To the younger generation it is necessary to treat memory with care and know that it is “our wealth”.

The role of youth, youth in the fate of a person

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that youth is a time when a person makes real friends, develops habits that will help or hinder him in the future. For example, it is important to instill diligence in youth, since there is no more unfortunate "man who is lazy and avoids effort." It must be remembered that deeds committed in youth will warm the heart in old age, and bad deeds "will not let you sleep."

Childhood is the brightest and purest time in the life of every person. It is difficult to say exactly when childhood ends and adulthood begins. This line simply does not exist: it is so blurred that it is almost imperceptible. We all keep in our memory moments from childhood, because it is then that we learn everything and rejoice with sincere, burning eyes. But the Wise Litrecon knows that literary examples for essay-reasoning 15.3 about childhood is not easy to find, because the authors often describe the adult life of the characters. That is why he has prepared for you an interesting and useful selection of arguments.

1. IN V. Rasputin's story "French Lessons" describes the childhood of Volodya, who faced deprivation and hunger, while still a very young boy. His mother sent him to study in the city, because his son showed good learning abilities. But everything that the poor woman was able to collect for the child was taken away by a relative with whom Vova lived. As a result, the boy had to look for sources of income in gambling, which his teacher took advantage of to convince the proud student to accept help. So, childhood is not always carefree and rosy, so it is necessary to appreciate what we have.
2. IN the work of L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood" main character he is experiencing a happy childhood: he loves his caring and beautiful parents immensely, feels in his heart the birth of the first feelings for Katya, is friends with his brother and other children. All household members, even the teacher and servants, take care of Nikolenka and treat him well. But even such a serene childhood inevitably ends: the hero's mother dies, and he, having seen her off on her last journey, no longer feels the lightness and joy of childhood.
3. In I. Bunin's story "Numbers" describes the childhood of an inquisitive and stubborn boy Zhenya. He really wanted to learn the numbers and learn how to count, but the uncle, who promised to do this, again postponed the training to another time. The hero was offended, there was a quarrel. But an adult realized in time that a child cannot wait, that he sees the world and himself in it differently. The uncle made peace with his nephew and showed him the numbers. This example shows how much children need the understanding and support of adults who protect them with all their might from tragic early maturity.
4. IN the work of M. Gorky "Childhood" the main character experienced not the most joyful time as a child. His father died, his mother built her own life, and the grandfather, with whom he lived, mercilessly flogged his grandson and beat his wife in front of him. The uncles were constantly arguing over money, and only my grandmother paid enough attention to Lexei. That is why it was very difficult for him to break into people and escape from poverty, because the foundations for personal growth are laid in childhood.
5. Lisa's childhood « Poor Lisa» N. M. Karamzina) went smoothly. She lived with loving parents did not know the need. The father spoiled his daughter and wife. But the breadwinner of the family died, and a very young girl had to provide for her family on her own. The childhood of the heroine is opposed to adult life, so gloomy and cruel. It was the serious consequences of childish carelessness that confronted her with problems that were quite adult. Lisa, not accustomed to betrayal, made a mistake and trusted a dishonorable person. Never having reached moral and psychological maturity, she committed suicide, unable to cope with adult difficulties.
6. It is really difficult to maintain the serenity of childhood during the war years, when even a child cannot feel protected. Yes, in the work V. Bykov "Obelisk" little heroes matured early and decided to take revenge on the local policemen for betrayal and push their car into the river. But the military operation failed, and the young partisans became prisoners. Despite the intercession of their teacher, the guys were executed. But the memory of their childhood heroism is still alive.
7. IN comedy D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" Mitrofanushka's childhood is shown. The hero is not denied anything, he lives exclusively for himself and for his own sake. All he needs for happiness is satiety and idleness. Such a spoiled childhood develops laziness, selfishness in a person. Not one remains positive trait as a "big kid". He gets used to the fact that everything is allowed to him, so he is not ready to change for the better.
8. Grinev's childhood ( « Captain's daughter» A. S. Pushkin) brought up in him a decent and an honest man. Parents passed on all their values ​​and life experience to their son. In addition, thanks to the mentoring of the wise Savelich, Petrusha Grinev learned not only the luxury of the nobility, but also the life of the common people. The tutor taught the master to take care of money, demonstrated the strongest devotion to the service, setting a good example for the young officer. Thus, competent education lays the foundation for the personality of an adult.
9. N. V. Gogol in the story "Taras Bulba" depicts the environment in which Ostap and Andriy spent their childhood. Here, in the Sich, the Cossacks grew up and became real men. The father always brought up his sons in strictness, taught them to be faithful and devoted to the Motherland. But the severity and patriarchy of the manners of the Sich had another effect on the children: the fact that Taras beat and did not respect his wife was deposited in Andriy's memory. Perhaps that is why he betrayed his homeland: he wanted to live a different, more civilized life. On his example, it becomes obvious that childhood largely determines the fate of the individual.
10. V. G. Korolenko in the story "In Bad Society" creates images of small children, each of which suffers. Vasya does not experience a drop of fatherly love, he lost his mother at the age of six. His new friends, Valek and Marusya, live in a dungeon, begging and starving. Children have not become hardened, on the contrary, they teach many adults to be honest, first of all, with themselves, they teach them to remain devoted to friendship. The childhood death depicted in the story makes one think about the fate of all the poor children who, through no fault of their own, ended up below the poverty line. Such a childhood causes compassion and at the same time - pride in the strength of the spirit of such children.

Task: Write an essay based on the text you read.

(1) Harsh, demanding years coincided for us, "military boys", with the age-related laws of human upbringing. (2) The teenagers took on everything themselves. (3) They learned from adults and from each other, self-esteem urged on: Petya can, but why me? (4) I remember what we could do. (5) We are five of the same age and classmates from the same street. (6) We knew how to mow, hem felt boots, insert the bottom into a bucket, clean the chimney in the stove, knew how to set up a saw, beat off a scythe, fix the roof, make a ladder, a rake, weave a basket of brushwood, knead clay for plaster, load a hay cart, grind grain, clean the well ... (7) And I won’t say that we grew up as wild animals. (8) Went to school. (9) And they read a lot, amazingly a lot. (10) The books, of course, were random. (11) But if we talk about the efficiency of their work, it was huge. (12) Read with greed! (13) There was always a queue for a good book. (14) And it was started: read - tell me! (15) So we exchanged books and what we learned from books. (16) And it happened more: they read aloud, in turn. (17) If at that time someone had told us: in ten or fifteen years it would be possible to sit at home at a box with a screen and see what is happening thousands of kilometers away, we would never have believed it. (18) What else sprouted from childhood? (19) I think, observation, the desire to try everything, to learn everything. (20) In those days, it was impossible to expect that someone would bring the necessary, necessary thing to the house and someone would fulfill the worldly business. (21) It may seem strange to someone, but I don’t complain at all about fate, remembering these four years. (22) Now scrolling back the tape of life, weighing where, when and what I learned, I say without hesitation: the main school of life falls on these years. (23) I deeply believe: lessons of courage, work and difficulties are now also necessary for teenagers. (24) They must be consciously cultivated (in the family, in the camp, at school), just as we make up for the lack of natural physical labor with physical education. (25) At the right time, in the right doses, with a justified degree of risk, it is imperative to teach a person what life will certainly demand from him. (According to V. Peskov)

Answer:

In the text proposed for analysis, V.M. Peskov touches upon the problem of education in the difficult years of the war. The issues of educating the younger generation at any time were and should be in the first place in society. The future of society depends on how the next generation grows up. At all times, education was not an easy task and was accompanied by many problems.

Reflecting on his generation, whose growing up took place during the war years, Peskov not only talks about what practical skills they possessed, these little “muzhiks” who were able to sew felt boots, clean a well or beat off a scythe, but also draws attention to their desire to read . How eagerly they read books, retold them to each other, grew up, matured, learning new things, growing up. The author believes that life's difficulties made teenagers more independent, aroused the desire to learn something new and useful. V.M. Peskov is sure that "lessons, courage, work and difficulties are also necessary for teenagers now."

Recall the famous Ilyusha from the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", who is used to the fact that everything is done for him; he is unable to take care of himself. His childhood desire to learn something, to comprehend, to do something himself gradually faded, was suppressed by the position of his parents, who forbade him to run to the ravine, to dress himself. As a result, helplessness, fear of any action, divorced in Oblomov. This work is an excellent illustration of this problem.

The complete opposite of Ilya Oblomov is the heroes of Mikhail Prishvin's story "The Pantry of the Sun" - Nastya and Mitrasha. Orphaned children knew how to do everything themselves, lived an adult life, worked hard, like everyone else in the village. At the same time, the children still had time to learn.

Life can develop in different ways, so you need to be steadfast in life situations and rely, first of all, on yourself. “At the right time in the right doses, with a justified degree of risk, it is imperative to teach a person what life will certainly demand from him.”

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….……..2

I. Children's Literature …………………………………………………...….........2

II. The development of the theme of childhood in the works of Russian writers……………....5

II .1 "Childhood" of M. Gorky.……………………………………………….6

II .2 The theme of childhood in the work of I.S. Shmelev.…………………………...6

II .3 The theme of childhood in A.P. Platonov’s story “The Pit” ……………….7

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………..9

Bibliography …………………………… ………………………………………….1 0

Introduction

Today, the topic we have chosen is quite relevant. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, this topic has always interested writers, secondly, 2008 has been declared the year of the family in Russia, and thirdly, due to the unfavorable social situation in our country, there are a lot of disadvantaged children. And what, if not literature, will attract attention, warn people: “Beware, children!” The theme of childhood in the literature is too voluminous to try to reveal it in one work, therefore it seems logical to make a small generalization and specify the direction that this work will be devoted to.

You can write a lot about children's literature - books created specifically for children and about children, as well as books that were written for adults, but are considered children's.

The purpose of the study in this work will be children's literature as such and the motives of childhood in "adult" literature. The tasks before us are the following:

To trace how this motif was transformed in literature.

Analyze what the writers thought about when depicting children or the childhood of a child in their works.

Research methods used by us:

The study of literary sources.

Comparative analysis of works.

Comparative analysis of the images of the heroes of the works.

The object of the study was the theme of childhood in literature, the subject - the works of M. Gorky, I. Shmelev and A. Platonov.

The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography.

I. Children's literature

Especially for children, fairy tales by G.K. Andersen, “Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll, “ Prisoner of the Caucasus» L.N. Tolstoy, “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” by L.N. Tolstoy, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by M. Twain, almost all novels by Jules Verne, stories and novels by A.P. Gaidar and many other works.

"Robinson Crusoe" by D. Defoe, "Gulliver's Travels" by J. Swift, fairy tales by A. S. Pushkin, novels by V. Scott, F. Cooper, A. Dumas, "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth" by L.N. .Tolstoy, “The Adventures of Baron Munchausen” by R.E. Raspe, “Kashtanka” by A.P. Chekhov, “ A little prince» A. de Saint-Exupery, "The Gadfly" by E.L. Voinich, "How the Steel Was Tempered" by N.A. Ostrovsky were not written for children. But the sharpness of the plot, the richness of the plot, the nobility and moral purity of the characters, their desire for excellence and the dream of the future attract the attention of both adult and young readers to them.

There are books for children that bring up a love of nature. How can one not recall M.M. Prishvin, B.S. Zhitkov, V.V. Bianchi? Their stories about nature and animals teach love and a reverent attitude towards the world around them.

And fairy tales and fantastic stories - the most popular genre - not only in Russia. They teach goodness, justice, expand the horizons of knowledge. Thanks to such literature, one can grow inquisitive scientists, fearless travelers, people who can dream and create.

Children's books were especially popular during the Soviet Union. Even V. G. Belinsky argued that children's books are written for education, and education is a great thing: it decides the fate of a person. And the book in the USSR was put at the service of raising a child - a person - a citizen.

Modern Russian children's literature did not grow from scratch. Its deep traditions should be sought primarily in the work of those great Russian writers for whom the children's theme was a reverent and cordial theme, a serious and indispensable theme, whose work, in some important part of it, has firmly entered into children's reading due to its concreteness, simplicity and sincerity.

So, let's try to cover this fascinating world of children's literature with a glance. Here we can recall N.A. Nekrasov, L.N. Tolstoy, D.N. Mamin - Sibiryak, A.I. Kuprin, V.G. Korolenko and many others. The founders of Soviet children's literature were M. Gorky, K. Chukovsky, S. Ya. Marshak. They not only wrote for the children themselves, but also found talented "experienced people" and urged them to give their knowledge and abilities to the most difficult task of creating books for children. So the shipbuilder, sailor and pilot B.S. Zhitkov, biologist V.V. Bianki became the authors of wonderful children's books. Without removing the overcoat smelling of gunpowder, straight from the fronts civil war A.P. Gaidar came to children's literature. From the school bench, the poetess A.L. Barto, pupils of the Leningrad school named after F.M. Dostoevsky, who glorified it as the “Republic of Shkid”, G. Belykh and L. Panteleev entered the children's literature. Left mathematics for the sake of work in children's literature L.A. Kassil ...

Many "adult" writers enriched children's literature with their works: "Three fat men" by Yu.K. Olesha, "The lonely sail turns white" by V.P. » V.A.Kaverin, stories by M.M.Prishvin, M.M.Zoshchenko, A.P.Platonov, stories by S.T.Grigoriev.

Image goodie located in the center of children's literature. In the books of Soviet writers, this is primarily a fighter for the people's happiness, a revolutionary. Reflecting the continuity of generations, the writers spoke about how young heroes of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars bravely fought alongside their fathers. The image of a young fighter, an active and conscious participant in social life, was created. The books immortalized the exploits of young partisans, made friends forever with Gaidar's Timur, with Tanya Sabaneeva from R. Fraerman's "Wild Dog Dingo", with Sima Krupitsyna from L. Kassil's "Great Confrontation", Sanya Grigoriev from V. Kaverin's "Two Captains", Antoshka from Z. Voskresenskaya's story "The Girl in the Stormy Sea", Yura and Gizi from the novel "Greetings from Werner" by Yu. Korints, Gavrik and Petya from "The Lonely Sail Turns White" by V. Kataev and Krosh A. Rybakov.

A children's book is a real treat for the reader. Contagious, vital laughter, like a sunbeam, permeates the works of N. Nosov, A. Aleksin, V. Dragunsky, Yu. Sotnik, Yu. Koval, L. Davydov. Humor, sometimes turning into irony, into caustic satirical mockery, is a characteristic property of many books by these talented writers. But humor, and an entertaining plot, and word play in the book is not an end in itself. Humor and entertainment, according to A. Aleksin, is sometimes the shortest distance between a serious problem and the reader's consciousness. They serve humane ideas, and this is the strength of children's literature. Poetry for the youngest is especially rich in humor, meeting the child as soon as he begins to master speech. Among the first books of the baby are poetic tales, funny turnaround verses, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes, lullabies. Having not yet learned to read, the guys already know by heart many poems by K. Chukovsky, S. Marshak, A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, D. Kharms, V. Berestov, B. Zakhoder.

Diverse children's prose. The children love “Old Man Hottabych” by L. Lagin, “The Adventures of Dunno” by N. Nosov, “Barankin, be a man!” V. Medvedev, "In the country of eternal holidays" by A. Aleksin, fairy tales by A. Volkov, E. Schwartz, E. Permyak. Stories, short stories and novels about family, school, peaceful labor, about the years of the Great Patriotic War, addressed to children and youth, written by A.L. Panteleev, A. Aleksin, A. Rybakov, N. Bogdanov, R. Pogodin, V. Krapivin, S. Poletaev and other writers. There are books about the modern army and sports. The fantastic works of I. Efremov, V. Obruchev, A. Kazantsev, G. Adamov, A. Belyaev, K. Bulychev, brothers A. and B. Strugatsky meet the diverse interests of the children.

Due to its humanism, thematic and artistic richness, Russian children's literature has a high reputation. She opened to the world not only a new book, but also new type children's writer: artist and teacher at the same time. He is not just a friend and protector of children, an exponent of their views, their attitude to reality. He is also a wise mentor, senior comrade, a skilled educator of tomorrow's citizen.

II. The development of the theme of childhood in the works of Russian writers

The formation of children's literature as an aesthetic phenomenon proceeded in line with general literary development.

IN initial stage children's literature took into account social inequality, but presented it in an abstract way: a rich child is a poor child. Charity was the only sphere of activity of a rich child: he was good because he did not do this and that, being obedient, and if he did something, then only good. The sphere of manifestation of virtue for the poor child was wider. A poor child was often nobler and smarter than a noble child: it pulled the little nobleman out of the water, rescued him in difficult times and was capable of subtle feelings.

In the process of developing children's literature, the pair traditional for it "virtuous - vicious" ceases to be obligatory and is replaced by a different antithesis: "sensitive - cold." This new understanding of the child, rooted in sentimentalism, gained strength in the era of romanticism and formed the basis of the romantic concept of childhood. Children's literature began to develop this concept, but already in the 40s and 50s of the 19th century, "big" literature also mastered it. Childhood is presented as a time of innocence and purity. "... Children are incomparably more moral than adults. They do not lie (until they are driven to it by fear), they approach their peers without asking if he is rich, if he is equal in origin ... Yes, we must learn from children, to reach the vision true good and truth. Such is the poetization of childhood in the Russian classics: "Childhood" by L. N. Tolstoy, "Childhood years of Bagrov-grandson" by S. Aksakov. The family has always been a prototype in Russian literature folk life: Pushkin's Grinevs, Turgenev's Kalitins, Tolstoy's Rostovs...

The 20th century brought its own changes. The greatest social upheavals could not but affect literary works and depicting the theme of childhood in them. In these stories, novels, short stories, the social approach to the presentation of the theme is already evident. The enormous influence of the social order on the life of a child leaves its mark. Writers ask a lot of questions and try to find answers to them together with readers (however, some problems, for example, the motif of "tears of a child" were also raised by writers of the 19th century, so that even here one can see - in a sense - also a traditional approach).

II .1 "Childhood" by M. Gorky

Gorky's story "Childhood" (1914) is already strikingly different from the story "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson" by S. T. Aksakov and "Childhood" by L. N. Tolstoy.

Childhood, depicted by Gorky, is far from a wonderful period of life. This is not only the story of the soul of a child, but also Russian life in a certain era. The hero of Gorky peers into this life, into the people around him, tries to understand the origins of evil and hostility, reaches for the light.

Not in chronological order, the narrative moves consistently and calmly: the pictures drawn by the writer arise as a result of the strongest impressions left in the mind of the child from collisions with reality. Knowing the peculiarities of the child's psyche, Gorky shows the gloomy and tragic in contrast to the bright and joyful, which makes the strongest impression on the child.

So, to replace the heavy impression of the paintings tragic death father comes a feeling of happiness from closeness with an extraordinary person - grandmother; the picture of the inhuman cruelty of the grandfather during the punishment of children is adjacent to the description of the heart-to-heart conversation between the grandfather and Alyosha; The inquisitorial amusements of the uncles are contrasted with the kind and witty amusements of the Gypsy.

It is important to see the "close, stuffy circle of eerie impressions" in which Alyosha lived in the Kashirin family, how the hero's ideas about the customs of his own world expanded outside his grandfather's house. Those “beautiful souls” that he met in his grandfather’s house and in the world around him had a huge influence on Alyosha and who inspired “hope for a revival ... to a light, human life.” We can conclude that with his work, Gorky is trying to instill love for the sincerely generous, persistent, talented Russian people.

II .2 The theme of childhood in the work of I.S. Shmelev

This thought draws memory to the novel by I.S. Shmelev “The Summer of the Lord”. The writer himself recalled: “The early years gave me many impressions. I received them in the yard. People of every caliber and every social position. <…>There were a lot of words in our yard - all sorts. It was the first book I read - a book of lively, lively and colorful words.<…>Here I felt love and respect for this people, who could do anything.”

The question of the cost of social transformation (raised by writers of the 19th century) rises throughout the entire work of Shmelev. The loss of God in the souls of people is what frightens the author of the novel "The Summer of the Lord." And the theme of childhood for him is a way out of disbelief. It helps the writer to come back to faith, to God.

Everything that is told in Shmelev's autobiographical cycle (the novels "Praying Man", "Summer of the Lord" and the collection "Native"), is seen through the eyes of a seven-year-old boy Vanya, but behind him is the writer Ivan Shmelev, who has already passed the path that his hero has yet to to be. Hence - the connection of the power of the artistic image (brightness, colorfulness, "material tangibility" of reality - after all, the child is almost devoid of reflection, all his attention is directed to the world) with depth philosophical reflection pictured.

In the genre of autobiographical narration, Shmelev followed the tradition of Russian classical literature (“Childhood of Bagrov-grandson” by S.T. Aksakov, “Childhood”, “Boyhood”, “Youth” by L.N. -Mikhailovsky, "Nikita's Childhood" by A.N. Tolstoy, "The Life of Arseniev" by I.A. Bunin). About Shmelev's innovation, which not only distinguishes the novel among the works of this genre, but also makes it unique in Russian literature, I.A. Ilyin remarkably said: with an open and sympathetic-tender childish soul. And we, the readers, see how lyric poem about this wonderful meeting grows, captures the entire life of an adult people and turns into an epic poem about Russia and the foundations of its spiritual existence ... [Shmelev] shows us Orthodox Rus' - from the heart of a believing child.

II .3 The theme of childhood in A.P. Platonov's story "The Pit"

The story "The Foundation Pit" is in a sense an epochal work, capturing the most important areas of social transformations of the late 1920s and early 1930s. industrialization and collectivization.

The story combines a social parable, philosophical grotesque, satire and lyrics.

We won't consider everything storylines, let's take only one - connected with the girl Nastya.

What did the writer want to say by introducing this heroine into the plot outline of the work? To understand this, you need, albeit briefly, but remember the plot. He is simple.

The foreman of the diggers Chiklin finds and brings to the barracks where the workers live, an orphan girl Nastya. Two work teams, at the direction of the leadership, are sent to the village - to help the local activists in carrying out collectivization. There they die at the hands of unknown fists. Arriving in the village, Chiklin and his comrades carry out the "liquidation of the kulaks" to the end, rafting into the sea all the wealthy peasants of the village. After that, the workers return to the city, to the foundation pit. Nastya, who fell ill, dies that same night, and one of the walls of the pit becomes her grave.

The name Nastya in the context of the story is filled with deep meaning. From Greek, the name Anastasia is translated as "resurrected" - the idea of ​​​​the future resurrection of the dead permeates all the actions of the heroes of the "Pit". Voshchev collects in his bag "all sorts of objects of misfortune and obscurity" in order to return to them in the future that meaning of universal existence, which they were never given to know. “Utilities” for Voshchev are by no means garbage - when he explains to Nastya that the bear will also go into salvage, he means the future spiritualization of the dilapidated mother: “I save dust and that, but here is a poor creature!”

However, it is with the death of Nastya - "resurrected" - that the story ends. Nastya really once came back to life - Chiklin finds her in the room where her mother is dying; walling up this room, Chiklin turned it into a crypt for the deceased. The tragic dissonance of Nastya's name and fate is the logical outcome of the "common cause" of the builders of the mirage. The house remains not only not built - it has become unnecessary, because after the death of Nastya, “the future happy humanity”, there is no one to live in it. “Voshchev stood in perplexity over this quiet child, he no longer knew where communism would now be in the world if it was not there at first in a childish feeling and a convinced impression?” It is no coincidence that the combination of the names of Voshchev and Nastya in the finale of the story: hopes for the resurrection of meaning (truth) and life turned out to be futile.

The theme of childhood in Platonov echoes the theme of childhood in classical literature. In Russian cultural and philosophical everyday life, the death of a child means the immorality of the world order and social order (recall Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov).

In the story "The Foundation Pit", a child also dies, for the sake of which, in fact, everything was built. And this is a verdict on the utopian world of the Pit.

Consequently, Platonov deliberately introduces the theme of childhood into the thread of the narrative. It is she who helps the writer to show all the inconsistency of the fundamental breaking of the world.

Conclusion

We examined two huge sections of Russian literature related to childhood and children, with the theme of childhood reflected both in children's literature and in literature that can be called "adult".

Children's literature is focused on the formation of the individual and the depiction of this process in the historical development of the state.

Classical Russian literature of the 20th century, as well as literature XIX century, introduces the theme of childhood, considering it from the positions of philosophical and social.

What conclusion can be drawn from this study?

The purest, the most sincere, the most spontaneous on Earth are children. They are the best that humanity has. For the sake of them, one must live and trust one's actions to people. In my opinion, this is exactly what the best writers of the 20th century (and not only) wanted to say with their works, referring to the theme of childhood.

Bibliography

Barakhov V.S. Literary portrait. - L .: Nauka, 1985

Gorky M. Childhood. In people. My universities. – M.: Fiction, 1970

Literary encyclopedic Dictionary. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987

Platonov A.P. Favorites. M., 1989

Silhouettes: essays on Russian and Soviet writers / ed. A.A. Likhanova - M: Pravda, 1986

Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Literary Critic. - M .: Pedagogy, 1988